User Manual

Version 1.0b
June 2023
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Table of content
1. Get started 4
1.1. Language settings 5
1.2. Create and navigate within a project 5
1.3. Analysis modules overview 10
1.3.1. Inputs 10
1.3.2. Results and Detailed results 11
1.3.3. Reference documents 11
1.3.4. PDF creation 12

2. Basis of design and fundamentals 13

2.1. Calculations according to Eurocodes 13
2.2. SLS design – Deformations 14
2.3. SLS design – Vibrations 18
2.4. CLT analysis methods 19

3. SylvaTM Floors and roofs 20

3.1. Common features 20
3.1.1. Geometry and supports 20
3.1.2. Loading 21
3.1.3. System data 22
3.1.4. Fire design 23
3.1.5. SLS design – Deformations 24
3.1.6. SLS design – Vibrations 25
3.1.7. All results 27
3.2. CLT floor and roof 30
3.3. CLT Rib floor and roof (ETA-20/0893) 30
3.4. LVL rib floor and roof (ETA-18/1132) 30
3.5. CLT 2-way cantilever floor and roof 31
3.5.1. Analysis method 31
3.5.2. System data and geometry 32
3.5.3. Loading 33
3.5.4. Results and Detailed results 34

4. SylvaTM Walls 37
4.1. Analysis method 37
4.2. System data and supports 40
4.3. Voids 41
4.4. Loading 41
4.5. Fire design 42
4.6. SLS design – Deformations 43
4.7. Results 45

5. SylvaTM Beams 47
5.1. Common features 47
5.1.1. Geometry and supports 47
5.1.2. Loading 48
5.1.3. System data 49
5.1.4. Fire design 49
5.1.5. SLS design - deformation 50
5.1.6. SLS design – Vibrations 52
5.1.7. All results 54
5.2. Beam element 56
5.2.1. Voids 56
5.3. CLT beam element 57
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5.3.1. Geometry and supports 57

5.3.2. ULS design 58

6. SylvaTM Columns 60
6.1. Common features 60
6.1.1. System data 60
6.1.2. Loading 61
6.1.3. Fire design 62
6.2. Column element 64
6.2.1. System data 64
6.2.2. ULS design 65
6.3. CLT column element 66
6.3.1. System data 66
6.3.2. ULS design 67

7. Connection design 69

8. Advanced design 70
8.1. CLT bearing design 71
8.1.1. Linear panel support 72
8.1.2. Point supported CLT panels 73
8.2. CLT diaphragm floor and roof 75
8.2.1. System data 75
8.2.2. Wall details 76
8.2.3. Floor perimeter 77
8.2.4. Results 78
8.3. Semi-composite floor 80
8.3.1. Design basics 80
8.3.2. System data 81
8.3.3. Fire design 82
8.3.4. SLS design 82
8.3.5. Loading 82
8.4. CLT section design 83
8.4.1. System data 83
8.4.2. Results 83
8.5. EC5 charred section 84
8.6. Steel beam element design 85
8.7. Steel column element design 86

9. Templates 87
9.1. Panel type 88
9.2. Load case category 88
9.3. Material 90
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1. Get started
Calculatis by Stora Enso is a timber design tool for engineers. Efficient and fully web based,
Calculatis allows you to analyse structural elements in our mass timber products, including
products from our Sylva™ by Stora Enso range.

Designed for timber construction

Developed to fit the needs of engineers working with wood construction, Calculatis includes design
modules for floors, roofs, columns, beams, headers, supports, and connections for structures made from
CLT, LVL, glued laminated timber and solid timber. The tool can also conduct hygrothermal (U-value,
Glaser Diagram and condensation) and fire design (R, E and I criteria) analysis according to Eurocode and
Swiss building code (SIA).

Structural analysis made simple

Calculatis supports all steps of your timber construction project with an efficient workflow and accurate
results. With easy and clear parameterization, ready-to-use modules and illustrative reports, the tool helps
you save time and access all calculations in one place.

A tool for everyone

Calculatis is free of charge and can be used directly through your web browser, independent of operating
system. You can access the tool on desktop, laptop or tablet without the need to install software or save
your project files locally. The tool is available in six languages and has over 19 000 users worldwide. Get
free access now by signing up on calculatis.storaenso.com
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1.1. Language settings

To change the language of the user interface, click on the world icon in the right upper corner. Results will
be displayed in the same language as the current operating language. This applies to the PDF-print as
well.

1.2. Create and navigate within a project

Once signed in or logged in, you are in your home screen, where your active and finished projects are
listed. If you did not create a project yet, the list will be empty. In order to create a project, click on “+ create
new project”.

You can also import a project, from another Calculatis account, as a .json file.
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Give your project a name and any other information that will help you in future to identify your projects.
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In the pulldown menu for country, you have to pick a country for your project. This setting will apply to your
entire project.

IMPORTANT: The country selected for your project will define the applicable national regulations
applied to your design (national annexes of the Eurocode standards). You cannot change the country
after starting an analysis.

The list of design relevant documents will be listed in the output of the software.

You can change other project information, copy, mark as finished, export or delete the project anytime
in the main screen or after opening a project:
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Change info, or other actions when you opened your project:

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A typical project screen will look as shown in the figure below:

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1.3. Analysis modules overview

1.3.1. Inputs
When clicking new calculation, a new analysis page will open, showing a default beam:

Modify the geometry and supports according to your project, add load cases and loads, and modify design
inputs.

Check for the utilization ratios directly from the Inputs, at any time during your design process:
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1.3.2. Results and Detailed results

You can now go to the Results or Detailed results to check all calculations parameters, results, and
ratios.
Find a summary of all utilization ratios in the Results or Detailed results:

At any given time in the analysis progress, you will find the total design ratio for the given system.
If the ratio is below 100%, the system is not overloaded – beyond 100% some adjustments need to
be done, to design a system that suits the applicable loading and geometry.

1.3.3. Reference documents

At the end of each design result a list shows all reference documents that the given analysis is based on.
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1.3.4. PDF creation

You can also create a pdf of your analysis:

Export results: Short summary of relevant results (approx. one page)

Export detailed results: all results and parameters are displayed
Create PDF: Create a personalized PDF page, chose the categories you want to print
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2. Basis of design and fundamentals

2.1. Calculations according to Eurocodes

The structural performance of the elements in Calculatis is verified in accordance with the limit state
design principles and rules specified in the Eurocodes. In general, the calculation method regarding
the ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS) is used according to EN 1995-1-1 and
EN 1995-1-2.

According to EN 1990, the following equation for the property under consideration shall be fulfilled:

𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑅𝑑

Where 𝐸𝑑 is the design value of the effect of actions

𝑅𝑑 is the design value of the corresponding resistance

The design values are calculated as:

𝑋𝑘
𝑋𝑑 = 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∙
𝛾𝑀

With:

𝑋𝑑 design strength
𝑋𝑘 characteristic strength
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 modification factor
𝛾𝑀 partial safety factor

Actions to be used in the design may be obtained from the relevant parts of EN 1991. Combinations of
actions shall be considered acc. to EN 1990. Assignments to a load-duration class shall be made
according to EN 1995-1-1, section 2.3.1.2.
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2.2. SLS design – Deformations

Depending on the national annex of Eurocode 5, different design verifications might be required. Usually the
instantaneous deflection, the net final deflection and the final deflection need to be checked.

