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*
Unit VI
Optics
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’ Chapter 9
™ Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
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 Weightage for CBSE Board 2024

Unit V and VI À Chapters

Combined
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Weightage is 2 Chapter 9
18 Marks 2 Chapter 10

It’s not fixed which chapters will

have more weightage, but overall weightage will
be 18 Marks. It may vary too in your question
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paper.

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` Syllabus
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror
formula, refraction of light, total internal
reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical
surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s
formula, magnification, power of a lens,
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combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction

of light through a prism.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and
astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting)
and their magnifying powers.
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Strict Advice
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It’s a deep request, please practice at least all

total 16 question papers (paper code given below)
of 2023 and 2024 to score good marks in your
2025 board exam, even you have not prepared
well for your board exam;
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¥ 2024 July 55/S/1 All Sets

¥ 2024 July 55(B)/S
¥ 2024 March 55/1 All Sets
¥ 2024 March 55/2 All Sets
¥ 2024 March 55/3
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All Sets www.cbse.page

¥ 2024 March 55/4 All Sets

¥ 2024 March 55/5 All Sets
¥ 2024 March 55(B)
¥ 2023 July 55/C All Sets
¥ 2023 July 55(B)/C
¥ 2023 March 55/1 All Sets
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¥ 2023 March 55/2 All Sets

¥ 2023 March 55/3 All Sets
¥ 2023 March 55/4 All Sets
¥ 2023 March 55/5 All Sets
¥ 2023 March 55(B)
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Many questions which were
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not according to cbse 2025

syllabus or out of syllabus,
from year 2019 to 2022 has
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been excluded. Because it

created too much confusion
to students
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Be aware, that, 2019 to 2022

had different syllabus.
You will find only those
questions which is
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according to cbse 2025

syllabus
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= Chapter 9

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¢ 2024 PYQs
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◎ 2024 July
¥ 55/S/1 All Sets
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 1 ¥ 55/S, Set 1

A point object is placed in air at a distance of 4R
on the principal axis of a convex spherical surface
of radius of curvature R separating two mediums,
air and glass. As the object is moved towards the
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surface, the image formed is :

(a) always real

(b) always virtual
(c) first virtual and then real
(d) first real and then virtual
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Answer A 1 Marks

(d) first real and then virtual

š 2024 PYQ 2 ¥ 55/S, Set 1

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Assertion (A) : Although the surfaces of a goggle

lens are curved, it does not have any power.

Reason (R) : In case of goggles, both the curved

surfaces are curved on the same side and have
equal radii of curvature.
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
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of the Assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.

Answer A 1 Marks
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(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).

š 2024 PYQ 3 ¥ 55/S, Set 1

A point light source rests on the bottom of a
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bucket filled with a liquid of refractive index

µ = 1.25 up to height of 10 cm. Calculate :

(a) the critical angle for liquid−air interface

(b) radius of circular light patch formed on the
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

surface by light emerging from the source.

Answer A 2 Marks
1
(a) sin i c =
µ
µ ¶
4 5
∵ µ = 1.25 =
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sin i c =
5 4
µ ¶
−1 4
ic = sin
5
OR
◦
i c = 53
r
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(b) sin i c = p
2
r +h 2

2 µ ¶ 2
r 4
2 2
=
r +h 5
2 2 2
25r = 16r + 16h
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2
9r = 1600
40
r= cm
3

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 4 ¥ 55/S, Set 1

(i) What are the two main considerations for
designing the objective and eyepiece lenses of
an astronomical telescope ? Obtain the
expression for magnifying power of the
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telescope when the final image is formed at

infinity.
◦
(ii) A ray of light is incident at an angle of 45 at
one face of an equilateral triangular prism and
passes symmetrically through the prism.
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Calculate :
(1) the angle of deviation produced by the prism
(2) the refractive index of the material of the
prism
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OR www.cbse.page

(i) Describe a simple activity to observe

diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
(ii) The figure below shows an equiconvex lens (of
refractive index 1.50) in contact with a liquid
layer on top of a plane mirror. A small needle
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

with its tip on the principal axis is moved

along the axis until its inverted image is found
at the position of the needle. The distance of
the needle from the lens is measured to be
45.0 cm. When the liquid is removed and the
experiment is repeated, the new distance is
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30.0 cm. Find the refractive index of the liquid.

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Answerwww.cbse.page
A 5 Marks
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Two main considerations

Objective should have
1. Larger diameter
2. Larger focal length
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Eye piece should have

1. Smaller diameter
2. Smaller focal length

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Magnifying power of telescope

Magnifying power is the ratio of the angle β
subtended at the eye by the final images to the
angle α which the object subtends at the lens or
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eye
β h f0 f0
m≈ ≈ · =
α fe h fe
(ii) i + e = D + A

at D = Dm, i = e
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 2i = Dm + A
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◦
2 × 45 = Dm + 60
◦
Dm = 30
µ ¶
A + Dm
sin
2
µ= µ ¶
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A
sin
2
µ ◦ ◦ ¶
60 + 30
sin p
2
µ= µ ◦¶ = 2
60
sin
2
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OR
(i) We hold two razor blades in such a way that
their edges are parallel and with a narrow slit
in between. Keep the slit parallel to the
filament of electric bulb, right in front of the
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eye.

A diffraction is seen with its bright and dark

bands. · ¸
1 1 1
(ii) = (µ − 1) −
f R1 R2
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Focal length of convex lens, f 1 = 30 cm

· ¸
1 1 1
= (1.5 − 1) −
30 R (−R)
R = 30 cm
focal length of combination, f = 45 cm focal
length of plane concave lens of liquid.
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1 1 1
= −
f2 f f1
1 1 1
= −
f 2 45 30
f 2 = −90 cm
Using lens maker’s formula
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· ¸
1 ¡ ¢ 1 1
= µl − 1 −
−90 −30 ∞
4
µl =
3

š 2024 PYQ 5
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¥ 55/S, Set 3
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(a) Draw the shape of intensity distribution curve

of the fringes due to diffraction at a single slit.
(b) Derive the relation for the power of
combination of two lenses placed in contact
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

co−axially.

Answer A 3 Marks

(a)

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(b)

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For the image formed by first lens A, we get

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 1 1 1
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− = .....(1)
v1 u f 1
For the image formed by the second lens B , we get
1 1 1
− = .....(2)
v v1 f 2
Adding eqs (1) and (2) we get
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1 1 1 1
− = + .....(3)
v u f1 f2
If the two lens system is regarded as equivalent to
a single lens of focal length f , we have
1 1 1
− = .....(4)
v u f www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

From eqs (3) & (4)

1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2
1
As, P =
f
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Hence, P = P 1 + P 2

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◎ 2024 July
¥ 55(B)/S All Sets
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š 2024 PYQ 6 ¥ 55(B) / S, Set 5

Assertion (A) : In optical fibres, the refractive
index of cladding must be lesser than that of the
core.

Reason (R) : Total internal reflection takes place

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only when the ray passes from denser to rarer

medium.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
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Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
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(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also

false.

Answer A 1 Marks

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the

Assertion (A).

š 2024 PYQ 7 ¥ 55(B) / S, Set 5

Why does a water tank appear shallow ?
Explain. Write the relation between real depth and
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apparent depth of the tank with the refractive

index of water.
OR
What are optical fibres ? How does a light ray
travel through an optical fibre ? Give two
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applications of optical fibres.

Answer A 2 Marks

It is due to refraction of light. Light coming out of

the water surface deviates away from normal and
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as a result appear to come from a point above the

bottom of water tank.
Relation between real depth, apparent depth and
refractive index of water.
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Real depth
Refractive index =
Apparent depth
Rd
Alternatively−µw =
Ad
OR
Optical fibres are composite glass/quartz fibres
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consisting of a core & a cladding used to transmit

audio and video signals through long distances.

When a signal in the form of light is directed at one

end of the fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes
repeated total internal reflections along the length
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of the fibre and finally comes out at the other end.

Two applications of optical fibres

(1) For communication
(2) For decorative purpose
(3) For examining internal organs
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š 2024 PYQ 8 ¥ 55(B) / S, Set 5

A glass biconvex lens of focal length 0.6 m and
refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of
refractive index 2.0. Find the new power of the
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lens and the nature of lens.

Answer A 3 Marks

According to Lens−Makers formula :

µ ¶
1 1 1
= (µ − 1) −
f
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For biconvex lens µ ¶

1 1 1
= (1.5 − 1) − − − − − − −(1)
0.6 R1 R2
When immersed
µ in medium
¶µ ¶: −
1 1.5 1 1
= −1 − − − − − − −(2)
f 2
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On solving equation (1) and (2) : −

1 5
=− m
f 6
5
P =− D
6
Nature of lens will be concave or diverging.
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š 2024 PYQ 9 ¥ 55(B) / S, Set 5

(i) Write the relation between u, vand R for a

convex spherical surface when refraction
takes place from optically rarer to denser
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

medium. Using it, derive ‘lens maker formula’

for a double convex lens.
(ii) Two thin lenses of power +25 D and –5 D are
kept in contact with each other.
(1) Calculate the focal length of the combination.
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(2) An object of 4 cm height is placed at a distance

of 25 cm from this combination. What is the
position and size of the image formed ?

