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Lecture 3 - Data Representation-I

The document covers fundamental concepts of data representation, including binary and hexadecimal numbers, their conversions, and operations such as addition and subtraction. It explains the significance of bits, integer storage sizes, and signed integers, emphasizing how binary and hexadecimal systems are used in computing. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

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8 views

Lecture 3 - Data Representation-I

The document covers fundamental concepts of data representation, including binary and hexadecimal numbers, their conversions, and operations such as addition and subtraction. It explains the significance of bits, integer storage sizes, and signed integers, emphasizing how binary and hexadecimal systems are used in computing. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

Editing Zone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Representation

• Binary Numbers
• Translating between binary and decimal
• Binary Addition
• Integer Storage Sizes
• Hexadecimal Integers
• Translating between decimal and hexadecimal
• Hexadecimal subtraction
• Signed Integers
• Binary subtraction
• Character Storage

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 21


Binary Numbers

• Digits are 1 and 0


• 1 = true
• 0 = false
• MSB – most significant bit
• LSB – least significant bit
MSB LSB
• Bit numbering: 1011001010011100
15 0

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 22


Binary Numbers

• Each digit (bit) is either 1 or 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1


• Each bit represents a power of 2: 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Every binary
number is a
sum of powers
of 2

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 23


Translating Binary to Decimal

Weighted positional notation shows how to calculate the


decimal value of each binary bit:
dec = (Dn-1 × 2n-1) + (Dn-2 × 2n-2) + ... + (D1 × 21) + (D0 × 20)
D = binary digit

binary 00001001 = decimal 9:


(1 × 23) + (1 × 20) = 9
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 24
Translating Unsigned Decimal to Binary
• Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 2. Each
remainder is a binary digit in the translated value:

37.6875 = 100101.1011
Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 25
Exercises

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 26


Binary Addition
• Starting with the LSB, add each pair of digits, include
the carry if present.

carry: 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 (4)

+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 (7)

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 (11)
bit position: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 27


Integer Storage Sizes
byte 8

word 16
Standard sizes:
doubleword 32

quadword 64

What is the largest unsigned integer that may be stored in 20 bits?

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 28


Hexadecimal Integers
Binary values are represented in hexadecimal.

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 29


Translating Binary to Hexadecimal

• Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to 4 binary bits.


• Example: Translate the binary integer
000101101010011110010100 to hexadecimal:

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 30


Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal

• Multiply each digit by its corresponding power of 16:


dec = (D3 × 163) + (D2 × 162) + (D1 × 161) + (D0 × 160)

• Hex 1234 equals (1 × 163) + (2 × 162) + (3 × 161) + (4 × 160), or


decimal 4,660.

• Hex 3BA4 equals (3 × 163) + (11 * 162) + (10 × 161) + (4 × 160), or


decimal 15,268.

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 31


Powers of 16

Used when calculating hexadecimal values up to 8 digits


long:

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 32


Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

decimal 422 = 1A6 hexadecimal

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 33


Convert Decimal Fraction to Octal Fraction

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 34


Hexadecimal Addition

• Divide the sum of two digits by the number base (16). The quotient
becomes the carry value, and the remainder is the sum digit.

1 1
36 28 28 6A
42 45 58 4B
78 6D 80 B5

21 / 16 = 1, rem 5

Important skill: Programmers frequently add and subtract the


addresses of variables and instructions.

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 35


Hexadecimal Subtraction

• When a borrow is required from the digit to the left, add 16


to the current digit's value:

16 + 5 = 21 – 7 = 14 = E

−1
C6 75
A2 47
24 2E

Practice: The address of var1 is 00400020. The address of the next


variable after var1 is 0040006A. How many bytes are used by var1?

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 36


Addition and Multiplication Examples

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 37


Hexadecimal Complement

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 38


Signed Integers
The highest bit indicates the sign. 1 = negative,
0 = positive
sign bit

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
Negative

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Positive

If the highest digit of a hexadecimal integer is > 7, the value is


negative. Examples: 8A, C5, A2, 9D

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 39


Ranges of Signed Integers

The highest bit is reserved for the sign. This limits the range:

Practice: What is the largest positive value that may be stored in 20 bits?

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003. 40

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