Components of deflection, Figure 7.1 of EN1995-1-1

SLS design and the national specifications

SLS – deformation – deflection of beams Note

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 + [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓

Austria

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1 ⏟𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤
⏟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,2 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 − 𝑤
⏟𝑐
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

= [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝑤𝑐

𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 + [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓

Finland

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1 ⏟𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤
⏟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,2 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 − 𝑤
⏟𝑐
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

= [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝑤𝑐

𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑄) = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖

Franc
e

⏟ 𝑖>1
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 15

2
𝑤2 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 + [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓
⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1 ⏟𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
− 𝑤𝐺1,𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡
⏟
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 − 𝑤

⏟𝑐
𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
= (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) ∙ ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + (1 + 2 ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1
𝑗≥1

+ ∑ (0,𝑖 + 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 − 𝑤𝑐

𝑖≥1

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 + [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓

Germany

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1 ⏟𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,2 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝

⏟ − 𝑤
⏟𝑐
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

= [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝑤𝑐

𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
 16

SLS – deformation – deflection of beams Note

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 + [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1 ⏟𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
Italy

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤
⏟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,2 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 − 𝑤
⏟𝑐
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

= [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝑤𝑐

𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡(𝑄) = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖

⏟ 𝑖>1
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
𝑤𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 + [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓
⏟
Spain

𝑖>1 ⏟𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤
⏟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,2 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 − 𝑤
⏟𝑐
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

= [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝑤𝑐

𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
United Kingdom

𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄1 + ∑ 0,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 + [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓

⏟
𝑗≥1 𝑖>1 ⏟𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,2 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝

⏟ − 𝑤
⏟𝑐
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

= [∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝐺,𝑗 + ∑ 2,𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑄,𝑖 ] ∙ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝑤𝑐

𝑗≥1 𝑖≥1
 17

SLS – deformation – deflection of beams Note

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑤
⏟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 Char. Load combination
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∑𝐺 + ∑𝑊
𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡
⏟
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
+ 𝑤 ∑ 𝐺 + 2 ∙ ∑ 𝑄
⏟𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∑ 𝐺 + 1 ∙ ∑ 𝑄 + ∑ 𝑊
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤
⏟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,2 + 𝑤𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 − 𝑤
⏟𝑐
Australia

𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

∑ 𝐺 + 1 ∙ ∑ 𝑄 + ∑ 𝐸

∑ 𝐺 + 1 ∙ ∑ 𝑄 + ∑ 𝑆
Quasi permanent load
combination
∑ 𝐺 + 1 ∙ ∑ 𝑄

∑ 𝐺 + 1 ∙ ∑ 𝑄 + ∑ 𝑆

Notes:
1. wact in UNE EN 1995-1-1 NA
2. w2 is used in some local French regulations and is mentioned in NF EN 1995-1-1 NA as well

Fragile finishing loads must be added as dead load g2k in Calculatis for the correct
calculation of w2
 18

2.3. SLS design – Vibrations

The vibration control is made by setting limits to the natural frequency and on the stiffness. In the
calculation the average values are used.
The vibration analysis shall be executed according to EN1995-1-1 and the applicable national annex.
In case an applicable national annex to a Eurocode standard is deviating from given recommendations in
this document, automatically the national annex is governing.
In the basic edition of EN 1995-1-1, the vibration design is very poorly regulated. Currently the Austrian
national annex of EN1995-1-1 contains the most extensive vibration design guide lines, which are closely
related to the research findings by Patricia Richter and Antje Hamm. Their research is among timber
construction experts considered state of the art.

The vibration design shall be summarized in the following flow chart:

 19

2.4. CLT analysis methods

CLT is created by laminating timber lamination battens crosswise (orthogonal) in layers. Therefore, a panel
has longitudinal layers and cross layers. If a panel is subject to loading out of plane, the crosswise layering
will influence the distribution of internal forces and the mechanical properties of a CLT section.
The fact that the cross layers are quite weak in comparison to the longitudinal layers, one cannot ignore
these weak layers. Their effect needs to be included in the structural analysis. There are many analysis
methods that are applicable to CLT design, such as the Modified Gamma Theory, the Shear Analogy,
Timoshenko Theory and Finite Element Analysis.

Calculatis analysis are based on the Timoshenko Theory, unless specified otherwise.

For the Service Limit State (SLS) design, deformations originating from flexural moments and from shear
need to be considered. The Timoshenko Theory is for CLT panels a solid and good analysis method,
which provides reasonable design results, compared to all other methods, within the range of practical
construction.
 20

3. SylvaTM Floors and roofs

3.1. Common features

This section shows the common inputs needed for analysis and the type of results related.

3.1.1. Geometry and supports

 21

Pinned support, fixed in horizontal direction

Pinned support, free in horizontal direction

Fixed support (no translatory/rotatory movement possible)

3.1.2. Loading

If you would like to add a load to a load case group, select for each span the load type that shall be applied
(continuous, point load or trapezoidal load), and edit the value and the geometric parameters.

Clicking the check box apply to all fields can be activated if a load shall be applied in the given
magnitude to all fields. This makes the input procedure more efficient.
 22

Clicking the field variable load spanwise independent is usually applied with variable loads.
Variable loads on a continuous beam can or may not be present along the entire system. They might occur
only in one span and not in the others. If this effect shall be reflected in the analysis and if the software shall
do all possible load combinations, put a check mark in the box and the software will include all the required
possible combinations automatically.

3.1.3. System data

Here you can input the name of the analysis, geometrical parameters and the product’s specifications.

Inclination: for a floor the inclination will be typically 0°. For roofs give the inclination, measured between
the CLT plane and the horizontal plane.

Panel width: Usually this will be 1,00 m (by default). If you analyze a panel that is only 0,80 m wide,
edit the value accordingly. All loading that will be applied to the system will be entered in kN per linear
meter.

Material: pick from the pulldown menu the material of the product

Service class: pick the service class (1 or 2 – class 3 for CLT by Stora Enso is not permitted).

Edge gluing: All layers of CLT by Stora Enso are usually edge glued. This setting effects the rolling shear
strength.

Consider self weight: The self weight of the product is considered by default (visible in the system sketch
on top of the page).

Support design: choose if the support pressure in at the supports shall be verified or not.
 23

3.1.4. Fire design

It is assumed that only the bottom of the floor is exposed to fire.

The fire design is being executed according to EN1995-1-2 and its national annexes.
As an alternative, the user can choose to do the fire design (determination of the residual timber section)
according to the guideline Fire Safety in Timber Buildings if a fire protection system is applied on the ceiling.

Edit the fire design data:

Fire resistance class: If R0 is chosen, no fire design will be executed.

The user can also choose a personalized resistance time in minutes.

Load combination factor: Generally Eurocode 5 leaves it up to the engineer, if the load combination for
fire design is applying a load combination factor of 2 or 1. The user can choose this here in the input for
fire design.
Fire protection system: If a fire protective cladding is attached to the ceiling, this shall be selected in the
pull down menu.

This results in a variation of the following parameters:

— Single or double ply
— Attached directly to the CLT or with an insulated plumbing cavity in between
— Design according to EN1995-1-2 and ON B 1995-1-2 or design according to Fire Safety In Timber
Buildings

Except for the analysis according to Fire Safety in Timber Buildings, the Austrian national annex is always
included in the fire design, because it is currently more detailed than the national annex of other countries.
 24

3.1.5. SLS design – Deformations

Set the system type that suits your project assumptions or requirements. Suggested deflection limits for the
SLS design are automatically added. However, the user should always check and edit these limits
according to the project’s requirements.

All deflection curves for the different load combinations are being displayed in the detailed results:

Maximum and minimum values are given next to the curve. Intermediate values are displayed in a table,
when clicking on the curve.

The design results of the Service Limit State (SLS) design are displayed in a table:
 25

For each span a reference length is given. This length is the base for the deflection limits (e.g.: L/150).
In a deflection limit L/150, the reference length Lref is being divided by 150. In all applied design standards,
the deflection limits of cantilevers are double of those for spans, with supports on both ends. Therefore the
reference length of cantilevers is the double of the system length of the respective cantilever.

Please go to chapter 2.2 SLS design – Deformations for more information about deformation verifications
and national specifics.

3.1.6. SLS design – Vibrations

If a vibration analysis is required, set the check mark accordingly (perform vibration analysis).
This is usually not required for roofs.

Total width: This is the total width of the floor system. It’s usually equal to the width of the room that is
hosting the floor. This width is only being used for the vibration analysis and can be different from the
system width, entered in “system data” above.

Stiffness in cross direction: pick if the stiffness in cross direction (perpendicular to principal direction) is
being contributed by:
— CLT panel: only by the CLT panel´s cross layers
 26

— CLT panel + screed: by the CLT panel´s cross layers and additionally by the screed on top of the
panel
For that you need to insert the Young´s modulus for the screed and the thickness of the
screed.
— CLT panel + (EI)b: Here the user can define an arbitrary value for the additional stiffness in
cross direction. Additional stiffness means the stiffness that is provided by any other element
(layer) on top of the CLT or below the CLT.