Answer A 5 Marks
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(i) For a convex spherical surface, for light going

from optically rarer to optically denser
medium
n1 n2 n2 − n1
+ =
−u v R
For the refraction through the first convex
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surface (light going from rarer to denser

medium), the relation will be
n1 n2 n2 − n1
+ = .....(1)
−u v1 R1
For the refraction through the second convex
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

surface (light going from denser to rarer

medium), the relation will be
−n2 n1 n1 − n2
+ = .....(2)
v1 v R2
Adding equation (1) and (2)
µ ¶
n1 n1
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− = (n2 − n1) − .....(3)

v u R1 R2
From lens formula
1 1 1
= −
f v u
Using equation (3) and (4)
µ
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1 1 1
= (n21 − 1) −
f R1 R2
(ii) (1) P1 = +25D ⇒ f1 = 4 cm

P2 = −5D ⇒ f2 = −20 cm
f1f2 4 × (−20)
f= =
f1 + f2
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−16 www.cbse.page

f = 5 cm

(2) From lens formula

1 1 1
− =
v u f
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1 5−1
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=
v 25
on solving
25
v= cm
4
I v
Magnification m = =
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O u
v 25
I = ×O = ×4
u 4 × (−25)
I = −1 cm

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◎ 2024 March
¥ 55/5 All Sets
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š 2024 PYQ 10 ¥ 55/5, Set 1

The focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece
of a compound microscope are 1 cm and 2 cm
respectively. If the tube length of the microscope
is 10 cm, the magnification obtained by the
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microscope for most suitable viewing by relaxed

eye is :

(a) 250 (b) 200 (c) 150 (d) 125

Answer www.cbse.page
A 1 Marks
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(d) 125

š 2024 PYQ 11 ¥ 55/5, Set 1

A telescope has an objective lens of focal length
150 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5 cm.
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Calculate its magnifying power in normal

adjustment and the distance of the image formed
by the objective.

Answer A 2 Marks
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

f 0 150
|m| = = = 30
fe 5
1 1 1
= −
f v u
1 1 1
= −
150 v ∞ www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

v = 150 cm

š 2024 PYQ 12 ¥ 55/5, Set 1

A prism is an optical medium bounded by three
refracting plane surfaces. A ray of light suffers
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successive refractions on passing through its two

surfaces and deviates by a certain angle from its
original path. The refractive index of the material
of the prism is given by
µ ¶.
A + δm A
µ = sin sin
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2 2
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If the angle of incidence on the second surface is

greater than an angle called critical angle, the ray
will not be refracted from the second surface and
is totally internally reflected.
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(i) The critical angle for glass is θ1 and that for

water is θ2. The critical angle for glass-water
surface would be
(given a µg = 1.5, a µw = 1.33)

(a) less than θ2

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(b) between θ1 and θ2

(c) greater than θ2
(d) less than θ1
(ii) When a ray of light of wavelength λ and
frequency v is refracted into a denser medium
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(a) λ and v both increase.

(b) λ increases but v is unchanged.
(c) λ decreases but v is unchanged.
(d) λ and v both decrease.
(iii) The critical angle for a ray of light passing
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from glass to water is minimum for

(a) red colour (c) yellow colour

(b) blue colour (d) violet colour
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(iii) Three beams of red, yellow and violet colours

are passed through a prism, one by one under
the same condition. When the prism is in the
position of minimum deviation, the angles of
refraction from the second surface are r R , r Y
and r V respectively. Then
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(a) r V < r Y < r R (b) r Y < r R < r V

(c) r R < r Y < r V (d) r R = r Y = r V
(iv) A ray of light is incident normally on a prism
p
ABC of refractive index 2, as shown in figure.
After it strikes face AC, it will
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(a) go straight undeviated

(b) just graze along the face AC
(c) refract and go out of the prism
(d) undergo total internal reflection
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Answer A 4 Marks

(i) (c) greater than θ2

(ii) (c) λ decreases but v is unchanged
(iii) (d) violet colour
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OR www.cbse.page

(iii) (c) r R < r Y < r V

(iv) (d) undergo total internal reflection

š 2024 PYQ 13 ¥ 55/5, Set 1

An object is placed between the pole and the focus
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of a concave mirror. Using mirror formula, prove

mathematically that it produces a virtual and an
enlarged image.

Answer A 2 Marks
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1 1 1
= +
f v u

uf
v=
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u−f www.cbse.page
 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Following new cartesian sign conversion

(−u)(− f )
v=
−u − (− f )
uf
v= as f > u
f −u
v is +ve, So image is virtual.
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v f
m=− = > 1 i.e. Enlarged image
u f −u

š 2024 PYQ 14 ¥ 55/5, Set 2

The radius of curvature of a convex mirror is
30 cm. It forms an image of an object which is half
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the size of the object. Find the separation between

the object and the image.

Answer A 2 Marks
v hI 1
m=− = =
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u ho 2
u = −2v
1 1 1
= +
f v u
1 1 1
= −
15 v 2v www.cbse.page www.cbse.page
 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

On solving

|v| = 7.5 cm

|u| = +15.0 cm

Separation = 15.0 + 7.5 = 22.5 cm

š 2024 PYQ 15
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¥ 55/5, Set 3
A point object is kept 60 cm in front of a spherical
convex surface (n = 1.5, radius of curvature 40 cm)
The image formed is

(a) real, at a distance 1.8 m from the surface.

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(b) virtual, at a distance 1.8 m from the surface.

(c) real, at a distance 3.6 m from the surface.
(d) virtual, at a distance 3.6 m from the surface.

Answer A 1 Marks
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(d) virtual, at a distance 3.6 m from the surface.

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 16 ¥ 55/5, Set 3

A thin converging lens of focal length 10 cm is
placed coaxially in contact with a thin diverging
lens of focal length 15 cm. How will the
combination behave ? Justify your answer.
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Answer A 2 Marks

It will behave like a conversing lens. Power of

converging lens is more than the power of
diverging lens. Hence the combination will
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behave like a conversing lens.

Alternatively
100 100
P = P1 + P2 = +
10 −15
10
P= D
3 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Alternatively
1 1 1 1 1
= + = −
f f1 f2 10 15
1 1 ¯
¯
= ¯ f = 30 cm
f 30
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 www.cbse.page
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◎ 2024 March
¥ 55/4 All Sets
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 17 ¥ 55/4, Set 1

A ray of light is incident normally on one face of an
equilateral glass prism of refractive index µ. When
the prism is completely immersed in a transparent
medium, it is observed that the emergent ray just
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grazes the adjacent face. Find the refractive index

of the medium.

Answer A 2 Marks

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From snell’s law, µ · sin i = µm · sin r

◦ ◦
µ · sin 60 = µm · sin 90
p
3
µm = µ ·
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2 www.cbse.page
 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Alternatively
1
µ=
sinC
µ 1
= ◦
µm sin 60
p
3
µm = µ
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š 2024 PYQ 18 ¥ 55/4, Set 1

An air bubble is trapped at point B (CB = 20 cm) in
a glass sphere of radius 40 cm and refractive index
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1.5 as shown in figure. Find the nature and

position of the image of the bubble as seen by an
observer at point P .

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 OR
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In normal adjustment, for a refracting telescope,

the distance between objective and eye piece lens
is 1.00 m. If the magnifying power of the telescope
is 19 , find the focal length of the objective and the
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eyepiece lens.

Answer A 2 Marks

Using refraction formula at spherical surface from

denser to rarer medium
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n 1 = refractive index of rarer medium

n 2 = refractive index of denser medium
n1 n2 n1 − n2
− =
v u R
u = −20 cm, R = −40 cm, n 1 = 1, n 2 = 1.5
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1 1.5 1 − 1.5
− =
v (−20) (−40)

v = −16 cm

Nature of image is virtual.

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 OR
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Distance between objective and eyepiece

fo + fe = 1.00 m = 100 cm
Magnifying power
fo
|m| =
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fe
On solving
fo = 95 cm = 0.95 m
fe = 5 cm = 0.05 m

š 2024 PYQ 19
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¥ 55/4, Set 1
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Case Study Based Question

A lens is a transparent optical medium bounded
by two surfaces; at least one of which should be
spherical. Applying the formula of image
formation by a single spherical surface
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successively at the two surfaces of a thin lens, a

formula known as lens maker’s formula and hence
the basic lens formula can be obtained. The focal
length (or power) of a lens depends on the radii of
its surfaces and the refractive index of its material
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

with respect to the surrounding medium. The

refractive index of a material depends on the
wavelength of light used. Combination of lenses
helps us to obtain diverging or converging lenses
of desired power and magnification.
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(i) A thin converging lens of focal length 20 cm

and a thin diverging lens of focal length 15 cm
are placed coaxially in contact. The power of
the combination is
−5 −5 4 3
(A) D (B)
www.cbse.pageD (C) D (D) D
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6 3 3 2
(ii) The radii of curvature of two surfaces of a
convex lensµ are¶ R and 2R. If the focal length of
4
this lens is R, the refractive index of the
3
material of the lens is :
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5 4 3 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 5

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(iii) The focal length of an equiconvex lens

(a) increases when the lens is dipped in
water.
(b) increases when the wavelength of
incident light decreases.
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(c) increases with decrease in radius of

curvature of its surface.
(d) decreases when the lens is cut into two
identical parts along its principal axis.
(iv) A thin convex lens L of focal length 10 cm and
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a concave mirror M of focal length 15 cm are

placed coaxially 40 cm apart as shown in
figure. A beam of light coming parallel to the
principal axis is incident on the lens.

