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CHM 101 Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in chemistry, including definitions of matter, mass, weight, and the importance of significant figures in measurements. It also covers conversion factors for various units, temperature scales, states of matter, and the concept of density. Additionally, it explains how to properly express significant figures in calculations and rounding rules.

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19 views25 pages

CHM 101 Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in chemistry, including definitions of matter, mass, weight, and the importance of significant figures in measurements. It also covers conversion factors for various units, temperature scales, states of matter, and the concept of density. Additionally, it explains how to properly express significant figures in calculations and rounding rules.

Uploaded by

b00097215
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER ONE

Chemistry:
The Study Of Change
 Chemistry is the study of matter and Its
Changes.

 Matter is anything that has mass and also


volume.

 Mass is the measure of the amount of matter


in an object.

 Weight is the measure of the gravitational


force for the matter in an object.
Conversion Factors
Units of length
1 m = 10 dm = 102 cm = 103 mm = 109 nm.

Units of time
1 s = 103 ms = 106 μs = 109 ns = 1012 ps = 1015 fs.

Units of mass
1g = 103 mg = 106 μg = 109 ng.

Units of volume
1 mL = 1 cm3; 1 L = 1 dm3 = 103 cm3 = 103 mL; 1 m3 = 103 dm3 = 103 L =
106 cm3 = 106 mL

Where: L = Liter; mL = milliliter; d = deci; c = centi; m = meter;


g = gram; n = nano; μ = micro, f = femto, p = pico.
Significant Figures
Are those digits in a measured number (or result of the calculation
with a measured number) that include all certain digits plus a final
one having some uncertainty.

Or

The number of digits necessary to express the


results of a measurement consistent with the
measured precision.
General Rules
 Any number that is nonzero is
significant.
 Zeros between nonzero numbers are
significant.
 Zeros at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
Zeros at the right of the nonzero number and
at the same time to the right or to the left of
the decimal are significant.
Examples: How many significant figures are
there in each of the following measurements?

0.0351 (3 sig. figs)  Zeros at the beginning of a number


are never significant.

0.30210 (5 sig. figs)  Zeros between nonzero numbers


are significant.

52000 (2 sig. figs)  If the number is exact, Zeros at


the extreme right of a number are
never significant.
52.000 (5 sig. figs)
 Zeros at the right of the nonzero
250.0 (4 sig. figs) number and at the same time to the
right or to the left of the decimal are
significant.
010850 (4 sig. figs)
Scientific Notation

A x 10n 1 ≤ A < 10

n is a positive or negative integer

Every digit included in A is significant


Example: The integer number “100” could
have 2 or 3 significant figures. It should be
written in one of the following ways:

1.00 x 102 (3 sig. figs) but NOT 10.0 x 101

1.0 x 102 (2 sig. figs) but NOT 0.10 x 103


Rounding-off
 If the first digit in the part of the number to
be dropped is less than 5, simply remove the
excess digits.
 If the first digit in the part of the number to be
dropped is 5 or greater than 5, increase the
previous digit by 1, then remove the excess
digits.
Examples:
3.56343  3.56 (if rounded to 3 sig. figs)
3.56843  3.57 (if rounded to 3 sig. figs)
3.57500  3.58 (if rounded to 3 sig. figs)
Significant Figures
in Multiplication & Division
In multiplication & division, the answer should
contain same significant figures as the measurement
with the smaller number of significant
figures.

Example: 0.41 x 2.546 x (3.12 x 106) =


7.0012
465183.5687 (calculator answer)

The correct answer should have 2 sig. figs (4.7 x 105)


*(Do not round off each step)
Significant Figures
in Addition & Substraction
In addition & subtraction, the final answer must have
same number of decimal places as the least precise
measurement that is, the measurement with the
smallest number of the decimal places.

Example: 937.3 + 15.224 - 71.04 = 881.484


(calculator answer)

The correct answer cannot have more than one


number to the right of the decimal point.
Therefore, the sum, 881.484, should be rounded
to 881.5
Example: 8.9250 – 8.904 = 0.021
3 3
= 0.007 (calculator answer)

The answer should read 0.0070 (2 sig. figs)

Or 7.0 x 10-3 (2 sig. figs)


1. The correct answer that expresses the number 168000.000 using exponential notation to
two significant figures is

1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 106 mL ; 1 g = 106 μg = 109 ng


3. Perform the following arithmetic and express the answer to the proper of significant
figures. 5.5

21.0021 - (5.30 + 0.200)


5.001
Temperature Scales
Temperature Scales

Celsius to Kelvin Conversion

K = oC + 273

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

oF = (9/5)oC + 32
4. Complete the following conversions.

-40 oF = __________________ oC = _________________ K


Question: For a given process, if T1 = 27oC and
T2 = 47oC, the change of the temperature in K is:

a. 275
b. 293
c. 300
d. 347
e. None of the above

Answer: e
The change of the temperature in K is 20oC.
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTERS
States of Matter

Gas: molecules are far away


from each other.

Solid: molecules are close


together with little freedom
of motion.

Liquid: molecules are


close together but not held
rigidly in a fixed position.
Solids: are rigid and have a definite
shape & volume.

Liquids: have definite volume but no


definite shape (take the shape of the
container).

 Gases: have no definite shape or


volume (takes the shape and volume of the
container).
DENSITY
(g/mL or g/cm3)
=
(Mass / Volume)
Density has many uses:
 A tool for identification of substances.
 To determine the amount of antifreeze & thus the level of protection
against freezing, in the cooling system of a car.
 The liquid in your car’s lead storage battery (a solution of H2SO4)
changes the density because H2SO4 is consumed as the battery
discharges.

In a fully charged battery, density (solution) = 1.30 g/cm3

If the density falls below 1.20 g/cm3, this means that the battery will
have to be charged.
Good Luck
Dr. Imad A. Abu-Yousef

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