The stiffness of the CLT is considered in all cases.

Damping coefficient: This value is usually in a range between 1% (0,01) and 5% (0,05). For a CLT floor
with a wet screed on top (separated by an insulation layer), 4% (0,04) will usually be the applicable
damping coefficient.

The vibration analysis results are given in a table as shown in the figure above.

This software was created for many countries and their applicable standards. Unfortunately the
vibration design is still very poorly described in Eurocode 5 (EN 1995-1-1). The Austrian national annex
includes at this point the most extensive rules related to the vibration analysis.
Except if the local national annex provides a different requirement explicitly, the design method and limits
of the Austrian national annex are applied to all countries.

In the Austrian national annex, 2 vibration classes are being introduced: class I and class II. This is a
similar approach as by Hamm & Richter. In that document Hamm & Richter refer to floors that extend across
more than just one unit (room) or floors that only serve one unit (room). Obviously for floors that serve more
units at the time, stricter requirements apply. The same idea was adopted in the national annex of Eurocode
5. Here Eurocode 5 refers to a class I (more strict requirements) and class II.

The equation NA.7.5-E1 is not considered for the calculation of the frequency in Calculatis.

It is finally up to the user to decide which class is the most relevant for their design.
 27

3.1.7. All results

The user has the choice to either see only the design relevant results by clicking Results or the entire list of
results can be displayed by clicking Detailed results.
28
 29

Diagrams of all load groups and all load combinations for the respective design (ULS, SLS, fire) being
displayed.
The maximum and minimum values are given in the diagrams. Other values from intermediate points along
the beam can be retrieved in a table by clicking the respective curve or diagram:
 30

3.2. CLT floor and roof

Use the button Find 3 best results to find automatically and easily the most suitable panel for your
design.

3.3. CLT Rib floor and roof (ETA-20/0893)

The structural performance of CLT Rib floor and roof elements is verified according to the Eurocodes,
ETA-20/0893 and the Structural Design Manual for CLT Rib Panels by Stora Enso.

CLT Rib Panel by Stora Enso is covered by the ETA-20/0893. CLT Rib Panels by Stora Enso are
composite slab elements consisting of Stora Enso Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) according to ETA-14/0349
as panel stiffened out of plane by Glued Laminated Timber (GLT) ribs according to EN 14080 in the direction
of the span. These two components are assembled by structural gluing. The cover layers of the CLT
shall have same grain orientation as the glulam rib. CLT Rib Panels by Stora Enso contain screws to create
gluing pressure or to fix secondary construction elements, but they do not have an influence on the
composite effect.

3.4. LVL rib floor and roof (ETA-18/1132)

The structural performance of LVL Rib floor and roof elements is verified according to the Eurocodes,
ETA-18/1132 and the Structural Design Manual for LVL Rib Panels by Stora Enso.

LVL Rib Panel by Stora Enso is covered by the ETA-18/1132. LVL Rib Panels by Stora Enso are
composite slab elements made of X- and S types structural LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber). The
adhesive is of type EN 15425 polyurethane (PUR) adhesive. LVL Rib Panels by Stora Enso may contain
screws and nails, but they do not have an influence on the composite effect but they are only used to fix
secondary construction elements.
 31

3.5. CLT 2-way cantilever floor and roof

3.5.1. Analysis method

This module will design a CLT panel that is located at the corner of a building and is cantilevering out in 2
directions (in principal direction and in cross direction). In design practice, engineers used so far good
judgement and some simplified engineering approaches, by trying to interpret a beam with a cantilever into
the system. Probably the best approach to such a problem would be a FE analysis. This module shall help
the user to save time and help these, who don´t have access to FE software. The here presented method is
an engineering approach as well, but a closer approach to the real solution than to interpret a beam
(spanning in one direction only) with a cantilever into the system.

Since this is only a solid engineering method, the results of this module deviate from a FE model,
but the deviations are on the conservative side.

The design approach at this module is, to describe the CLT panel as a beam grid model. There are beams
that run in principal direction of the panels and beams that run in cross direction. The beams in principal
direction have the rigidity and moment of inertia of the CLT panel in principal direction and the beams in
cross direction have the properties of the CLT in cross direction.

In this design module, the CLT panel is being modeled by a beam grid with a square mesh width of
about 40 cm. The exact width will be a multiple of the panel dimension. All loading is being applied as
point load in the intersecting nodes of the beam grid model.
LC1: dl Isometric
Loads [kN] 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171
0.171 0.40
0.171
0.171
0.171 0 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
8 0.171 0.171 0.171
42 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
0. 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
1.00 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0 0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171 1.40
0.171 0.171 0.171 0.171 00.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
0.171 0.171
5.60 0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171
0 0.171
8.00 0.171 0.171
0.171
0 0.171
0.171
0.171
0.171 0
00
3.
7
85
0. 0
4 50
1.40 21 1.
0 0.

The deformation of the system is being analyzed according to the Timoshenko beam theory, taking all
deformation due to flexural moments and shear into account.
1 1
𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑤𝑀 + 𝑤𝑉 = ̅ ) 𝑑𝑥 +
∙ ∫(𝑀 ∙ 𝑀 ∙ ∫(𝑉 ∙ 𝑉̅ ) 𝑑𝑥
𝐸 ∙ 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐺 ∙ 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝐺
 32

3.5.2. System data and geometry

 33

Lx is the total length in X direction and Ly is the total length on Y direction. When starting the design and
the input at this module, there is already some existing data and a corresponding system sketch above.
Comparing the values in the list with those in the sketch might help to understand the logic of the input.
X AyLeft is the X coordinate of the left support line (red line) in Y direction.
X AyRight is the X coordinate of the right support line (red line) in Y direction.
X AyCenter is the X coordinate of the central support line (red line) in Y direction. If there is no support line
in the middle, then leave this box blank.
Y Ax is the Y coordinate of the support line in x direction.
The principal direction of the CLT is indicated in the system sketch and is usually oriented in X direction
(main span direction).

Check the box “Cover layer perpendicular to span direction”, If the principal direction shall be in
Y direction.
The system sketch includes a section in X and in Y direction for a better understanding of the system.

3.5.3. Loading

This module allows the user to add:

• Surface loads on the interior part of the panel (area that is enclosed by the supports)
• Surface loads on the exterior part of the panel (area that is on the other side of the supports)
• Line load in X direction puts a line load along the panel edge in the cantilever portion on the
edge that is oriented in X direction
• Line load in Y direction puts a line load along the panel edge in the cantilever portion on the
edge that is oriented in Y direction

Line loads could be for example a dead load of a parapet wall around the edge of a roof.
 34

3.5.4. Results and Detailed results

ULS design

The design governing shear force and moments are displayed in the diagrams. All internal forces are being
calculated at the intersection points of the beam grid model. That is the reason, why the curves are not
smooth, but polygonal.

As in other modules, only the extreme values are indicated. All intermediate values can be viewed by a click
on the respective diagram and will be displayed in a table.

The values are given for a beam grid element with a given width (= mesh width of the beam grid
model). The exact width of the beam elements is given in the section properties, in the result page:
 35

The results for the SLS design are being displayed in plan view, with deflection values for each intersecting
node. Each load combination is being displayed in a separate figure.

The blue curves to the outside of the panel are the deformation curves of the panel edges.
 36

The design governing point in the panel is being displayed with its X and Y coordinate, to clearly indicate the
spot, where the given deformation occurs.
 37

4. SylvaTM Walls

The module CLT wall / CLT deep beam is made for CLT panels with loading in the plane of the CLT (wall,
CLT beam, deep CLT beam, etc.) and out of plane of the CLT.
The CLT element can include voids for door and window openings as well.

4.1. Analysis method

This would be normally a case for a finite elements analysis. The goal was to create a design module that
can handle an analysis under the given boundary conditions as mentioned above, but with a simplified
engineering approach. The solution to this approach was the creation of a grid model, similar to the module
for the 2-way cantilever CLT panel. With the help and expertise of Holzbau Forschungs GmbH (TU-Graz),
an analysis model could be elaborated, that can describe the rigidity of a CLT wall (for all standard CLT
sections of Stora Enso). Details about that model are described in the report “Berechnung von BSP-
Wandscheiben mit Gitterrostmodellen” (Engl.: Analysis of CLT shear walls with beam grid models).