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The final image will be formed at a distance of

(A) 10 cm, left of lens

(B) 10 cm, right of lens
(C) 20 cm, left of lens
(D) 20 cm, right of lens
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OR
A beam of light coming parallel to the
principal axis of a convex lens L 1 of focal
length 16 cm is incident on it. Another convex
lens L 2 of focal length 12 cm is placed coaxially
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at a distance 40 cm from L 1. The nature and

distance of the final image from L 2 will be

(A) real, 24 cm
(B) virtual, 12 cm
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(C) real, 32 cm
(D) virtual, 18 cm

Answer A 4 Marks
−5
(i) (B) D
3
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 3
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(ii) (C)
2
(iii) (A) increases when a lens is dipped in water.
(iv) (B) 10 cm, right from lens.
OR
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(A) real, 24 cm

š 2024 PYQ 20 ¥ 55/4, Set 1

(i) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of the
image of an object by a convex mirror. Hence,
obtain the mirror equation.
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(ii) Why are multi-component lenses used for

both the objective and the eyepiece in optical
instruments?
(iii) The magnification of a small object produced
by a compound microscope is 200. The focal
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length of the eyepiece is 2 cm and the final

image is formed at infinity. Find the
magnification produced by the objective.

Answerwww.cbse.page
A 5 Marks
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(i)
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For paraxial rays MP can be considered to be a

straight line perpendicular to C P , Therefore right
′ ′
angled triangles A B F and MPF are similar
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′ ′ ′
BA BF
=
PM FP

′ ′ ′
BA BF
Or = (∵ P M = AB ) ——–(1)
BA FP
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Since ∠ AP B = ∠ A P B , ′ ′

′ ′
the right angled triangles A P B and AB P are also
similar
′ ′ ′
BA BP
Therefore, = ———(2)
B A′ B P
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Comparing eq (1) and (2), we get

′ ′
BF BP
= 2
FP BP

′ ′
PF −PB B P
=
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FP BP www.cbse.page

Using sign convention

′
P F = f , P B = +v, P B = −u
1 1 1
on solving + =
v u f
(ii) To improve image quality by minimizing
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various optical aberrations in lenses.

(iii) Magnification produced by compound

microscope
m = mo × me
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m m
mo = =¯ ¯
m e ¯¯ D ¯¯
¯ fe ¯
200
mo = = 16
25
2
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 www.cbse.page
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◎ 2024 March
¥ 55/3 All Sets
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 21 ¥ 55/3, Set 1

Assertion (A) : A convex lens, when immersed in a
liquid, disappears.

Reason (R) : The refractive indices of material of

the lens and the liquid are equal.
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(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
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but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation

of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.

Answer A 1 Marks
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(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion(A).

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 22 ¥ 55/3, Set 1

The magnifying power of an astronomical
telescope is 24. In normal adjustment, distance
between its two lenses is 150 cm. Find the focal
length of the objective lens.
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Answer A 2 Marks

Magnifying power = 24,

Distance between lenses =150 cm
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fo www.cbse.page

= 24
fe
f o + f e = 150 cm
f e = 6 cm
f o = 144 cm
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š 2024 PYQ 23 ¥ 55/3, Set 1

Explain the following :
(a) For a simple microscope, the angular size of
the object equals the angular size of the
image. Yet it offers magnification.
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(b) Both plane and convex mirrors produce

virtual images of objects. Can they produce
real images under some circumstances?

Answer A 2 Marks

(a) Yes, it offers magnification.

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We can keep the small object much closer to the

eye than 25 cm and hence have it subtend a large
angle.

(b) Yes, www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Rays converging to a point behind a plane or

convex mirror are reflected to a point in front of
the mirror on a screen

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 24 ¥ 55/3, Set 1

(i) Trace the path of a ray of light showing
refraction through a triangular prism and hence
obtain an expression for angle of deviation ( δ ) in
terms of A, i and e, where symbols have their usual
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meanings. Draw a graph showing the variation of

angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.

(ii) In the figure, a ray of light is incident on a

transparent liquid contained in a thin glass box at
◦
an angle of 45 with its one face. The emergent ray
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passes along the face AB . Find the refractive index

of the liquid.

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Answer www.cbse.page
A 5 Marks
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(i)
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For quadrilateral AQNR,

∠ A + ∠QN R = 180 ◦
......(i )
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For triangle QNR

r 1 + r 2 + ∠QN R = 180 ◦
......(i i )
comparing equation (i) and (ii)
r 1 + r 2 = A ......(i i i )
The angle of deviation
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δ = (i − r 1) + (e − r 2) ......(i v)
from equation (iii) and (iv)
δ = i +e − A

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Graph

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(ii) www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

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◦
sin 45
=µ
sin θ
1
p = µ sin θ
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

For second surface,

◦
sin (90 − θ) 1
◦
=
sin 90 µ
1 cos θ
p =1
2 sin θ
1
www.cbse.page tan θ = p www.cbse.page

2
From the triangle GEF
1
sin θ = p
r 3
3
µ=
2
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 www.cbse.page
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◎ 2024 March
¥ 55/2 All Sets
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 25 ¥ 55/2, Set 1

Assertion (A) : The magnifying power of a
compound microscope is negative.

Reason (R) : The final image formed is erect with

respect to the object.
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(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
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Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the

Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also
false.
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Answer A 1 Marks

(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false

š 2024 PYQ 26 ¥ 55/2, Set 1

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

A convex lens (n = 1·52) has a focal length of 15·0

cm in air. Find its focal length when it is immersed
in liquid of refractive index 1·65. What will be the
nature of the lens ?

Answerwww.cbse.page
A 2 Marks
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For convex lens in air

µ ¶µ ¶
1 ng 1 1
= −1 −
fa na R1 R2
For convex lens in liquid
µ ¶µ ¶
1 ng 1 1
= −1 −
fl nl R1 R2
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1.52 − 1
fl 1
= = −6.6
f a 1.52 − 1.65
1.65
f l = −6.6 f a
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= −99 cm
Nature of the lens: Diverging/ behaves like a
concave lens.

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 27 ¥ 55/2, Set 1

Case Based Question [1 mark each]
When a ray of light propagates from a denser
medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from
the normal. When the incident angle is increased,
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the refracted ray deviates more from the normal.

For a particular angle of incidence in the denser
medium, the refracted ray just grazes the interface
of the two surfaces. This angle of incidence is
called the critical angle for the pair of media
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involved.
(i) For a ray incident at the critical angle, the
angle of reflection is :
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
(A) 0 (B) < 90 (C) > 90 (D) 90
(ii) A ray of light
µ of¶wavelength 600 nm is incident
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4
in water n = on the water-air interface at
3
an angle less than the critical angle. The
wavelength associated with the refracted ray is
(A) 400 nm (B) 450 nm
(C) 600 nm
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(iii) The interface AB between the two media A

and B is shown in the figure. In the denser
medium A , the incident ray PQ makes an
◦
angle of 30 with the horizontal. The refracted
ray is parallel to the interface. The refractive
index of medium B w.r.t. medium A is
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p p
3 5 4 2
(A) (B) (C) p (D) p
2 2 3 3
OR
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Two media A and B are separated by a plane

boundary. The speed of light in medium A and
8 −1 8 −1
B is 2 × 10 ms and 2.5 × 10 ms
respectively. The critical angle for a ray of light
going from medium A to medium B is :
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 −1 1 −1 4
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(A) sin (B) sin

2 5
−1 3 −1 2
(C) sin (D) sin
5 5
(iv) The figure shows the path of a light ray
through a triangular prism. In this
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phenomenon, the angle θ is given by :

−1
p
(A) sin 2
n −1
−1
¡ 2
¢
(B) sin n − 1
" #
−1 1
(C) sin p
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2
n −1
" #
−1 1
(D) sin ¡
2
¢
n −1

Answer A 4 Marks
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(i) Since no option is correct, award 1 mark was

awarded to all students.
(ii) (D) 800
p nm
3 −1 4
(iii) (A) OR section (B) (B) sin
2 p 5
−1 2
(iv) (A) sin n −1
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 28 ¥ 55/2, Set 1

(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound

microscope showing image formation at least
distance of distinct vision. Derive an
expression for its magnifying power.
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(ii) A telescope consists of two lenses of focal

length 100 cm and 5 cm. Find the magnifying
power when the final image is formed at
infinity.
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Answer A 5 Marks

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(i)
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The magnification obtained by eye-piece lens

à !
D
me = 1 +
fe
The magnification obtained by objective lens
v0
m0 =
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Hence the total magnifying power is

à !
v0 D
m = m0 × me = 1+
−u 0 fe

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 ¯ ¯
¯f ¯
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¯ 0¯
(ii) m = ¯ ¯
¯ fe ¯
Identification of focal length of objective and
eyepiece
f 0 = 100cm
f e = 5cm
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¯ ¯
¯100¯
m = ¯¯ ¯ = 20
¯
5

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 www.cbse.page
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◎ 2024 March
¥ 55/1 All Sets
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š 2024 PYQ 29 ¥ 55/1, Set 1

Assertion (A) : Plane and convex mirrors cannot
produce real images under any circumstance.

