OCR Physics A Level

2 - Foundations of Physics
Flashcards

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What are SI units?

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What are SI units?

Fundamental (base) units of physical quantities.

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What is the SI unit of mass?

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What is the SI unit of mass?

Kilogram - kg.

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What physical quantity is measured in
mol?

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What physical quantity is measured in mol?

Amount of substance.

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What is the SI unit of current?

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What is the SI unit of current?

Amperes (A).

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Is the SI unit for temperature ºC or K ?

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Is the SI unit for temperature ℃ or K ?

K (kelvin) as this is the absolute scale.

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What is the SI unit of length?

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What is the SI unit of length?

Metres - m.

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What quantity is measured in seconds?

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What quantity is measured in seconds?

Time.

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Are Newtons (N) an SI unit?

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Are Newtons (N) an SI unit?

No, Newtons are not fundamental, the SI units for

force are kg m s-2 (since F = ma).

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Derive the SI units of energy.

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Derive the SI units of energy.

Kinetic energy = ½ x mass x velocity2

2 2 -2
Units = kg x (m/s) = kg m s

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Derive the SI units of force.

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Derive the SI units of force.

Force = mass x acceleration

Units = kg x m s-2
-2
= kg m s

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Express 60TΩ in standard form.

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Express 60TΩ in standard form.

13
6 x 10
(T is tera and the multiplier is 1012)

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Write 0.000003m with a suitable prefix.

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Write 0.000003m with a suitable prefix.

-6
3µm (3 x 10 m)

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What is the actual value of 8MΩ?

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What is the actual value of 8MΩ?

6
8,000,000Ω or 8 x 10 Ω

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What is 6000pF in nF?

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What is 6000pF in nF?

6nF (since 1 nF = 1000 pF)

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What multiplier is associated with the
prefix kilo (k)?

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What multiplier is associated with the prefix kilo (k)?

3
1000 (10 )

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What multiplier is associated with the
prefix femto (f)?

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What multiplier is associated with the prefix femto (f)?

-15
10

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Express 7GΩ in standard form.

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Express 7GΩ in standard form.

9
7 x 10 Ω

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What is accuracy?

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What is accuracy?
● Accuracy is a measure of how close a
measured value is to the true, accepted value.
● If a experiment result is accurate it is very
close to the true value.
● In practice, the true value usually is not
known.
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What is validity?

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What is validity?
A measurement is valid if it measures what it is
supposed to be measuring. An experimental
procedure is valid if the obtained values provide
an answer to the question that is being asked.

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What is a random error?

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What is a random error?

An error that occurs due to unexpected changes

during an experiment. These cannot be predicted
and they can cause repeated results to differ
from one another.

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What is an anomaly?

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What is an anomaly?
An anomaly (also known as an outlier) is a data
point or a value in a set of results that does not fit
the trend of the data and is therefore an
unexpected result. These can happen as a result
of random errors during an experiment.

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What is a systematic error?

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What is a systematic error?
An error that occurs due to faults in equipment or
experimental method. Systematic errors cause
the result to differ by the same amount each
time, making them predictable. They can occur
due to not calibrating an instrument correctly.

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State three ways of reducing random
errors.

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State three ways of reducing random errors.
● Take at least three repeats and calculate a
mean (this increases the likelihood of identifying
anomalies).
● Use computers/data loggers.
● Use higher resolution equipment.

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A mass balance reads 1004 g when a
1kg mass is placed on it. Is this a
random or systematic error?

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A mass balance reads 1004 g when a 1kg mass is
placed on it. Is this a random or systematic error?

Systematic, as the reading is too high by 4g each

time.

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How can systematic error be reduced?

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How can systematic error be reduced?

Calibrate apparatus before using e.g. zero the

balance when it is empty.

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Is electronic noise in the circuit of an
ammeter random error or systematic
error?

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Is electronic noise in the circuit of an ammeter
random error or systematic error?

Random error, as it will cause fluctuations in

readings that affect precision and it cannot be
removed.

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Why should you measure background
radiation before measuring the
radioactivity of a source?

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Why should you measure background radiation
before measuring the radioactivity of a source?

So that only the source’s radioactivity is

measured - by accounting for background
radiation, systematic error can be reduced.

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What is precision?

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What is precision?

How consistent/close together repeat readings

are - the closer they are, the more precise they
are.

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What makes an experiment repeatable?

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What makes an experiment repeatable?

If the original experimenter can redo the

experiment with the same equipment and method
then get the same results, the experiment is
repeatable.

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What makes an experiment
reproducible?

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What makes an experiment reproducible?

If the experiment can be redone by a different

person or with different techniques and
equipment and the same results are found, it is
reproducible.

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What is meant by resolution?

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What is meant by resolution?

The smallest change in the quantity being

measured that gives a recognisable change in
reading (e.g. on a ruler, the resolution is 1mm).

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What is absolute uncertainty?

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What is absolute uncertainty?

Uncertainty given as a fixed quantity.

E.g. 7 ± 0.6 V

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What is the percentage uncertainty in
17 ± 3 A ?