Beam grid model:

The figure below describes the boundary conditions for the beam grid model.

The beam grid model was based on the Bernoulli beam theory with a certain correction coefficient.
The global equation matrix for the beam grid model is as follows:
 38

Boundary condition for the equation above:

u*a=v*b→u*a–v*b=0

Solving the equation leads to the following result:

The restraint force Z is in that case 0.

Both flexural rigidities EI1 and EI2 shall be adjusted with a calibration factor f, so the shear strain in a shell
element is equal to the shear strain in the beam grid element.
Shear strain in a shell element:

Shear strain in the beam grid model:

Equating these two shear strains leads to the calibration factor f:

In a comparative study of several different shear walls, the deviation to a FE solution has been analyzed.
Generally, the results of the derived beam grid model were deviating from the FE solution to a maximum
extent of about 15%. In all these cases the results of the beam grid model were on the conservative side. In
comparisons that include a sloped top edge, the deviations approached the 30%. This was caused by the
cut beam grid elements at the top that were cantilevering and were not supported in horizontal direction.
This aspect relativizes the high deviation. Given the fact that a practical engineering method had to be found
in order to substitute a FE solution, the resulting method with deviations of about 15% on the conservative
side are satisfactory.
 39

More details about the analysis method can be found in the report “Berechnung von BSP-Wandscheiben mit
Gitterrostmodellen”.

Additionally to the analysis of internal forces and rigidity analysis in the plane of CLT, according to
“Berechnung von BSP-Wandscheiben mit Gitterrostmodellen”, the stability of the panel is being analyzed
according to EN 1995-1-1, chapter 6.3.

Generally, for the stability analysis (buckling) it was assumed, that the effective length (buckling
length) is equal to the wall height in that part of the wall, where the stability analysis is being conducted. This
is a conservative approach.

For the buckling design, only parts of a wall with no openings are being analyzed. These parts are
being shaded in the system sketch in a lighter color (beige). Areas above window openings that are not
included in the buckling design are shaded a bit darker. All loading out of plane will therefore be redistributed
to areas that are being analyzed for buckling. The symmetry axis for this load distribution is indicated at the
center of openings (blue dashed line). All loading until the blue dashed line shall be part of the tributary area
for loading, for the stability analysis.
 40

4.2. System data and supports

Width: insert the width of the entire wall/beam (> 1,00 m)

Height left/right: insert the height at the left end and the right end (> 1,00 m). If the top edge is sloped,
these values are different (e.g. wall underneath a roof).
Cover layer horizontally: by default the cover layer is assumed to be vertically (ideal for walls with a
continuous support at the bottom). If that shall not be the case, check the box “cover layer horizontally”
(ideal for deep beams)
Visual quality needs to be checked, if the panels are visual grade.

The lamination width of visual grade is 100 mm and the lamination width of non-visual grade is
150 mm. This is determining the mesh width of the grid model

If no data is being entered in the support boxes, then the CLT element will be supported on the entire length
of the bottom edge (typical for walls. The linear support in that case is a pin support out of plane (M=0). The
support will take tension and compression. A non-linear support condition (e.g.: taking compression only,
but not tension) is currently not possible in this design tool (possible future development).
Entering data in the boxes for point supports will place supports at the entered distance from the point of
origin, which is the bottom left corner of the panel. The supports can be chosen either fixed or pinned.
 41

In case you want to study the high force concentration at point supports, the following design can be
done. Make the model 10 cm taller and place at the bottom edge voids with a height of 10cm in the length
of the clear span of the (deep) beam. This will create a beam with linear supports. For a 6 m long beam with
3 supports (each 20 cm long), the solution could look like that:

4.3. Voids

The reference point for each void is the bottom left corner of the void. Only rectangular voids are possible.
Distance from left: is the horizontal distance from the point of origin (left bottom corner of the CLT panel)
to the reference point of the void (bottom left corner of the void).
Distance from bottom: is the vertical distance from the point of origin (left bottom corner of the CLT panel)
to the reference point of the void (bottom left corner of the void).
Width: width of the void
Height: height of the void

4.4. Loading
 42

Continuous load: Add a continuous load at the top edge of the panel. The load can be either vertical or
horizontal with reference to the global coordinate system, local coordinate system or as projected load.
Point load: Add a point load at the top edge of the panel, in a horizontal distance a from the left edge of the
panel. The load can be either vertical or horizontal with reference to the global coordinate system, local
coordinate system or as projected load.
Trapezoidal load: Add a trapezoidal load at the top edge of the CLT panel in distance a from the left vertical
panel edge. The length of the trapezoidal load is the variable b and shall be entered by the user. The load
can be either vertical or horizontal with reference to the global coordinate system, local coordinate system
or as projected load.
Loading perpendicular to plane: Add a constant surface load to the CLT. This could be for example a wind
load.
By checking the box “load covers openings” the user can choose, to apply the load also over wall openings
(e.g.: wind load would usually be applied over openings too, if they are glazed).

4.5. Fire design

The fire design is being executed according to EN1995-1-2 and its national annexes.
As an alternative, the user can choose to do the fire design (determination of the residual timber section)
according to the guideline Fire Safety in Timber Buildings if a fire protection system is applied on the wall.

Edit the fire design data:

It’s possible to consider that both faces of the wall are exposed to fire in case of an interior wall for
example

The user can also choose a personalized resistance time in minutes.

Load combination factor: Generally Eurocode 5 leaves it up to the engineer, if the load combination for
fire design is applying a load combination factor of 2 or 1. The user can choose this here in the input for
fire design.
 43

Fire protection system: If a fire protective cladding is attached to the ceiling, this shall be selected in the
pull down menu.

This results in a variation of the following parameters:

• Single or double ply
• Attached directly to the CLT or with an insulated plumbing cavity in between
• Design according to EN1995-1-2 and ON B 1995-1-2 or design according to Fire Safety In Timber
Buildings

Except for the analysis according to Fire Safety in Timber Buildings, the Austrian national annex is always
included in the fire design, because it is currently more detailed than the national annex of other countries.

4.6. SLS design – Deformations

Set the system type that suits your project assumptions or requirements. Suggested deflection limits for the
SLS design are automatically added. However, the user should always check and edit these limits
according to the project’s requirements.

The results of the analysis are shown graphically.

 44

The image for horizontal deformation shows actually the graphic of the design governing deformation of the
entire panel. The point of the maximum utilization regarding a horizontal deformation is indicated with the
blue cross mark.

Note: the maximum utilization at the horizontal deformation does not necessarily mean the
absolute maximum deformation. The utilization rate of the horizontal deformation is derived from the ratio
of deformation to a deformation limit (H/300) – see ÖNORM B 1990-1:2003, item 8.3. This limit for horizontal
deformation in plane was applied to all other country settings as well. Therefore the maximum utilization is
dependent on the height of the element at a given point. If the display of the deformation at any other point
is desired, just click that point in the graphic and the values will be displayed.

The following other deformation results are being displayed for vertical deformations in voids:
— Initial deflection
— Final deflection
— Net final deflection
These deflections are being compared to the applicable limits in the respective national annex of EN 1995-
1-1.
 45

4.7. Results
The results of the analysis are shown graphically. It was chosen to show for different internal forces the
utilization rate and the design results of the maximum utilized spot. This spot is being indicated with a blue
cross mark.

If any other design values shall be displayed, just a simple click in the graphic at the point of
interest is required, to display the result in this very node. That way, the design result of any of the nodes
can be displayed. This applies to all graphics within this module.
 46

The following internal forces are being displayed:

— Shear in plane on the gross section of CLT
— Shear in plane on the net section of CLT (shear perpendicular to the grain)
— Torsional shear in the face glued surfaces at the lamination intersections
— Axial stress in horizontal lamination
— Axial stress in vertical lamination
— Stability analysis of panel portions with no voids (loading from portions with voids are being
transferred to adjacent portions without voids, where the stability analysis is being executed).
 47

5. SylvaTM Beams

5.1. Common features

Beam modules will design beams with a rectangular section in solid timber, glued-laminated timber
(GLT), LVL or CLT.