Reason (R) : A virtual image cannot serve as an

object to produce a real image.
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(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
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but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation

of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also
false.
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Answer A 1 Marks

(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also

false.

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š 2024 PYQ 30 ¥ 55/1, Set 1

14
Monochromatic light of frequency 5.0 × 10 Hz
passes from air into a medium of refractive index
1.5 . Find the wavelength of the light
(i) reflected, and
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(ii) refracted at the interface of the two media.

OR
A plano−convex lens of focal length 16 cm is made
of a material of refractive index 1.4. Calculate the
radius of the curved surface of the lens.
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Answer A 2 Marks

(i) v = vλ
8 14
3 × 10 = 5 × 10 × λ
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−7
λ = 600 nm or 6 × 10 m
λair
(ii) λmedium =
µ
600 nm −7
λmedium = = 400 nm or 4 × 10 m
1.5
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 µ
www.cbse.page ¶ www.cbse.page

1 1 1
= (µ − 1) −
f R1 R2
µ ¶
1 1 1
= (1.4 − 1) −
16 R ∞
1 1
= 0.4 ×
16 R
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R = 16 × 0.4 = 6.4 cm

š 2024 PYQ 31 ¥ 55/1, Set 1

An object is placed 30 cm in front of a concave
mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm . Find the
(i) position of the image formed and
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(ii) magnification of the image.

Answer A 2 Marks
1 1 1
(i) + =
v u fwww.cbse.page www.cbse.page

1 1 1
+ =
v −30 −20
On solving v = −60 cm
µ ¶
v −60
(ii) m = − = − = −2
u −30
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 32 ¥ 55/1, Set 1

Case Based question (each Qn. 1 mark)

A lens is a transparent medium bounded by two
surfaces, with one or both surfaces being
spherical. The focal length of a lens is determined
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by the radii of curvature of its two surfaces and the

refractive index of its medium with respect to that
of the surrounding medium. The power of a lens is
reciprocal of its focal length. If a number of lenses
are kept in contact, the power of the combination
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is the algebraic sum of the powers of the

individual lenses.

(i) A double−convex lens, with each face having

same radius of curvature R, is made of glass of
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refractive index n. Its power is :

2(n − 1) (2n − 1)
(a) (b)
R R
(n − 1) (2n − 1)
(c) (d)
2R 2R
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(ii) A double−convex lens of power P , with each

face having same radius of curvature, is cut
into two equal parts perpendicular to its
principal axis. The power of one part of the
lens will be :
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P
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(a) 2 P (b) P (c) 4 P (d)

2
(iii) The above two parts are kept in contact with
each other as shown in the figure. The power
of the combination will be :
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P P
(a) (b) P (c) 2 P (d)
2 4
(iv) A double−convex lens of power P , with each
face having same radius of curvature, is cut
along its principal axis. The two parts are
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arranged as shown in the figure. The power of

the combination will be :

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P
(a) Zero (b) P (c) 2 P (d)
2
OR
(iv) Two convex lenses of focal lengths 60 cm and
20 cm are held coaxially in contact with each
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other. The power of the combination is :

1 1
(a) 6.6D (b) 15 D (c) D (d) D
15 80

Answer A 4 Marks
2(n − 1)
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(i) (a)
R
P
(ii) (d)
2
(iii) (b) P
(iv) (c) 2 P OR (a) 6.6D
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

š 2024 PYQ 33 ¥ 55/1, Set 1

(i) A ray of light passes through a triangular

prism. Show graphically, how the angle of
deviation varies with the angle of incidence ?
Hence define the angle of minimum deviation.
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(ii) A ray of light is incident normally on a

refracting face of a prism of prism angle A and
suffers a deviation of angle δ. Prove that the
refractive index n of the material of the prism
is given by
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sin(A + δ)
n=
sin A
(iii) The refractive index of the material of a prism
p
is 2 . If the refracting angle of the prism is
60°, find the
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(1) Angle of minimum deviation, and

(2) Angle of incidence.

Answer A 5 Marks

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(i)
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Minimum deviation angle is defined as the angle

at which angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
emergence.
Alternatively :
At minimum deviation refracted ray inside the
prism becomes parallel to the base of the prism.
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(ii)
At the face XZ :-
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µ sin i = 1 × sin r ......(1)

r = i + δ [ from diagram ] ......(2)
In △X M N ; A + (90 − i ) + 90 = 180
⇒A=i ......(3)
Putting eq. (3) & (2) in eq. (1)
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µ sin A = sin(A + δ)
sin(A + δ)
µ=
sin A

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(iii) (1)
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µ ¶
A + δm
sin
2
µ=
A
sin
µ 2 ¶
60 + δm
p sin
2
2=
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sin 30 ◦
µ ¶
60 + δm 1 ◦
⇒ sin = p = sin 45
2 2
60 + δm ◦ ◦
⇒ = 45 ⇒ δm = 30
2
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A + δm 60 + 30 ◦
(2) i= = = 45
2 2

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◎ 2024 March
¥ 55 B
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š 2024 PYQ 34 ¥ 55 B, Set 1

Assertion (A) : Signals through an optical fibre
can be transmitted without any appreciable loss of
energy.

Reason (R) : An optical fibre works on the

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principle of total internal reflection.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
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(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,

but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, Reason (R) is also false.
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Answer A 1 Marks

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
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š 2024 PYQ 35 ¥ 55 B, Set 1

Name the factors on which focal length of a lens
depends. How will a thin biconvex glass lens
submerged in water behave ? Give reason for your
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Answer A 2 Marks

Two factors :
¥ Radius of curvature

¥ Refractive index of the material of the lens

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w.r.t. the surroundings

Nature of the lens will not change but the focal

length will increase

Reason : www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Focal length of a lens is inversely proportional to

the refractive index of the material of lens w.r.t. the
surroundings.

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š 2024 PYQ 36 ¥ 55 B, Set 1

The power of the combination of two thin convex
lenses L1 and L2, kept coaxially in contact, is +10 D.
If the focal length of L1 is four times that of L2, find
their focal lengths.
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Answer A 2 Marks
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2
f1 = 4f2 (given)
1 1 1
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P= = +
f 4f2 f2
5
10 =
4f2
50
f2 = cm
4
∴ f1 = 50 cm
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š 2024 PYQ 37 ¥ 55 B, Set 1

Case Based Question
In a homogeneous medium, light travels along a
straight line path. But when a ray of light travels
from one medium to another, it deviates from its
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initial path. This bending of light is called

refraction of light. The extent to which a ray
deviates in medium 2 from its initial path in
medium 1, is determined by the refractive index of
medium 2 with respect to medium 1 . The
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refractive index is also related to the ratio of

speeds of light in the two media.
The phenomenon of total internal reflection
occurs when light passes from a denser medium
into a rarer medium and the angle of incidence
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exceeds the critical angle for the given pair of

media.

(i) A ray of monochromatic light of wavelength λ

and speed v travels from air into a glass slab.
Inside the glass slab,
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(a) both λ and v decrease

(b) both λ and v increase
(c) λ decreases and v increases
(d) λ increases and v decreases

(ii) A ray of light travelling from air into a medium,

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◦
is incident on the interface at an angle of 45 .
◦
If the ray deviates by 15 from its initial path,
the refractive index of the medium is :
p p p
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 3
OR
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(ii) A point source of light is kept at the bottom of

a tank filled with a transparent liquid up to a
height H. If the radius of the circular patch on
the surface from which light can come out is
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p , the refractive index of the liquid is close to

3
(a) 1.3 (b) 1.5 (c) 1 · 7 (d) 2 · 0
(iii) In an optical fiber, the refractive indices of the
core and cladding are µ1 and µ2 respectively.
Then :
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 (a) µ1 = µ2
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(b) µ1 < µ2
(c) µ1 is slightly greater than µ2
(d) µ1 is large compared to µ2
(iv) Light of wavelength λ travelling with speed c
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in air, enters a medium of refractive index µ.

The frequency of light in the medium is :
c µc µλ c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
µλ λ c λ

Answer www.cbse.page
A 4 Marks
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(i) (a) both λ and v decrease

p
(ii) (b) 2
OR
(ii) (d) 2 · 0
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(iii) (c) µ1 is slightly greater than µ2

c
(iv) (d)
λ

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š 2024 PYQ 38 ¥ 55 B, Set 1

(i) What are coherent sources of light ? Briefly
explain how a pair of coherent sources are
obtained in a Young’s double-slit experiment.
Mention the conditions for constructive and
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destructive interferences in this experiment.

