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The document outlines a systematic six-step troubleshooting methodology for diagnosing computer hardware issues, including identifying problems, testing theories, and documenting outcomes. It also covers networking concepts such as MAC addresses, collision domains, and the differences between managed and unmanaged switches. Additionally, it discusses virtualization, cloud computing, security challenges, and provides recommendations for addressing network connectivity issues and selecting appropriate printing solutions for a growing workforce.

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chrismphatwe
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10 views6 pages

PROJECT

The document outlines a systematic six-step troubleshooting methodology for diagnosing computer hardware issues, including identifying problems, testing theories, and documenting outcomes. It also covers networking concepts such as MAC addresses, collision domains, and the differences between managed and unmanaged switches. Additionally, it discusses virtualization, cloud computing, security challenges, and provides recommendations for addressing network connectivity issues and selecting appropriate printing solutions for a growing workforce.

Uploaded by

chrismphatwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Question 1: Troubleshooting Hardware.

1.1 Six-Step Troubleshooting Methodology

The six-step troubleshooting methodology ensures a systematic approach


to diagnosing and resolving computer issues. Here’s how to apply it to the
scenario:

1. Identify the Problem

• Since the computer turns on but does not display anything,


the issue could be related to the monitor, GPU, RAM, or motherboard.

• Check for beep codes or LED indicators on the motherboard


for error messages.

2. Establish a Theory of Probable Cause

• Possible causes include a disconnected or faulty display cable,


improperly seated RAM, GPU issues, or power supply problems.

• Consider recent changes, such as newly installed components,


that could be faulty.

3. Test the Theory to Determine the Cause

• Test the monitor and cable by connecting them to another


computer.

• Re-seat the RAM and GPU to ensure proper connection.

• Remove unnecessary peripherals and boot with only essential


components.

4. Establish a Plan of Action and Implement the Solution

• If a loose connection is found, properly secure the cables and


components.

• If RAM or GPU is the issue, replace or swap them out with


working ones.

• If the motherboard or power supply is faulty, consider


replacement.

5. Verify Full System Functionality and Prevent Recurrence

• Restart the system and confirm that it boots successfully.

• Run hardware diagnostics to check for other underlying issues.

• Ensure all drivers and BIOS settings are correctly configured.


6. Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes

• Record what was done to resolve the issue.

• Note any recurring problems and solutions for future


reference.

1.2 Resolving BIOS/UEFI Settings Not Retained

The most probable cause of BIOS/UEFI settings resetting is a faulty or


depleted CMOS battery. This battery powers the BIOS memory, and when
it fails, system settings such as time and configurations are lost.

Solution:

• Replace the CMOS battery (usually a CR2032 coin cell).

• Enter BIOS/UEFI settings and reconfigure time, boot order, and


other preferences.

• Save and exit BIOS to ensure settings are retained.

1.3 Configuring BIOS/UEFI for Performance Optimisation

To optimise system performance for graphic design and video editing,


adjust the following BIOS/UEFI settings:

1. Enable XMP (Extreme Memory Profile)

• Allows RAM to run at its advertised speed rather than default


lower speeds.

• Precaution: Ensure RAM supports XMP to avoid instability.

2. Adjust Boot Order & Enable Fast Boot

• Prioritise SSD over HDD for faster startup.

• Precaution: Keep USB boot enabled if external booting is


needed.

3. Configure Fan and Power Settings

• Enable performance mode for cooling to handle high


workloads.

• Precaution: Monitor system temperatures to avoid


overheating.
Question 2: Networking Concepts

2.1A - Purpose of a MAC Address

A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier assigned to a device’s network
interface card (NIC). It ensures devices can be distinctly recognised on a local network. The
primary functions of a MAC address include:
• Facilitating device identification in a network.
• Enabling data transmission within a local network (LAN).
• Ensuring secure communication by preventing unauthorised access through MAC filtering.

2.1B - How MAC Address Uniqueness is Maintained & Its Role in Communication
Maintaining Uniqueness:
• Manufacturers assign MAC addresses to each NIC at production, using a globally unique
48-bit address format.
• The first 24 bits represent the Organisationally Unique Identifier (OUI) assigned by the
IEEE, while the last 24 bits are a unique serial number.
• Address conflicts are rare but can be manually modified if necessary.

Role in Communication:
• When a device sends data, it encapsulates the destination MAC address in the frame header.
• Switches use MAC addresses to forward frames to the correct recipient within a LAN.
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) helps map IP addresses to MAC addresses for proper
routing.

2.1C - Finding the MAC Address

To find the MAC address of a primary network interface:

Windows Command:
ipconfig /all
• Look for “Physical Address” under the active network adapter.

Linux/macOS Command:
ifconfig | grep ether
or
ip link show
• Look for the “link/ether” entry.

Screenshot Requirement:
Take a screenshot of the output displaying the MAC address and include it in your answer.
2.2 - Collision Domain & Hubs vs. Switches

A collision domain is a network segment where data packets can collide when sent
simultaneously.