5.1.1. Geometry and supports

 48

Pinned support, fixed in horizontal direction

Pinned support, free in horizontal direction

Fixed support (no translatory/rotatory movement possible)

5.1.2. Loading

If you would like to add a load to a load case group, select for each span the load type that shall be applied
(continuous, point load or trapezoidal load), and edit the value and the geometric parameters.

Clicking the check box apply to all fields can be activated if a load shall be applied in the given
magnitude to all fields. This makes the input procedure more efficient.

Clicking the field variable load spanwise independent is usually applied with variable loads.
Variable loads on a continuous beam can or may not be present along the entire system. They might occur
only in one span and not in the others. If this effect shall be reflected in the analysis and if the software shall
do all possible load combinations, put a check mark in the box and the software will include all the required
possible combinations automatically.

Use the direction of the load as local or projective if the beam is inclined.
 49

5.1.3. System data

Here you can input the name of the analysis, geometrical parameters and the product’s specifications.

Inclination: for a floor the inclination will be typically 0°. For roofs give the inclination, measured between
the beam axis and the horizontal plane.

Consider self weight: The self weight of the product is considered by default (visible in the system sketch
on top of the page).

Support design: choose if the support pressure in at the supports shall be verified or not.

Spacing of lateral bracing: Insert the spacing at which the beam is held in lateral direction. This value is
entering the lateral torsional buckling design. The spacing could be for example the spacing of purlins or
rafters that are supported by the beam. If a panel or sheathing is fastened at the top flange of the beam,
then put 0 as spacing, meaning the beam is continuously held.

ksys,z: It’s the system factor for the given beam section in z-direction (see EN1995-1-1_6.6). Assuming a
glulam designed, then the lamination is usually layered in vertical direction. Therefore no system factor can
be applied for bending around the Y-axis. For bending about the Z-axis, the tension face of the beam (lateral
surface) is divided in all the lamination layers and therefore a system factor can be applied in this direction.

The feature Load acting on the compression side relates to the effective length of the beam for the lateral
torsional buckling analysis, according to EN1995-1-1_6.3.3(3).

5.1.4. Fire design

Choose which faces of the beam are exposed to fire at the “charring” selection, by adding check marks
next to the relevant face.
 50

Fire resistance class: If R0 is chosen, no fire design will be executed.

The user can also choose a personalized resistance time in minutes.

Load combination factor: Generally Eurocode 5 leaves it up to the engineer, if the load combination for
fire design is applying a load combination factor of 2 or 1. The user can choose this here in the input for
fire design.

Fire protection system: If a fire protective cladding protects the beam, this shall be selected in the pull
down menu.

This results in a variation of the following parameters:

• Single or double ply
• Attached directly to the CLT or with an insulated plumbing cavity in between
• Design according to EN1995-1-2 and ON B 1995-1-2 or design according to Fire Safety In Timber
Buildings

Except for the analysis according to Fire Safety in Timber Buildings, the Austrian national annex is always
included in the fire design, because it is currently more detailed than the national annex of other countries.

5.1.5. SLS design - deformation

Set the system type that suits your project assumptions or requirements. Suggested deflection limits for the
SLS design are automatically added. However, the user should always check and edit these limits
according to the project’s requirements.
 51

All deflection curves for the different load combinations are being displayed in the detailed results:

Maximum and minimum values are given next to the curve. Intermediate values are displayed in a table,
when clicking on the curve.

The design results of the Service Limit State (SLS) design are displayed in a table:
 52

For each span a reference length is given. This length is the base for the deflection limits (e.g.: L/150).
In a deflection limit L/150, the reference length Lref is being divided by 150. In all applied design standards,
the deflection limits of cantilevers are double of those for spans, with supports on both ends. Therefore the
reference length of cantilevers is the double of the system length of the respective cantilever.

Please go to chapter 2.2 SLS design – Deformations for more information about deformation verifications
and national specifics.

5.1.6. SLS design – Vibrations

If a vibration analysis is required, set the check mark accordingly (perform vibration analysis).
This is usually not required for roofs.

Total width: This is the total width of the floor system. It’s usually equal to the width of the room that is
hosting the floor. This width is only being used for the vibration analysis and can be different from the
system width, entered in “system data” above.

Stiffness in cross direction: pick if the stiffness in cross direction (perpendicular to principal direction) is
being contributed by:
• Screed: by the screed on top of the floor system
 53

For that you need to insert the Young´s modulus for the screed and the thickness of the
screed.
• (EI)b: Here the user can define an arbitrary value for the additional stiffness in cross direction.
Additional stiffness means the stiffness that is provided by any other element (layer) to the beam.

Damping coefficient: This value is usually in a range between 1% (0,01) and 5% (0,05). For a CLT
floor with a wet screed on top (separated by an insulation layer), 4% (0,04) will usually be the applicable
damping coefficient.For a floor with joists and a wet screed on top of a sheathing (separated by an insulation
layer), 3% (0,03) will be an appropriate damping coefficient. For lighter versions, the damping will be less
(about 2%).

The vibration analysis results are given in a table as shown in the figure above.

This software was created for many countries and their applicable standards. Unfortunately, the
vibration design is still very poorly described in Eurocode 5 (EN 1995-1-1). The Austrian national annex
includes at this point the most extensive rules related to the vibration analysis.
Except if the local national annex provides a different requirement explicitly, the design method and limits
of the Austrian national annex are applied to all countries.

In the Austrian national annex, 2 vibration classes are being introduced: class I and class II. This is a
similar approach as by Hamm & Richter. In that document Hamm & Richter refer to floors that extend across
more than just one unit (room) or floors that only serve one unit (room). Obviously for floors that serve more
units at the time, stricter requirements apply. The same idea was adopted in the national annex of Eurocode
5. Here Eurocode 5 refers to a class I (more strict requirements) and class II.

It is finally up to the user to decide which class is the most relevant for their design.
 54

5.1.7. All results

The user has the choice to either see only the design relevant results by clicking Results or the entire list of
results can be displayed by clicking Detailed results.
55
 56

5.2. Beam element

5.2.1. Voids
It’s possible to design voids in the beam if no fire resistance is required:
 57

5.3. CLT beam element

The module CLT beam is made for CLT with loading, in the plane of the CLT (e.g.: window or door header,
etc.).
The module is limiting the CLT beam design to single span beams. This will cover the need of engineers in
most cases of a daily work routine. In case a CLT beam with loading in plane needs to be analyzed that has
more than 1 span and might even cantilever, or have voids too, we suggest to use the module CLT wall and
deep beam element design – see chapter 4 SylvaTM Walls

To describe the flexural analysis of a CLT beam with loading in plane in a very simple way, one could say,
that the section is being analyzed as homogeneous, rectangular section, just taking the lamination in
principal direction into account, disregarding the cross layers (vertical layers).

The shear analysis is being done according to the technical expertise by Prof Blass on shear in the
plane of CLT.

5.3.1. Geometry and supports

Height and length are determining the geometry of the header.

Fixity at left (or right) support: In case the header is fixed at the end and not supported by a pin support,
a degree of fixity can be defined [kNm/rad].
 58

By default the cover layer of the CLT panel in this module is assumed to be horizontal. Is this not the case,
the box “cover layer vertical” needs to be checked.

5.3.2. ULS design

Shear design – gross section

For this shear failure mode it is assumed that the shear can be transferred between adjacent
lamination plates within a CLT layer, due to edge gluing. In that case the effective section for the shear
design is the gross section.

For homogenous wood beams (glulam, solid timber, LVL, etc.), the shear design does not have to be
done at the point of the absolute maximum shear (at the support), but can be done in a distance of h (height
of the section) from the support – see Austrian National annex to Eurocode 5, part 1, chapter 6.1.7.
This shear reduction is not applicable for CLT beams with loading in the plane of CLT.