This question is of Chapter 10. Beaware of
change in question pattern. It happens in
every set of question paper where 2 or 3
chapters are mixed in one question
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(ii) An object is kept 20 cm from a convex mirror

of radius of curvature 60 cm . Find the
position of the image formed. Will the image
be real or virtual ?

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OR www.cbse.page

(i) Answer the following giving reasons :

(1) In modern microscopes, multicomponent
lenses are used for both the objective and the
eyepiece.
(2) In a compound microscope, both the
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objective and the eyepiece have small focal

lengths.
(3) When viewing through a compound
microscope, our eyes should be positioned
not on the eyepiece, but a short distance away
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from it for best viewing.

(ii) Two students are separated by a 6 m partition
wall in a room 9 m high. If both light and
sound waves can bend around obstacles, how
is it that the students are unable to see each
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other, though they can talk easily ?

Answer A 5 Marks

(i) Coherent light sources are those sources

which emit light waves with the same
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frequency/wavelength and have a constant

phase difference.

A pair of coherent sources is obtained in

Young’s Double Slit Experiment by
illuminating two identical narrow slits by a
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monochromatic source of light equidistant

from the slits.

For Constructive Interference:

Phase difference = 2nπ
www.cbse.page n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . . . . . . .
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Path difference = nλ
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . . . . . . .
For Destructive Interference:
Phase difference = (2n + 1)π
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n = 0, 1, 2 . . . . . . . . . .
µ ¶
1
Path difference = n + λ
2
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) u = −20 cm
R
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f = = 30 cm
2
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
µ ¶
1 1 1
+ − =
v 20 30
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 1 1 1 3+2 5
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= + = =
v 30 20 6 60
v = 12 cm
Virtual Image.
OR
(1) To improve image quality by minimizing
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various optical aberrations in lenses.

(2) To achieve large magnification
Magnifying Power
à !à !
L D
m=
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f0 fe www.cbse.page

(3) Because of this position our eye will collect all

the light refracted by the objective which
results in relaxation of the eye.
OR
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To increase the field of view & for relaxation of

eye.
(ii) For diffraction or bending of a wave, size of
the aperture should be comparable to the
wavelength.
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

The wavelength of sound is comparable to the

size of the aperture whereas wavelength of
light is much smaller than size of the aperture
so bending of sound will take place but
bending of light will not occur. Therefore
students are unable to see each other though
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they can talk easily.

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¢ 2023 to 2019 PYQs

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◎ CBSE SQP 2024

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š Question 1
Assertion (A) : Propagation of light through an
optical fibre is due to total internal reflection
taking place at the core-cladding interface.
Reason (R) : Refractive index of the material of the
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cladding of the optical fibre is greater than that of

the core.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
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Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the

Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also
false.

A Answerwww.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

The refractive index of the material of the core is
higher than that of the cladding.

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Theory Recap

Optical fibres are fabricated with high quality

composite glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists
of a core and cladding. The refractive index of the
material of the core is higher than that of the
cladding.
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š Question 2
A ray of monochromatic light passes through an
equilateral glass prism in such a way that the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence
and each of these angles is 3/4 times the angle of
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the prism. Determine the angle of deviation and

the refractive index of the glass prism.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
◦
Here angle of prism A = 60 ,
Angle of incidence i = Angle of emergence e
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and under this condition angle of deviation is

minimum
3 3
∴ i = e = A = × 60 = 45 and i + e = A + D,
◦ ◦
4 4
◦ ◦ ◦
hence Dm = 2i − A = 2 × 45 − 60 = 30
∴ Refractive index of glass prism
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 µ ¶
www.cbse.page µ ◦ ◦ ¶ www.cbse.page

A + Dm 60 + 30
sin sin
2 2
n= µ ¶ = µ ◦¶
A 60
sin sin
2 2
◦
p
sin 45 1/ 2 p
= = = 2
sin 30◦ 1/2
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š Question 3
Show that the least possible distance between an
object and its real image in a convex lens is 4 f ,
where f is the focal length of the lens.
A Answerwww.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
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Let d be the least distance between object and

image for a real image formation.
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1 1 1
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= −
f v u
1 1 1 d
= + =
f x d − x x(d − x)
2
f d = xd − x
2
x −dx + f d = 0
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p
2
d ± d −4f d
x=
2
For real roots of x,
¯
2 ¯
d −4f d ≥ 0 ¯ d ≥ 4f

š OR www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

In an astronomical telescope in normal

adjustment a straight black line of length L is
drawn on the objective lens. The eyepiece forms a
real image of this line whose length is l . What is
the angular magnification of the telescope?
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks

Let f 0 and f e be the focal length of the objective
and eyepiece respectively. For normal adjustment
the distance from objective to eyepiece is f 0 + f e .
Taking the line on the objective as object and
eyepiece as lens
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 ¡ ¢
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u = − f0 + fe and f = fe
¯ Ã !
1 1 1 ¯ f o + f e
− = ¯ v = f
v [−( f 0 + f e )] f e ¯ f
e
o

Linear magnification (eyepiece)

v Image size f e l
= = = =
u object size f o L
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∴ Angular magnification of telescope

f0 L
M= =
fe l

š Question 4
Read the following paragraph and answer the
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questions that follow.

Types of Lenses and their combination
A convex or converging lens is thicker at the centre
than at the edges. It converges a beam of light on
refraction through it. It has a real focus. Convex
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lens is of three types: Double convex lens, Plano

convex lens and Concavo-convex lens. Concave
lens is thinner at the centre than at the edges. It
diverges a beam of light on refraction through it. It
has a virtual focus. Concave lenses are of three
types: Double concave lens, Plano concave lens
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and Convexo-concave lens. When two thin lenses

of focal lengths f 1 and f 2 are placed in contact with
each other along their common principal axis,
then the two lens system is regarded as a single
lens of focal length f and
1 1 1
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f f1 f2
If several thin lenses of focal length f 1, f 2, . . . . f n are
placed in contact, then the effective focal length of
the combination is given by
1 1 1 1
= + + . . . .. +
f f1 f2 fn
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and in terms of power, we can write

P = P1 + P2 + . . . . + Pn
The value of focal length and power of a lens must
be used with proper sign consideration.
(i) Two thin lenses are kept coaxially in contact
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with each other and the focal length of the

combination is 80 cm. If the focal length of one
lens is 20 cm, the focal length of the other
would be
(a) −26.7cm (b) 60cm (c) 80cm (d) 30cm
A Answer www.cbse.page ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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Given, f = 80 cm, f 1 = 20 cm
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2
1 1 1
= +
80 20 f 2
1 1 1 1 − 4 −3
= − =www.cbse.page
= www.cbse.page

f 2 80 20 80 80
−80
f2 = = −26.7 cm
3
(ii) A spherical air bubble is embedded in a piece of
glass. For a ray of light passing through the
bubble, it behaves like a
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(a) converging lens

(b) diverging lens
(c) mirror
(d) thin plane sheet of glass

A Answer www.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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it behave like a diverging lines due to refraction in

the glass.
(iii) Lens generally used in magnifying glass is
(a) single concave lens
(b) single convex lens
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(c) combination of convex lens of lower power and

concave lens of lower focal length
(d) Planoconcave lens
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
single convex lens
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(iv) The magnification of an image by a convex lens

is positive only when the object is placed
(a) at its focus F
(b) between F and 2F
(c) at 2F
(d) between F and optical centre
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

between F and optical centre
OR
A convex lens of 20 cm focal length forms a real
image which is three times magnified. The
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distance of the object from the lens is

(a) 13.33 cm (b) 14 cm
(c) 26.66 cm (d) 25 cm
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
Given, f = 20 cm
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 v ¯ v ¯
¯ ¯
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m= ¯ 3= ¯ v = 3u
u u
1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1
− =
3u −u 20
1+3 1 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

=
3u 20
80
u = = 26.6 cm
3
š Question 5
(i) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image
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of a point object by a thin double convex lens

having radii of curvature R1 and R2. Hence
derive lens maker’s formula.