Comparison:
• Hubs: All connected devices share a single collision domain, leading to frequent data
collisions.
• Switches: Each connected device gets its own collision domain, eliminating collisions and
improving network efficiency.

2.3 - Managed vs. Unmanaged Switches


Unmanaged Switches:
• Plug-and-play devices with no configuration options.
• Best for small home networks or simple office setups.

Managed Switches:
• Offer advanced configuration, VLANs, QoS, and security settings.
• Used in enterprise environments requiring network control and optimisation.

Question 3: Virtualisation and Cloud Concepts

3.1 Distinctions Between Virtualisation and Cloud Computing


Virtualisation is the process of creating virtual versions of physical computing resources,
such as servers, storage, or networks, using software. It allows multiple virtual machines
(VMs) to run on a single physical machine, improving hardware utilisation and efficiency.
Cloud computing, on the other hand, provides on-demand access to computing resources over
the internet, offering scalability and flexibility without requiring on-site infrastructure.
Integrating these technologies benefits enterprises by reducing hardware costs, optimising
resource utilisation, enabling dynamic scaling, and improving disaster recovery through
cloud-based backup solutions.

3.2 Virtualisation Solution for Server Infrastructure


A suitable virtualisation solution for the organisation’s servers is a hypervisor-based
virtualisation approach using software like VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, or KVM. The
key components include: (1) A Type 1 Hypervisor, which directly manages hardware and
virtual machines for better performance. (2) Virtualised Storage, allowing efficient allocation
of resources across multiple workloads. (3) Network Virtualisation, enabling software-
defined networking (SDN) for better traffic management. This solution ensures scalability by
allowing dynamic resource allocation, easy deployment of additional virtual machines, and
seamless integration with cloud platforms for hybrid cloud deployment.

3.3 Security Challenges and Mitigation Strategies


(1) VM Escape Attacks – An attacker exploits vulnerabilities to break out of a VM and access
the host system. Mitigation: Regular patching and updating of hypervisor software. (2) Data
Breaches in Cloud Environments – Sensitive data stored in the cloud can be targeted by
cybercriminals. Mitigation: Strong encryption protocols and access controls. (3) Insider
Threats – Malicious insiders may exploit virtualised environments. Mitigation: Role-based
access control (RBAC) and activity monitoring. (4) Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks on
Cloud Resources – Attackers may overload cloud services, disrupting availability. Mitigation:
Implementing cloud-based firewalls and traffic filtering to detect and mitigate unusual spikes
in activity.

Question 4: Intermittent Network Connectivity Issue

4.1 Possible Causes of Sarah’s Intermittent Connectivity Issue


(1) Faulty or Loose Ethernet Cable – A damaged or improperly connected cable can cause
inconsistent network access. (2) Defective Wall Port or Patch Panel Connection – A poor
connection between the workstation and network switch could be causing packet loss. (3)
Network Configuration Issues – IP conflicts or incorrect DHCP settings may be disrupting
her connection.

4.2 Step-by-Step Troubleshooting Process


First, check physical connections by ensuring the Ethernet cable is securely plugged into both
Sarah’s computer and the wall port. Use a different cable to rule out cable faults. Second, test
the network port by connecting another computer to Sarah’s port and checking if the issue
persists. If so, the wall port or patch panel may be faulty. Third, check network settings by
verifying Sarah’s IP configuration using ipconfig /all (Windows) or ifconfig (Linux/macOS).
Look for duplicate IP addresses or misconfigured DHCP settings. Fourth, analyse network
performance using ping or tracert commands to detect packet loss. If necessary, monitor
switch logs for port errors.

4.3 Plan to Address the Issues


(1) Replace the Ethernet cable if found faulty, ensuring it meets Cat5e or higher standards.
(2) Repair or replace the network port if tests confirm connectivity issues with the patch
panel. (3) Reconfigure network settings if IP conflicts are detected, assigning a static IP or
troubleshooting DHCP allocation. These actions will ensure a stable connection, preventing
further interruptions in Sarah’s workflow.

Question 5: Printing for a Growing Workforce

Comparison of Inkjet and Laser Printers


Inkjet printers are ideal for high-quality colour prints and are more affordable upfront, but
they have higher running costs due to expensive ink cartridges and frequent maintenance
issues. They are slower and not suitable for high-volume printing. Laser printers, on the other
hand, use toner instead of ink, making them more cost-effective for bulk printing. They offer
faster print speeds, lower cost per page, and better durability, though they have a higher
initial investment.

Best Choice for Innovatech


Given Innovatech’s rapid growth and high printing demands, a networked laser printer
system is the best solution. Laser printers can efficiently handle high-volume printing with
minimal downtime, reducing paper jams and long queues. Additionally, implementing a
wireless printing system will allow employees to print seamlessly from mobile devices,
improving overall workflow and productivity.

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