CHAPTER TWO

Atoms, Molecules & Ions

 Out of Chaos:
The Periodic Table

1869, Dmitri Mendeleev

The Russian Chemist who invented the
periodic table of the elements. He
invented the most successful
systematic arrangement of the
elements. He, also, arranged them
in order of increasing atomic
masses & their similar chemical
properties.
Fundamental Chemical Laws
Dalton (British scientist): prepared the first
table of atomic masses (atomic weighs) and used his
atomic theory to account for the following three laws:

Law of conservation of mass

Law of definite proportion
 Law of multiple proportions
Law of conservation of mass: atoms have
mass and are neither created nor destroyed by chemical
reactions. Therefore mass is conserved.

Example: Assume 46.0 g of ethanol (C2H5OH) reacts

with 96.0 g of oxygen to produce H2O & CO2. If 54.0 g of
H2O is produced, how much carbon dioxide is
produced?

Answer:
Total mass reacted = Total mass produced
46.0 g + 96.0 g = 54.0 g + mass of CO2

 mass of CO2 = 142.0 - 54.0 = 88.0 g

Law of definite proportion: the composition of
a substance depends on the number & kinds of atoms that
form it and the ratio of the masses of the
elements in a compound is always the same.

Example: A sample of chloroform (CHCl3) is found to

contain 12.0 g of carbon, 106.5 g of chlorine & 1.01 g of
hydrogen. If a second sample of chloroform is found to
contain 24.0 g of carbon, how many grams of chlorine &
of hydrogen does it contain?
Answer: Since the carbon increased by a factor of:
24.0/12.0 = 2.0, therefore, it will be the same for H &
Cl.
 mass (g) for Cl = 106.5 x 2.0 = 213.0 g
 mass (g) for H = 1.01 x 2.0 = 2.02 g
 Law of multiple proportions: compounds of
the same elements differ only in the number of atoms
of the elements forming them.

Example: Which of the following can be used to

illustrate the law of multiple proportions?
a. H2SO4 & H2S
b. SO , SO2 & SO3
c. CaO & CaCl2
d. NO, N2O4 & HNO3

Answer: b
The Modern View of Atomic Structure
Nucleus Contains:

1. Protons: which have a positive charge

equal in magnitude to the electrons (having
negative charge), but they differ in masses.

2. Neutrons: have the same mass as protons

but no charge.
Periodic Table of the Elements
 What is an Atom?

Atom - an extremely small particle of matter and is the

basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical
combination.
 Subatomic Particles

Particle Proton Electron Neutron

Symbol p+ e- n

Mass (kg) 1.67x10-27 9.11x10-31 1.67x10-27

Charge* 1+ 1- 0

Location in Atom nucleus outside nucleus

*The magnitude of charge of the electron & of the proton is 1.60 x10-19
C.
Number of protons = Atomic number

Number of neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number

Number of protons = Number of electrons & this is

always true in neutral species.

By knowing the number of protons a neutral

element has, you should be able to determine
*The name of the element
*The number of electrons in the neutral element
 A

X
Z
Where:

X = the element symbol as read from the periodic table

Z = # of protons or Atomic number
A = # of protons + # of neutrons = Mass number or Atomic weight
# of neutrons = A - Z
Atoms of the same number of protons but differ in
number of neutrons called isotopes.
Example:

23 24
Na Na
11 11

Sodium twenty-three Sodium twenty-four

Number of protons = 11 Number of protons = 11
Number of neutrons = 12 Number of neutrons = 13

 Same protons, different neutrons} isotopes.

Nonmetals
Metals
 Properties of Metals

Appear in the upper left-hand corner of the

periodic table
Tend to give electrons to form positive
ions in chemical reactions with nonmetals
Often have a shiny (lustrous) appearance
Good conductors of electricity
Soft (ductile) and malleable (flexible)
 Properties of Nonmetals
Appear in the upper right-hand corner of
the periodic table.
Tend to gain electrons to form negative
ions in chemical reactions with metals.
Do not have a shiny (lustrous) appearance.
Poor conductors of electricity.
 Often bond to each other by forming covalent

bonds.
 Periodic Table of the Elements
Group = Column
Row = Period
Alkaline Earth Metal
Alkali Metal

Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Row
IONS: Cations & Anions
 Cations & Anions of Representative Elements
+2
+1

+3

-1
-3
-2
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has
a net positive or negative charge. Two types:
Cation - ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na Na+ 10 electrons
11 electrons

+
Na Na + e
Anion - ion with a negative charge
If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.

17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons

Cl + e Cl
Chemical Bonds: Forces that hold
together atoms in molecules and ions
in crystals.
 Ionic Bond
 An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed by the
electrostatic attraction between positive and negative
ions.
 This type of bond involves the transfer of electrons
from one atom (usually a metal) to another (usually a
nonmetal).

: F . .Mg. . F :
: :

: :
2+ 1-
Mg F MgF2
- 2+ -
[ :F: ] [ :F: ]
: :

: :

Mg Magnesium Fluoride
Sodium reacts with Chlorine
(Facts)
 Sodium reacts with Chlorine
(Ionic Compound)
Na+ ions and Cl- have opposite charges and
attract each other. The resulting attraction is an
ionic bond.
Ionic compounds are held together by ionic
bonds and exist in a crystal.
 Covalent Bond
 A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two nonmetal atoms.
 These atoms will share sufficient numbers of electrons in order to
achieve a noble gas electron configuration (that is, eight valence
electrons).

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Covalent Bond
Numerical Numbers
Number Roman #
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
 EXCEPTIONS

Ag 1+

Zn 2+

Cd 2+
Numerical Numbers
Number Multiplier
1 mono
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
7 hepta
8 octa
9 nona
10 deca
 Polyatomic Ions
ION NAME ION NAME
NH4 + Ammonium ClO — Hypochlorite
ClO2 — Chlorite
O2 2— Peroxide ClO3 — Chlorate
OH — Hydroxide ClO4 — Perchlorate
CN — Cyanide
PO3 3— Phosphite
NO2 — Nitrite PO4 3— Phosphate
NO3 — Nitrate
SO3 2— Sulfite
CO3 2— Carbonate SO4 2— Sulfate
HCO3 — Bicarbonate
Cr2O7 2— Dichromate
CrO4 2— Chromate
Li2O2
2+ _
Ca C

2+ _
Mg NO3
 Chromium (VI) Oxide
6+ 2-
Cr O

Cr2O6 CrO3
 2-
SO4
Sulfate

-
BrO3
Bromate
 -
CN
Cyanide

-
NO2
Nitrite
 Good Luck
Dr. Imad A. Abu-Yousef