(ii) A converging lens has a focal length of 10 cm in

air. It is made of a material of refractive index
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1.6. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive

index 1.3, find its new focal length.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(i)

When a ray refracts from a lens (double convex), in

above figure, then its image formation can be seen
in term of two steps :
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Step 1: The first refracting surface forms the image

I 1 of the object O

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Step 2: The image of object O for first surface acts

like a virtual object for the second surface. Now for
the first surface ABC, ray will move from rarer to
denser medium, then
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n2 n1 n2 − n1
+ =
B I 1 OB BC 1
Similarly for the second interface, ADC we can
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write.
n1 n2 n2 − n1
− =
D I D I1 DC 2
DI 1 is negative as distance is measured against the
direction of incident light. Adding both the
equation, we get
n2 n1 n1 n2 n2 − n1 n2 − n1
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+ + − = +
B I 1 OB D I D I 1 BC 1 DC 2
µ ¶
n1 n1 1 1
+ = (n 2 − n 1) +
D I OB BC 1 DC 2
¡
∵ for thin lens B I 1 = D I 1)
Now, if we assume the object to be at infinity i.e.
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OB → ∞, then its image will form at focus F (with

focal length f ), i.e. DI = f
Thus equation can be rewritten as
µ ¶
n1 n1 1 1
+ = (n 2 − n 1) +
f ∞ BC 1 DC 2
µ ¶
n1 1 1
= (n 2 − n 1)
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+ www.cbse.page

f BC 1 DC 2
Now according to the sign conventions
BC 1 = +R 1 and DC 2 = −R 2
Substituting the equation , we get
µ ¶
n1 1 1
= (n 2 − n 1) −
f www.cbse.page
R1 R2 www.cbse.page

µ ¶µ ¶
1 n2 1 1
= −1 −
f n1 R1 R2
µ ¶
1 1 1
= (n 21 − 1) −
f R1 R2
µ ¶
1 1 1
(ii) = (1.6 − 1)
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fa R1 R2
· ¸µ ¶
1 1.6 1 1
= −1 −
fℓ 1.3 R1 R2
· ¸
fℓ 0.6
= × 1.3
fa 0.3
f ℓ = 2.6 × 10 cm = f ℓ = 26 cm
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◎ 2023 July
¥ 55/C All Sets
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§ 2023 55/C Compart

š Question 6
A small object lies at the bottom of a vessel filled
with water (refractive index 4/3) up to a height H.
When viewed from a point above the surface of
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water, the object appears raised by n percent of H.

The value of n is
(a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 33
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
1 1
n air = =
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n water 4/3
Object appears to be raised by 25% of H

š Question 7
(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical
telescope to show the image formation of a
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distant object by it in normal adjustment. What

are the main considerations required in
selecting the objective and eyepiece lenses so
that the telescope has large magnifying power
and high resolution?
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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(ii) A biconvex lens of focal length 20 cm is

immersed in water, whose refractive index is
4/3. Find the change, if any, in the nature and
the focal length of the lens. Refractive index of
the material of convex lens is 3/2.
A Answerwww.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 5 Marks
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(i) For large magnifying power

fo > fe
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For high resolution aperture of objective should

be large
· ¸
1 ¡ ¢ 1 1
(ii) = n g − 1 −
fa R1 R2
µ ¶· ¸
1 ng 1 1
= −1 −
fa nw R1 R2
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 ¡ ¢
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fw ng − 1
=µ ¶
fa ng
−1
nw
µ ¶
3
−1
fw 2 1/2
=µ ¶= =4
20 3 3 1/8
× −1
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2 4
fw = 80 cm
Changes in focal length
∆ f = 80 − 60
= 20 cm
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Nature of the lense is converging because f w is

positive

š OR
(i) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction of light
through a prism of angle A and obtain the
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relation between µ, A and the angle of

minimum deviation δm.
(ii) An equiconvex lens of radius of curvature R and
made of glass of refractive index µ is cut into
two identical plano-convex lenses. Find the
focal length of the plano-convex lenses.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(i) From the figure

∠A + ∠QNR = 180
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From △QNR
r1 + r2 + ∠QNR = 180 ◦

comparing the above equations

r1 + r2 = A ...(1)
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δ = (i − r1) + (e − r2)
δ = i + e − A ...(2)
At the minimum derivation Dm
δ = Dm, i = e and r1 = r2

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 From equation (1)
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2r = A
A
r=
2
From equation (2)

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Dm = 2i − A www.cbse.page

A + Dm
i=
2
The refractive index of the prism is
· ¸
(A + Dm )
sin
sin i 2
n21 = = · ¸
sin r A
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sin www.cbse.page

2
· ¸
1 1 1
(ii) = (n − 1) −
f R1 R2
· ¸
1 2
= (n − 1)
f1 R
· ¸
1 1
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= (n − 1)
f2 R
f2 = 2 f1

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š Question 8
A bright point source is placed at the bottom of a
tank containing a transparent liquid (refractive
index µ ) to a height H. Let r be the radius of the
circular area of the liquid surface through which
light can emerge out. Find the ratio (r/H).
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A Answer ¥ Set 2, 2 Marks

1
sin i c =
µ
p
p µ2 − 1
2
cos i c = 1 − sin i =
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1
tan i c = p
2
µ −1
r 1
=p
H 2
µ −1
š Question 9
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(a) Draw a ray diagram for formation of a real and

diminished image of an object kept in front of a
concave mirror. Hence derive the mirror
equation.
(b) A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm
produces a real image which is 3 times the size
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of the object. Find the distance of the object

from the mirror.

A Answer ¥ Set 2, 5 Marks

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′ ′
(a) ∆A B F ∼ ∆M P F
′ ′ ′
BA BF
= (∵ P M = AB ) ...(1)
BA FP
′ ′
Also ∆A B P ∼ ∆AB P
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′ ′ ′
BA BP
= ...(2)
BA BP
Comparing eq. (1) and (2)
′ ′ ′
B F B P −FP B P
= =
FP FP FP
′
B P = −v www.cbse.page www.cbse.page
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FP = −f
B P = −u
1 1 1
On solving we get, = +
f v u
1 1 1
(b) = +
f v u
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= −
u f v
v
− = −3
u
v = 3u
1 1 1
= −
u f 3uwww.cbse.page www.cbse.page

1 1 1
+ =
u 3u f
4 1
=
3u f
4f 40
u= = − cm
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3 3

š OR
(a) Two converging lenses of focal lengths f 1 and f 2
are placed coaxially in contact. Derive the
expression for the focal length of the
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combination using the ray diagram for the

formation of the image of an object by the
combination.
(b) The figure shows the variation of image distance
v with object distance u for a lens.
(i) What is the nature of the lens ?
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(ii) Using the graph, find the focal length of the lens.

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A Answer ¥ Set 2, 5 Marks

(a) Image formed by the first lens A,
1 1 1
− = ..........(1)
v u f1
Image formed by second lens B,
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 1 1 1
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− = ..........(2)
v v1 f2
Adding eq (1) and (2),
1 1 1 1
we get, − = + ..........(3)
v u f1 f2
If the two lens system is regarded as equivalent
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to a single lens of focal length f , we have

1 1 1
− = ..........(4)
v u f
From equation (3) and (4), we get
1 1 1
= + www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

f f1 f2
(b.i) From graph we see that as the object moves
away from the lens the image comes nearer.
Therefore it is a convex lens
(b.ii) u = −20 cm
40
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v= cm
3
1 1 1 3 1
= − = +
f v u 40 20
f = 8 cm

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š Question 10
(i) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
image by a concave mirror when the object is
placed between f and 2 f . Using this diagram,
derive the mirror equation.
(ii) An object is kept 30 cm in front of a convex
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mirror of focal length 12 cm. Find the nature

and position of the image formed.
A Answer ¥ Set 3, 5 Marks

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′ ′ ′
(i) From ∆A B C ∼ ∆DP F
′ ′ ′
BA BF
= (∵ P D = AB ) ....(1)
BA FP
′ ′
Form △A B P ∼ △AB P
′ ′ ′
BA BP
= ....(2)
BA
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Comparing equation (1) and (2)

′ ′ ′
B F B P −FP B P
= =
FP FP BP
¯ ¯
′
Here B P = −v ¯ FP = −f ¯ B P = −u
−v + f −v
=
−f −u
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v−f v
=
f u
v v
= 1+
f u
1 1 1
On solving we get = +
¯
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f v u www.cbse.page

(ii) u = −30 cm ¯ f = +12 cm

1 1 1
= +
f v u
1 1 1
= −
v f u
1 1 1 7
= + =
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v 12 30 60
60
v= cm
7
Since v is positive image is virtual and erect.

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š OR
(i) Draw a ray diagram showing the image
formation by a compound microscope. Hence
obtain the expression for total magnification
when the image is formed at least distance of
distinct vision.
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(ii) A compound microscope consists of an

objective lens of focal length 2 cm and an
eyepiece of focal length 6 cm. If they are
separated by a distance of 24 cm, find the total
magnification when the image is formed at
infinity.
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A Answer ¥ Set 3, 5 Marks

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(i) Magnification due to objective

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à !
′ ′
h L h h
m0 = = ∵ tan β = =
h f0 f0 L
Magnification due to eye piece when final
image is formed at the near point
D
me = 1 +
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fe
Total magnification
m = m 0m e
à !
L D
m= 1+
f0 fe
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(ii) When the final image is formed at infinity, the

angular magnification due to the eyepiece
D
me =
fe
Thus, the total magnification, whenÃthe!image
à !
L D
is formed at infinity, is m = m o m e =
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fo fe
LD 24 × 25 600
m= = = = 50
fo fe 2×6 12

š Question 11
A plane wave is incident on a concave mirror of
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radius of curvature R. The reflected wave is a

spherical wave of radius
R R
(a) (b) (c) R (d) 2R
4 2
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
R www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

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◎ 2023 July
¥ 55(B)/C
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š Question 12
A thin concave lens of focal length 2 f is put in
contact with a thin convex lens of focal length f .
The focal length of the combination will be
f
(a) 2 f (b) (c) − f (d) f
2
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

2 f is the correct answer

š Question 13
An equiconvex lens of focal length f is cut into
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two equal halves perpendicular to its principal

axis. Find the focal length of each half of the lens.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
µ ¶
1 1 1
= (n − 1) −
f R1 R2
For equiconvex lens R1 = R, R2 = −R
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µ ¶
1 1 1
= (n − 1) +
f R R
µ ¶
1 2
= (n − 1) ......(i)
f R
After cutting in two parts
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 R1 = R R2 = ∞
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µ ¶
1 1 1
= (n − 1) +
f′ R1 ∞
µ ¶
1 1
′
= (n − 1) .......(ii)
f R
From (i) and (ii)
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′
f = 2f

š Question 14
(i) Name the factors on which the focal length of a
lens depends.
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(ii) A converging lens is immersed in a transparent

medium. Explain the condition under which
the lens
(1) becomes invisible
(2) behaves as a diverging lens.
(iii) Is it possible for two lenses in contact to have
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zero power ? Explain.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

(i) Radius of curvature of two faces of lens
Refractive index of lens with respect to
surrounding
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(ii.1) If the refractive index of material of

surrounding medium is equal to refractive
index of lens
(ii.2) If the refractive of surrounding medium is
more than the refractive index of converging
lens
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(iii) Yes, If one lens is converging and other is

diverging, both having same power.