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What is the percentage uncertainty in 17 ± 3 A ?

3/17 x 100 = 17.647 %

≈ 18 % (2 s.f.)

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What is the fractional uncertainty in
8 ± 0.5 m?

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What is the fractional uncertainty in 8 ± 0.5 m?

0.5/8 = 1/16

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How can percentage and fractional
uncertainty be reduced?

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How can percentage and fractional uncertainty be
reduced?
Measure larger quantities. For example, a longer
rope will have a smaller percentage uncertainty
than a shorter one.

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The time for 10 swings of a pendulum is
13 ± 0.3 s. What is the time and
uncertainty for one swing?

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The time for 10 swings of a pendulum is 13 ± 0.3 s.
What is the time and uncertainty for one swing?
1 swing = 13/10 = 1.3s
Uncertainty = 0.3/10 = 0.03 s
Time = 1.3 ± 0.03 s

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What is the difference between a reading
and a measurement?

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What is the difference between a reading and a
measurement?
Readings are when one value is found,
measurements are when the difference between
two readings is found.

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What is the uncertainty of a thermometer
whose smallest division is 5ºC?

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What is the uncertainty of a thermometer whose
smallest division is 5ºC?
The uncertainty in a reading is ± half the smallest
division, so the uncertainty is ± 5/2 or ±2.5 ºC.

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What is the percentage uncertainty in the
measurement of a 2cm line?

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What is the percentage uncertainty in the measurement of a
2cm line?
● Each end has uncertainty ±0.5mm
● 0.5 + 0.5 = 1
● so the absolute uncertainty = ±1mm
● % uncertainty = 1/20 x 100 = 5%
● (2cm is 20mm)

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What is the uncertainty in the charge of
-19
an electron (1.6 x 10 C)?

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What is the uncertainty in the charge of an electron
(1.6 x 10-19 C)?
The uncertainty in a given value is ± the last
significant digit
= 1.6 x 10-19 ± 0.1 x 10-19 C

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 The times for a ball to drop are
measured as 3.2s, 3.6s and 3.1s. Find
the mean and absolute uncertainty of
these times.

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The times for a ball to drop are measured as 3.2s, 3.6s and
3.1s. Find the mean and absolute uncertainty of these times.

Mean : (3.2 + 3.6 + 3.1) / 3 = 3.3 s

Uncertainty = half the range (3.6 - 3.1) / 2 = 0.25
(≈ 0.3 to 1 s.f.)
3.3 ± 0.3s

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What is wrong with writing 7 ± 0.673 V?

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What is wrong with writing 7 ± 0.673 V?

The uncertainty should be the same number of

significant figures as the data (ie. 7 ± 0.7 V).

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 A thermometer with an uncertainty of 0.5 K
shows the temperature of water falling from 298
± 0.5 K to 273 ± 0.5K. What is the difference in
temperature and the uncertainty in this
difference?

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A thermometer with an uncertainty of 0.5 K shows the temperature of water falling
from 298 ± 0.5 K to 273 ± 0.5K. What is the difference in temperature and the
uncertainty in this difference?

298 - 273 = 25K 0.5 + 0.5 = 1K

(when adding or subtracting data, add the
absolute uncertainties)
Difference = 25 ± 1 K

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A force of 91 ± 3 N is applied to a mass
of 7 ± 0.2 kg. What is the acceleration of
the mass?

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A force of 91 ± 3 N is applied to a mass of 7 ± 0.2 kg. What is the acceleration of
the mass?

When multiplying/dividing data add percentage uncertainties

a = F / m = 91 / 7 = 13 m s-2

% uncertainty = ((0.2 / 7) x 100)+ ((3 / 91) x 100)

= 6.2%

a = 13 ± 6.2%

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What is an order of magnitude?

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What is an order of magnitude?

Powers of ten which describe the size of an

object, and which can also be used to compare
the sizes of objects.

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What is the order of magnitude for the
diameter of a nucleus?

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What is the order of magnitude for the diameter of a
nucleus?
-15
10 (femtometres)

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What is 9.71x10-21 to the nearest order of
magnitude?

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What is 9.71x10-21 to the nearest order of
magnitude?
It is 1x10-20 to 1s.f.
So the nearest order of magnitude is 10-20.

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What is meant by a scalar quantity?

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What is meant by a scalar quantity?

A quantity that has only magnitude.

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What is a vector quantity?

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What is a vector quantity?

A quantity that has magnitude as well as

direction.

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Is acceleration a vector or scalar
quantity?

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Is acceleration a vector or scalar quantity?

Vector.

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Is mass a scalar or vector quantity?

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Is mass a scalar or vector quantity?

Scalar.

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 Calculate the magnitude of a force F that is 30º
to the horizontal and has a horizontal component
of 7.0N.

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Calculate the magnitude of a force F that is 30º to the
horizontal and has a horizontal component of 7.0N.
Fhorizontal = Fcosθ
7.0 = Fcos30º
F = 7.0 / cos30º = 8.1N

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