Shear design – net section

This shear force occurs equally in total in the longitudinal layers and in the cross layers. Design
governing will be the effective net width of the CLT section with the minimum thickness.
 59

Shear design – torsional shear in face glued intersecting surfaces

For this failure mode it is assumed that adjacent lamination plates do not have edge gluing, or the
edge gluing opened up and is not effective. Therefore all the shear transfer between lamination layers
happens through torsional shear in the face glued intersecting surfaces of CLT.
 60

6. SylvaTM Columns

6.1. Common features

6.1.1. System data
 61

Column width and column height define the geometry of the column.
The boundary conditions of the supports need to be selected in the pull-down menu.

Note: free is displayed as white box on white background (not visible). For free, click above the pin
icon.

6.1.2. Loading

Create a load case and define the loads:

 62

It’s possible to add an eccentricity in both directions for the vertical load

6.1.3. Fire design

Choose which faces of the beam are exposed to fire at the “charring” selection, by adding check marks
next to the relevant face.

Fire resistance class: If R0 is chosen, no fire design will be executed.

The user can also choose a personalized resistance time in minutes.

 63

Load combination factor: Generally Eurocode 5 leaves it up to the engineer, if the load combination for
fire design is applying a load combination factor of 2 or 1. The user can choose this here in the input for
fire design.

Fire protection system: If a fire protective cladding protects the beam, this shall be selected in the pull
down menu.

This results in a variation of the following parameters:

• Single or double ply
• Attached directly to the CLT or with an insulated plumbing cavity in between
• Design according to EN1995-1-2 and ON B 1995-1-2 or design according to Fire Safety In Timber
Buildings.

Except for the analysis according to Fire Safety in Timber Buildings, the Austrian national annex is always
included in the fire design, because it is currently more detailed than the national annex of other countries.
 64

6.2. Column element

The module is made for the structural analysis of columns made from rectangular sections of either GLT
(glue laminated timber), solid timber or LVL. Loading can be in plane and/or out of plane.

6.2.1. System data

Spacing of lateral bracing: insert the spacing at which the beam is held in lateral direction. This value is
entering the lateral torsional buckling design. The spacing could be for example the spacing of purlins or
rafters that are supported by the beam. If a panels or sheathing is being fastened at the top flange of the
beam, then put 0 as spacing, meaning the beam is continuously held.
 65

ksys,z: is the system factor for the given beam section in z-direction (see EN1995-1-1_6.6). Assuming a
glulam beam is being picked, then the lamination is usually layered in vertical direction. Therefore no system
factor can apply for bending about the Y-axis. For bending about the Z-axis, the tension face of the beam
(lateral surface) is divided in all the lamination layers and therefore a system factor can be applied for
bending about the Z-axis.

6.2.2. ULS design

The flexural design includes the analysis according to EN1995-1-1, chapters 6.1.2, 6.1.4, 6.1.6 and 6.2

Shear stress for loading in 2 different directions is being combined and verified according to the Austrian
national annex of EN 1995-1-1, equation NA.6.15-E1. This combination is applied to all countries.
2 2
𝜏𝑦,𝑑 𝜏𝑧,𝑑
( ) +( ) ≤1
𝑓𝑣,𝑑 𝑓𝑣,𝑑

This design module performs the stability analysis according to EN 1995-1-1, chapter 6.3.
 66

6.3. CLT column element

This design module performs the stability analysis according to EN 1995-1-1, chapter 6.3. The analysis of
internal forces is done, using the net section of the CLT.

6.3.1. System data

Visual quality shall be checked, if the CLT shall be from visual grade. This is influencing the maximum
lamination width and this parameter will enter the design for loading in the plane of CLT.
 67

The selection “cover layer horizontally” shall be selected, if the cover layer shall be oriented horizontally.
Choosing a “C” or a “L” panel when selecting the CLT section does not influence the orientation of the cover
layer. The cover layer is in this module by default oriented vertically.

6.3.2. ULS design

The shear design follows the Expertise by Prof Blass on shear in the plane of CLT.

Shear stress for loading in 2 different directions is combined and verified according to the Austrian national
annex of EN 1995-1-1, equation NA.6.15-E1. This combination is applied for all countries.
 68

EN 1995-1-1, equation NA.6.15-E1

2 2
𝜏𝑦,𝑑 𝜏𝑧,𝑑
( ) +( ) ≤1
𝑓𝑣,𝑑 𝑓𝑣,𝑑

— Shear combination for shear on gross section

Adapted to shear in and out of plane, this means:
2 2
𝜏𝑣,𝑑 𝜏𝑣,𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝑑
( ) +( ) ≤1
⏟𝑓𝑣,𝑑 ⏟𝑓𝐼𝑃,𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

— Shear combination for shear on net section

Adapted to shear in and out of plane, this means:
2 2
𝜏𝑣,𝑑 𝜏𝑣,𝑁𝑒𝑡,𝑑
( ) +( ) ≤1
⏟𝑓𝑣,𝑑 ⏟𝑓𝐼𝑃,𝑁𝑒𝑡,𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

— Torsional shear in each face glued surfaces

For this, the lamination plate width needs to be known.
For CLT by Stora Enso it is assumed, that the lamination width is as follows:
— Non-visual grade CLT (NVI): lamination plate width alam = 15 cm
— Visual grade CLT (VI & IVI): lamination plate width alam = 10 cm

𝑀𝑇,𝑖,𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚
𝜏𝑡,𝑑 = +
𝐼𝑝,𝑖 2

MT,I,d = design torsional moment per glued surface, derived from the design moment
Ip,i = polar moment of inertia for the intersecting surface = a Lam^4 / 6
 69

7. Connection design
The design of connections is done according to the respective manufacturer’s technical guidance and EN
1995-1-1.
Please refer to their documentation for more information about the design.
 70

8. Advanced design
 71

8.1. CLT bearing design

The design module is divided in 3 categories:
— Point supports of linear elements (wall elements and/or beam elements – in line or crossed)
— Point supports of CLT panels, out of plane
— Linear support of CLT panels

All design modules are performing a bearing pressure analysis. Either bearing pressure acting parallel
to the grain, or perpendicular to the grain.

In case of CLT it is not always clear, if the bearing pressure, acting on a net section with strength
parallel to the grain would be able to resist a higher load than the entire gross section with strength
perpendicular to the grain. Calculatis analyzes both cases and will pick the design governing condition.

The user has to select first the support category that shall be analyzed, by clicking the respective icon and
then select the support type:
 72

8.1.1. Linear panel support

 73

Support reaction is the design value of the support reaction, that a given support needs to resist for an ULS
design.
Support reaction fire design is the fire design value of the support reaction, that a given support needs to
resist for the fire design.
kmod is the applicable kmod factor for ULS design.
Material upper/lower element: pick from the pulldown menu the material of the lamination of the CLT
(typically C24 spruce).
Upper/Lower CLT panel: choose a CLT panel from the pull-down menu.
a1, a2: edge distances for the vertical (upper) CLT panel.

If the effective support surface can be extended, according to EN 1995-1-1, item 6.1.5, the respective
value (either 30 mm, or 60 mm) will be listed in the column “extension” among the results

8.1.2. Point supported CLT panels

The design module for point supports is not only analyzing the bearing pressure (pressure perpendicular to
the grain of the CLT), but also the shear transfer (rolling shear) from the bearing plate to the CLT panel. This
shear analysis is based on the doctoral thesis of Peter Mestek. The research of these thesis was conducted
under some restrictive boundary conditions as follows:
— Bearing plate is square (side length of the bearing plate = L)
— CLT has a minimum of 5 layers
— Thickness of CLT lamination in X-direction = thickness of CLT lamination in Y-direction
→ all lamellas have the same thickness
Stora Enso is offering among the standard panels only 2 panels that match the criterions above:
CLT 100 L5s and CLT 200 L5s.

This module is dealing with the very specific analysis procedure for point supports (bearing
pressure and shear analysis). This module will not do the flexural stress analysis. Flexural stress,
deformation, etc. widely depends on the geometry, loading and boundary conditions of a CLT panel.

This analysis has to be done by some simplified approach, applying simple beam theory and using the help
of other modules of Calculatis. If a FE analysis is used to determine the internal forces in the CLT panel, the
support analysis can be done with the help of this module. If the FE software is not capable of designing
CLT, the section calculator of Calculatis will do the CLT design part and will do the remaining flexural stress
analysis.
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Once a system is selected (3 different point support types are possible: central support, edge support and
corner support), design relevant data can be entered.