š Question 15
Cased Based Questions
When a ray of light passes from a denser to a rarer
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medium, it bends away from the normal. If we go

on increasing the angle of incidence in denser
medium, then for a particular value of angle of
incidence, the incident ray is refracted along the
interface of the two media. This angle is called
critical angle (i c ). If incident angle (i ) is greater
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than critical angle (i c ), then the ray of light is

reflected back in the same denser medium. This
phenomenon is called total internal reflection of
light.
Based on the above facts, answer the following
questions:
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(i) If the refractive index of the denser medium

increases, how will the corresponding value of
critical angle for the pair of mediums change ?
(ii) Explain how this phenomenon can be used in a
prism to deviate a ray of light by 90°.
(iii) What is an optical fibre ? Write its two uses.
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OR
A ray of light travels from an optically denser
medium to a rarer medium and is incident at
critical angle (i c ). Find the angle of deviation
for this ray.
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A Answer (i) ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

1
sin i c = , If µ of denser medium increases, critical
µ
angle (i c ) decreases.

A Answer (ii) ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

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For this we take isosceles right angled prism. We

allow incident light to fall normally on one of the
two mutually perpendicular faces. It will deviated
by 90° after total internal reflection.

A Answer (iii)
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¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
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Optical fibres are very fine fibres made of glass.

Through these fibres optical signals can be
transmitted without appreciable loss of energy,
using the phenomena of total internal reflection.
Uses:
▲ Transmitting and receiving electrical signals.
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▲ Transmission of optical signals in Endoscopy to

facilitate visual examination of internal organs

OR
Angle of deviation = 90° −i c
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š Question 16
For a concave mirror of focal length f , the
minimum distance between the object and its real
image is
(a) zero (b) f (c) 2 f (d) 4 f
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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zero

š Question 17
The minimum distance between an object and its
real image formed by a convex lens of focal length
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f is
(a) f (b) 2 f (c) 3 f (d) 4 f
A Answer ¥ Set 2, 1 Marks
4f

š Question 18
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Which of the following pairs of media has the least

value of critical angle ?

(a) Glass to air (c) Diamond to water

(b) Glass to water (d) Diamond to air
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A Answer ¥ Set 3, 1 Marks

Diamond to air

š Question 19
Why is a reflecting telescope preferred over a
refracting telescope ? Justify your answer giving
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two reasons.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
Any two
▲ No Chromatic Aberration → No refraction in
mirrors
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▲ No Spherical Aberration → Due to use of

parabolic reflector
▲ Easy mechanical support required → Mirrors
weigh less and can be supported over entire
back surface.
▲ High resolving power → Due to Mirror with
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large diameter.
▲ Brighter image → Large mirrors gather more
light waves

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š Question 20
(i) A spherical surface of radius of curvature R
separates two media of refractive indices n 1 and
n 2. A point object is placed in front of the
surface at distance u in medium of refractive
index n 1 and its image is formed by the surface
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at distance v, in the medium of refractive index

n 2. Derive a relation between u and v.
(ii) A solid glass sphere of radius 6cm has a small air
bubble trapped at a distance 3cm from its
centre C as shown in the figure. The refractive
index of the material of the sphere is 1.5. Find
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the apparent position of this bubble when seen

through the surface of the sphere from an
outside point E in air.

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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(i) Assume that the aperture of the surface is small

as compared to other distance involved, so that
small angle approximation can be made. For
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small angles
for ∆NOC, i is the exterior angle
MN MN
∴ i = ∠NOM + ∠NC M = +
OM MC
Similarly r = ∠NC M − ∠N I M
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MN MN www.cbse.page

= −
MC M I
By Snell’s law n1 sin i = n2 sin r for small angles
n1i = n2r
Substituting i and r from the above equations
we getwww.cbse.page www.cbse.page
 n1 n2 n2 − n1
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+ =
OM M I MC
Applying Cartesian coordinates
OM = −u, MI = +v, MC = +R
n2 n1 n2 − n1
− =
v u R
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n2 n1 n2 − n1
(ii) − =
v u R
R = −6 cm, u = −3 cm, n1 = 1.5n2 = 1
1 1.5 1 − 1.5
+ =
v 3 −6
1 0.5 1.5 0.5 − 3 −2.5
= − =
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= www.cbse.page

v 6 3 6 6
v = −2.4 cm from the left surface inside the
sphere

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š Question 21
A double-convex lens of power 4D is
manufactured from a glass of refractive index 1.5.
What is the radius of curvature of each face of this
lens if both faces have the same radius of
curvature ?
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A Answer ¥ Set 2, 2 Marks

P = 4D, n = 1.5
µ ¶
1 1 1
P = = (n − 1) −
f R1 R2
R1 = R, R2 = −R
µ ¶
1 2
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P = = (n − 1)
f µ ¶ R
2
4 = (1.5 − 1)
µ ¶ R
0.5 × 2
4=
R
1
R = = 0.25 m = 25 cm
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š Question 22
The radii of curvature of the faces of a
double-convex lens are 20 cm and 30 cm. Its
power is (6/25) D. What is the refractive index of
the glass of the lens ?
A Answer ¥ Set 3, 2 Marks
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25 25 −1
R1 = 20 cm, R2 = −30 cmP = D = cm
µ ¶ 6 600
1 1
P = (n − 1) −
Rµ1 R 2 ¶
25 1 1
= (n − 1) +
600 µ20 30¶
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25 50
= (n − 1)
600 20 × 30
25 = (n − 1)50
1
n−1 =
2
3
n=
2 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

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š Question 23
Case Based Question
Strontium titanate is a rare oxide and a natural
mineral found in Siberia. It is used as a substitute
for diamond because its refractive index and
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critical angle are 2.41 and 24.5°, respectively,

which are approximately equal to the refractive
index and critical angle of diamond. It has all the
properties of diamond. Even an expert jeweller is
unable to differentiate between diamond and
strontium titanate. A ray of light is incident
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normally on one face of an equilateral triangular

prism ABC made of strontium titanate.

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(a) Trace the path of the ray showing its passage

through the prism. 1 Marks
(b) Find the velocity of light through the prism.
1 Marks
(c) Briefly explain two applications of total
internal reflection. 2 Marks
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OR
Define total internal reflection of light. Give
two conditions for it. 1 Marks

A Answer (i)
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¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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From fig. angle of incidence on second face

¡ ¢
∠i = 60 and critical angle ∠i c = 24.5 (∠i ) > ∠i c
◦ ◦

∴ Total Internal Reflection takes place

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A Answer (ii) ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

c
n=
v
8
c 3 × 10 8
v= = = 1.24 × 10 m/s
n 2.41
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A Answer (iii) ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks

Mirage : On hot summer days, the air near the
ground becomes hotter than the air at higher
levels. The refractive index of air increases with its
density. As a result, light from a tall object such as
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a tree, passes through a medium whose refractive

index decreases towards the ground. Thus, a ray of
light from such an object successively bends away
from the normal and undergoes total internal
reflection.
Optical Fibre : When a signal in the form of light is
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directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable angle,

it undergoes repeated total internal reflections
along the length of the fibre and finally comes out
at the other end. Since light undergoes total
internal reflection at each stage, there is no
appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal.
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OR

When light travels from optically denser medium

to rarer medium at an interface and gets reflected
back into the same medium the phenomenon is
called as total internal reflection.
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Conditions
▲ Light must travel from optically denser medium
to rarer medium.
▲ Angle of incidence at the interface must be
greater than the critical angle for the pair of
media.
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Theory Recap

Mirage
On hot summer days, the air near the ground
becomes hotter than the air at higher levels. The
refractive index of air increases with its density.
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Hotter air is less dense, and has smaller refractive

index than the cooler air. If the air currents are
small, that is, the air is still, the optical density at
different layers of air increases with height. As a
result, light from a tall object such as a tree, passes
through a medium whose refractive index
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decreases towards the ground.