Support reaction is the design value of the support reaction, that a given support needs to resist for an ULS
design.
kmod is the applicable kmod factor for ULS design.
Material upper element: pick from the pulldown menu the material of the lamination of the CLT (typically
C24 spruce).
Upper CLT panel: choose a CLT panel from the pull-down menu.
L: side length of the bearing plate.
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8.2. CLT diaphragm floor and roof

The module CLT diaphragm floor and roof shall help the engineer to distribute a resulting horizontal load
that applies to a story in a building, to all the shear walls. Such a horizontal load is usually an earthquake
load or a wind load. Earthquake and wind loads usually act on the center of mass of the floor above the
analyzed story. Generally such a rigid diaphragm analysis (RDA) is performed on the shear walls of a story
and the floor that is sitting on top of these shear walls.

Forces that act on the floor in horizontal direction (in plane of the floor) are being spread out through the
rigid diaphragm. Such a spread of forces is only possible, if the diaphragm is rigid. For CLT floor, this can
usually be assumed. Light framed timber floors (joists and sheathing on top) would be normally classified as
flexible diaphragm. In a flexible diaphragm, tributary loads to walls can be distributed by simple geometric
breakdown in tributary areas of the floor.

Is the diaphragm rigid, the force in the diaphragm (total force) is being distributed to the shear walls,
dependent on their rigidity (openings in shear walls, panel type, wood grade, geometry of the wall, etc.),
relative location to the center of mass or center of gravity and their orientation (angle between the direction
of force and the direction of the wall).

8.2.1. System data

e is the accidental eccentricity in the diaphragm. This is usually a percentage of the overall length and
overall width of the building in plan view. For seismic loading, this is usually 5% - see EN 1998-1, item 4.3.2.
For wind loading this can be different and is not regulated in all countries. Therefore this value is to be
entered by the user.
Fx is the horizontal force in X direction.
Fy is the horizontal force in Y direction. (usually equal to the force F x)
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Combine Fx and Fy needs to be checked, it the force in X and the force in Y direction are acting
simultaneously.

8.2.2. Wall details

For each wall that shall be placed in the building plan, a wall type shall be selected in the pull-down menu.

The walls listed in this menu are all walls that are entered in the module CLT deep beam wall
element design.
If a wall is not entered in the module CLT wall, it will not be available in this RDA module. The reason for the
need to enter walls in the CLT wall module is the analysis of the rigidity of the respective wall panel, including
all voids and support boundary conditions. It is possible to select one wall type from the CLT wall module
more than once for the RDA. A wall that appears several times in the plan with the same dimensions
therefore only needs to be entered once in the CLT wall module (as far as it concerns the RDA).

All walls entered in the module CLT wall have their reference point at the bottom left corner.
This is the point that the RDA module refers to, when entering the coordinates X and Y in the RDA module.
X is the X coordinate of the reference point of the respective wall.
Y is the Y coordinate of the reference point of the respective wall.

Direction gives the orientation of the wall in degree:

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8.2.3. Floor perimeter

The perimeter of the floor needs to be defined with the coordinates of the floor polygon.

Note: the coordinates need to be entered, following strictly the polygon – either clockwise or
counterclockwise. The last point of the polygon will be automatically connected to the first point entered. No
need to enter one point twice.
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8.2.4. Results
The results include a system sketch, lining out the plan of the building at the respective level with the floor
above (dashed line).

The general results of the RDA module give values of the maximum dimensions, coordinates for C.O.G and
center of rigidity, accidental eccentricity, total eccentricity, and the stiffness:
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The results are split for force in x and in y direction, if these forces do not act simultaneously. If they do act
at same time, the result includes only 1 table.

Center x and y give the coordinates of the center of rigidity of the respective wall.
R is the rigidity of the respective wall.
Rx and Ry are the x and y components of the rigidity of the respective wall.
dx and dy are relative distances from the wall´s center of rigidity to the total center of rigidity
Fx,i and Fy,i are the resulting force components in x and in y direction that the wall is receiving.
Fi is the resulting force that the wall is receiving in direction of the wall.
fi is the force Fi expressed in kN per linear meter of the wall.
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8.3. Semi-composite floor

The semi-composite floor module is for rib decks with the following layout:
— CLT deck on top of ribs (glulam, solid timber or LVL)
— ribs (glulam, solid timber or LVL) on top of a CLT deck
— ribs (glulam, solid timber or LVL) with a CLT deck above and below (box girder)

The CLT can be attached to the ribs in a rigid way (glued) or flexible (mechanical connectors).

The rib deck can be a simply supported beam with one span, a continuous beam with several spans with
or without cantilevers at either end.

8.3.1. Design basics

For the analysis of semi-composite elements, it was chosen to apply the gamma method. The reason for
that was, that an analysis with the Timoshenko theory would not be able to analyze the flexural stress in a
rib deck section, with a flexible joint and reflect the influence of this flexibility in the joint between rib and
deck. The shear analogy method reaches its limits, due to the large asymmetry in the section and the Steiner
components in the moment of inertia (CLT section with rather small spacing between the lamination in
principal direction and then the large distance to the C.O.G. of the rib). This lead to the decision, to use the
gamma method.

The effective length of a beam portion is being determined by the location of zero points in a moment curve
for a continuous constant load (load = 1) over the entire beam (incl. cantilevers). For a single span beam,
the moment curve has its zero points exactly in the support points. Therefore the effective length is equal to
the span. In case of a continuous beam, the beam is being divided in 3 zones: start, center and end. For
these 3 zones the respective effective length will be taken into account, when calculating the -values.

Since the Rigidity (red) is part of the -equation

1 1
𝛾𝑖 = =
𝜋2 ∙ 𝐸𝑖 ∙ 𝐴𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑗 𝜋2 ∙ 𝐸𝑖 ∙ 𝐴𝑖 𝑠𝑖
(1 + 2 ∙ ) (1 + ∙ )
𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ∙ 𝐺𝑅,𝑖𝑗 𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑓 2 𝐾𝑖

the -values will be different, in ULS and SLS design, because in SLS design K ser is being used and in ULS
design Ku.
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This module does the structural analysis for a rib deck in the span direction. The analysis of
the deck itself, spanning between the ribs, perpendicular to the span direction, is not included in the
design. This design can be easily done, using the CLT floor and roof element module.

8.3.2. System data

For the selection of the CLT panel type it shall be mentioned that it does not make any difference, whether
the user specifies a C or a L panel. In this module the principal direction of the CLT deck is always oriented
in span direction. Therefore the grain in the cover layers of the CLT will always be parallel to the grain
of the rib.

For the support design: it is assumed that the rib deck is only being supported off the ribs. This is
a conservative approach.

Rib width and height are the dimensions of the rib.

Rib spacing is the spacing, measured from center line of a rib to the center line of the adjacent rib (not the
clear spacing).
Weff is the effective width of inside the CLT deck that is contributing to the load bearing action of the
composite section (rib + CLT). It is recommended to leave this input box empty. In that case the software
will determine the effective width itself. This analysis is based on the report “Darstellung und praxistaugliche
Aufbereitung für die Ermittlung mitwirkender Plattenbreiten von BSP-Elementen“.

By choosing the position of the CLT deck, it can be chosen, whether the deck is located above, below or
above and below the ribs.

In case the CLT deck is located below the ribs, lateral torsional buckling of the ribs is not considered,
because it is assumed that the compression side of the ribs is always braced laterally by either sheathing of
a support.

The selection of the connectors is only determining the rigidity kser . The design of the
connector that analyzes the load bearing capacity and any clearance and spacing is not part of this
module. The verification should be done separately.

lef is the effective length of the screw. This dimension is important for fully threaded screws. Ideally the
embedment length in both (CLT and the rib) are equal, however the chosen screw length and CLT thickness
will determine the effective embedment length. This effective length needs to be entered by the user.

Based on diameter and effective length a kser [N/mm] will be calculated of one connector. The additional
input of the spacing and rows of connectors lead to a final rigidity of the CLT-rib joint.

If the desired connector cannot be found in the pull-down menu, the user can define an arbitrary kser by
entering (overwriting) a value in the box. This gives the user a good amount of flexibility in the design.

s is the connector spacing in span direction from C.O.G. of a connection (e.g. crossed screws) or a connector
(one screw or nail) to the C.O.G. of the next connection/connector.

The number or rows is counting the rows of connectors/connections perpendicular to the span (principal)
direction.
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8.3.3. Fire design

For semi-composite elements it is assumed that fire acts from the bottom. It is assumed that the fire
protection cladding is attached directly to the bottom of the element and runs straight from rib to rib, creating
a non-insulated cavity between the ribs. The fire protection is calculated as if the CLT was attached directly
to the CLT and ribs. This is a conservative approach. In this module the feature of insulated cavities is not
available. Only analysis according to EN1995-1-2, incl. Önorm B 1995-1-2 is possible.

8.3.4. SLS design

For rib decks a common kdef is being applied. Since most of the flexural rigidity originates from the ribs, the
kdef value is the one applicable for the rib, in the given country and utilization class. However, if a user
would like to apply a different value, a user defined k def can be entered in the input field for the SLS data.

8.3.5. Loading
For the input of a load in the plane of the rib deck, the direction needs to be set to a local coordinate system
and the inclination of the load needs to be set to horizontal.
Attention needs to be paid to the orientation of a load in the plane of a rib deck. The arrows in the load
diagram indicate the direction of a positive load. If the load needs to be applied in the opposite direction, the
value needs to be entered negative.

In the field “ex.”, an eccentricity can be applied to the loading in plane (horizontal inclination). The
eccentricity is being measured from the center of gravity of the entire rib deck section.

If loads in the plane of the rib deck element are defined, buckling design will be conducted as well.
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8.4. CLT section design

The section calculator shall give information about the most important section properties of a CLT panel,
before and after fire. These section properties are moment of inertia, section modulus, etc. Additionally the
module can calculate an utilization rate, at given internal forces.

This module can also be used to compare the Timoshenko beam theory and the Gamma method.

8.4.1. System data

Width: enter the section width (recommended: 1,00 m)

lref, is the reference length for the derivation of -values.
Nx,d is the design axial force in X direction.
Ny,d is the design axial force in Y direction.
Mx,d is the design moment about X axis.
My,d is the design moment about Y axis.
Vx,d is the design shear force in X direction.
Vy,d is the design shear force in Y direction.
ksys is the system factor.
kmod is the applicable kmod for the given design internal forces.

In this module, the wood grade of each lamination layer can be edited separately.

8.4.2. Results
The section properties are given separately for X and for Y direction and for the case before and after fire.

The values in analysis using net section are the section properties, as they would be used for a CLT
design, using the Timoshenko beam theory.
The values in results according to Gamma method are the section properties according to gamma
method, along with the gamma values.

If internal forces are entered at the input page, the section will be designed for the given forces (flexural
stress and shear stress). This function is only applicable for loading out of plane and axial forces in plane
(no shear in plane). Serviceability and stability are not covered in that module.
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8.5. EC5 charred section

This module determines the load bearing capacity (R) and analyses the integrity (E) and insulation (I) of CLT
elements, according to EN1995-1-2, the ETA-14/0349 and expert statement or other local regulations.

During exposure to fire and to the resulting effect of temperature on the CLT cross-section, the use of
polyurethane adhesives between individual layers can lead to softening. A possible consequence of this
may be that small sections of the heat-insulating char layer fall off, and the protective function of this layer
may be lost at certain points.

Therefore, in the case of ceiling elements and other horizontal components, possible delaminations must be
taken into account, and, for the subsequent fire-exposed layers, it is necessary to mathematically estimate
an increased charring rate until the formation of a new 25 mm-thick char layer.

The design value of charring rates for unprotected horizontal CLT elements are defined as:
— β0: if only one layer is affected by exposure to fire
— β0,a: for any additional layers affected by exposure to fire until charring or the formation of a 25 mm-
thick char layer. Thereafter, a charring rate β0 can be applied up to the next bonded joint.

For unprotected vertical CLT elements, the charring rates are defined as:
— β0: if only one layer is affected by exposure to fire
— β0,a: for each additional layer affected by exposure to fire

In the case of initially protected members, the time of start of charring behind the protective layer or cladding
tch and the failure time of the protective cladding tf is essential.

To determine the load bearing capacity (R) of CLT elements, Calculatis uses the reduced cross-section
method according to 1995-1-2..For verification in the fire situation, this method uses a reduced cross-section
or residual cross-section, calculated on the basis of increased charring (roundings or corner charring), and
an additional area affected by temperature (reduction of mechanical properties due to the effect of
temperature.

To analyze the integrity (E) and insulation (I) of CLT elements, Calculatis uses the extended method for
determining the integrity (EI) of wall and ceiling structures in accordance with ÖNORM B 1995-1-2:2011 or
the European guideline “Fire safety in timber buildings”.
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8.6. Steel beam element design

This module will design a steel beam with a typical rolled or welded steel section. The module is set-up in
a similar way as the timber beam element module – see 5. SylvaTM Beams

The analysis in this design module is based on Eurocode 3 and its national annexes.

Pick a profile by clicking the profile type icon and then choose in the pull-down menu below the section class,
the beam size and finally the material.

Utilization rates, material parameters and results of the different load case categories and combinations are
shown in a similar way as for the modules, described in the previous sections.

This module comprises the flexural design, shear analysis, combined flexion and shear analysis,
buckling and SLS-deformations. This does not include fire design or vibration analysis.
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8.7. Steel column element design

The module steel columns is used for the structural analysis of columns made from steel sections (wide
flange or tubes).
The input is mostly analogous to the module of timber columns – see 606.SylvaTM Columns

This design module performs the stability analysis according to EN 1993-1-1.

Spacing of lateral bracing: insert the spacing at which the beam is held in lateral direction (weak axis).
This value is entering the lateral torsional buckling design. The spacing could be for example the spacing of
purlins or rafters that are supported by the beam. If a panels or sheathing is being fastened at the top flange
of the beam, then put 0 as spacing, meaning the beam is continuously held.
Profile type selection gives the possibility to select between wide flange, circular tube, rectangular tube and
channel profiles.
Depending on the selected profile type, a profile class (e.g.: HE-A, IPB, HE-M, etc.) can be chosen.
In the selection steel beam the final profile will be selected (size).
In the pull-down menu “material”, the steel grade can be chosen.
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9. Templates
The following templates shall help the user, to pick among common panel layups, load case categories
and materials, that are specific for a given country. By default, some basic data is already included in the
templates.

Only items (load case categories, materials, panel layups) that are not used in any saved project can
be deleted. This means that the user first needs to delete the analysis or project that includes the item. Then
the item itself can be deleted.

Although all values in the templates have been entered with the uttermost attention and the
consideration of all relevant design codes for the related country, errors can still occur. All software
users need to check the input values, no matter if they originate from a template, or if they are entered
directly by the user within the design session. We kindly ask all users to report any errors in the
templates and in the software in general, using the contact function in the software.
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9.1. Panel type

The user can create CLT panels type C or L, and LVL-G panels.

L panels: Cover layers are orientated in the main direction

C panels: Cover layers are orientated in the cross direction

To create LVL-G panels, all layers must be defined as “G” layers

9.2. Load case category

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9.3. Material
This template library contains all design materials.

All material templates are categorized, according to the following table. Some material categories and sub
categories have structural design values, some have building physics design values and some have both.

building physics
Category Sub category Material, such as:

structural
wood and wood based materials wood and wood based materials MDF, OSB, etc.
wood Hardwood panel
CLT material C24 spruce
solid timber & glulam C16, GL 24h, etc.

concrete, screed and concrete blocks concrete, screed and concrete blocks Light weight concrete, reinforced concrete
concrete C25/30, etc.

brick and blocks bricks Masonry bricks etc.

blocks Masonry blocks, etc.

insulation insulation
mineralwool
wood fibre
EPS
fire protection cladding

waterproofing and vapor barrier waterproofing

vapor barrier

granular fill granular fill

wall and ceiling cladding, plaster, wall and ceiling cladding, plaster,
stucco stucco

roofing roofing

flooring flooring tiles

miscelaneous miscelaneous