Thus, a ray of light from such an object
successively bends away from the normal and
undergoes total internal reflection, if the angle of
incidence for the air near the ground exceeds the
critical angle. To a distant observer, the light
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appears to be coming from somewhere below the

ground. The observer naturally assumes that light
is being reflected from the ground, say, by a pool
of water near the tall object. Such inverted images
of distant tall objects cause an optical illusion to
the observer. This phenomenon is called mirage.
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This type of mirage is especially common in hot

deserts. Some of you might have noticed that
while moving in a bus or a car during a hot
summer day, a distant patch of road, especially on
a highway, appears to be wet. But, you do not find
any evidence of wetness when you reach that spot.
This is also due to mirage.
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Optical Fibres
Nowadays optical fibres are extensively used for
transmitting audio and video signals through long
distances. Optical fibres too make use of the
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phenomenon of total internal reflection. Optical

fibres are fabricated with high quality composite
glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists of a core
and cladding. The refractive index of the material
of the core is higher than that of the cladding.
When a signal in the form of light is directed at
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one end of the fibre at a suitable angle, it

undergoes repeated total internal reflections
along the length of the fibre and finally comes out
at the other end. Since light undergoes total
internal reflection at each stage, there is no
appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal.
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Optical fibres are fabricated such that light

reflected at one side of inner surface strikes the
other at an angle larger than the critical angle.
Even if the fibre is bent, light can easily travel
along its length. Thus, an optical fibre can be used
to act as an optical pipe. A bundle of optical fibres
can be put to several uses. Optical fibres are
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extensively used for transmitting and receiving

electrical signals which are converted to light by
suitable transducers. Obviously, optical fibres can
also be used for transmission of optical signals.
For example, these are used as a light pipe to
facilitate visual examination of internal organs like
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esophagus, stomach and intestines.

You might have seen a commonly available
decorative lamp with fine plastic fibres with their
free ends forming a fountain like structure. The
other end of the fibres is fixed over an electric
lamp. When the lamp is switched on, the light
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travels from the bottom of each fibre and appears

at the tip of its free end as a dot of light. The fibres
in such decorative lamps are optical fibres.
The main requirement in fabricating optical fibres
is that there should be very little absorption of
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light as it travels for long distances inside them.

This has been achieved by purification and special
preparation of materials such as quartz. In silica
glass fibres, it is possible to transmit more than
95% of the light over a fibre length of 1 km.
(Compare with what you expect for a block of
ordinary window glass 1 km thick.)
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¥ 55/2 All Sets
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š Question 24
In the given figure the radius of curvature of
curved face in the planoconvex and the
plano-concave lens is 15 cm each. The refractive
index of the material of the lenses is 1.5
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Find the final position of the image formed.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
µ ¶
1 1 1
Using the formula = (µ − 1) −
f R1 R2
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Focal length of plano-convex lens = +30 cm

Focal length of plano-concave lens = −30 cm
For plano-convex lens, as object is at ∞, its real
image will be formed at its focus i.e +30 cm
v 1 = +30 cm
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For plano-concave lens u = +(30 − 20)cm

= +10 cm
µ ¶ ¯ µ ¶
1 1 1 ¯ 1 1 1
= − ¯ = −
f2 v 2 u2 −30 v 2 10
∴ v 2 = 15 cm
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š Question 25
Define critical angle for a given pair of media and
total internal reflection. Obtain the relation
between the critical angle and refractive index of
the medium.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 3 Marks

Critical angle : When a ray of light passes from a
denser to a rarer medium, the value of angle of
incidence for which the angle of refraction
becomes 900 is called critical angle for that pair of
media. www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Total internal Reflection : When a ray of light

passes from a denser to rarer medium and the
angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle for
pair of media, the ray under goes reflection. This is
called total internal reflection.
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 sin i
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From Snell’s law = µr d

sin r
When angle of incidence is equal to critical angle
¡ ¢
∠i = ∠i c , ∠r = 90 ◦

sin i c 1 ¯ 1
¯
◦
= ¯ µd r =
sin 90 µd r
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sin i c
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š Question 26
(i) State Huygen’s principle. With the help of a
diagram, show how a plane wave is reflected
from a surface. Hence verify the law of
reflection.
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(ii) A concave mirror of focal length 12 cm forms a

three times magnified virtual image of an
object. Find the distance of the object from the
mirror.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(i) This question is of wave optics. You will get

the answer in next chapter
(ii)
m = +3, f = −12 cm, u =?
v
m = − = 3 ⇒ v = −3u
u
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using mirror formula

1 1 1
+ =
v u f
1 1 1 ¯
¯
+ = ¯ u = −8 cm
−3u u −12

š OR www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the image

formation by a refracting telescope. Define its
magnifying power. Write two limitations of a
refracting telescope over a reflecting telescope.
(ii) The focal lengths of the objective and the
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eye-piece of a compound microscope are

1.0 cm and 2.5 cm respectively. Find the tube
length of the microscope for obtaining a
magnification of 300.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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Note: ½ mark will be deducted if you do not draw

and show the direction of propagation of the
light. www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

(i) Magnifying power of a telescope : It is defined

as the ratio the angle subtended at the eye by
the final image to the angle subtended by the
object at the lens or the eye.
Any two limitations of a refracting telescope
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over a reflecting telescope :

(i) Less resolving power.
(ii) Difficult mechanical support.
(iii) Less bright image.
(iv) Suffers chromatic aberration.
(v) Image suffers with spherical aberration.
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(ii) f o = 1.0 cm, f e = 2.5 cm, m = 300, D = 25 cm, L =

?
L D
|m| = ·
f0 fe
L 25
300 = ×
1.0 2.5
L = 30 cm
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š Question 27
A ray of light of wavelength 600 nm propagates
from air into a medium. If its wavelength in the
medium becomes 400 nm, the refractive index of
the medium is
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(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5 (c) 1.6 (d) 1.8

A Answer ¥ Set 2, 1 Marks

We know that refractive index and wavelength
have an inverse relation. Therefore, the refractive
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index is stated to be inversely proportional to the

wavelength.
c
n=
fλ
Given: λ1 = 600 nm, λ2 = 400 nm,
Refractive index (n 1) of air = 1,
Refractive index (n 2) of air = ?
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 ¯
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n 2 λ1
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¯
n 1λ1 = n 2λ2 ¯ =
n 1 λ2
600 £ ¤ ¯
¯
n2 = ∵ n1 = 1 ¯ n 2 = 1.5
400
š Question 28
A ray of light travels a distance of 12.0 m in a
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transparent sheet in 60 nsec. The refractive index

of the sheet is

(a) 1.33 (b) 1.50 (c) 1.65 (d) 1.75

A Answer ¥ Set 3, 1 Marks

The refractive index can be calculated as,
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c
µ=
v
Where µ is the refractive index, c is the speed of
light in air, v is the speed of light in the second
medium. Given: Distance d = 12 m, time
−9
t = 60 ns = 60 × 10 sec
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µ ¶
distance 12 9
v= = × 10
µ ¶time 60
1 9
v= × 10 m/s
5
8
3 × 10
µ= 9
(1/5) × 10
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8 −9
µ = 3 × 10 × 5 × 10 = 1.5

š Question 29
A ray of light is incident on a glass prism of
refractive index µ and refracting angle A. If it just
suffers total internal reflection at the other face,
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obtain a relation between the angle of incidence,

angle of prism and critical angle.
A Answer ¥ Set 2, 3 Marks
As the light ray just suffers total internal reflection

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∴ ∠r 2 = ∠i c
A = r1 + r2
A = r1 + ic
From Snell’s law at surface AB
sin i = µ · sin r 1
sin i = µ · sin (A − i c )
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š Question 30
A ray of light is refracted by a glass prism. Obtain
an expression for the refractive index of the glass
in terms of the angle of prism A and the angle of
minimum deviation δm.
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A Answer ¥ Set 3, 3 Marks

At minimum deviation, a ray of light passes
through a prism symmetrically i.e
∠i = ∠e, ∠r 1 = ∠r 2 = ∠r
We know that i + e = A + δ and r 1 + r 2 = A
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∴i + i = A + δm
A + δm
i=
2
¯ A
¯
And also r + r = A ¯ ⇒r =
2
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 www.cbse.page µ ¶
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A + δm
sin
sin i 2
Using Snell’s law µ = = µ ¶
sin r A
sin
2
š Question 31
The power of a thin lens is +5D. When it is
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immersed in a liquid, it behaves like a concave

lens of focal length 100 cm. Calculate the
refractive index of the liquid. Given refractive
index of glass = 1.5
A Answerwww.cbse.page
¥ Set 3, 2 Marks
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P = +5D, fe = −100 cm , µg = 1.5, µ1 =?

1 1
f a = = = 0.2m = 20 cm
P 5 µ ¶
1 ¡ ¢ 1 1
= µg − 1 −
fa µR 1 R 2 ¶
1 1 1 ¯
¯
= (1.5 − 1) − ¯ − − − (1)
20 Ã !µ R
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1 R 2
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¶
1 µg 1 1
= −1 −
fl µl R1 R2
à !µ ¶
1 1.5 1 1 ¯
¯
= −1 − ¯ − − − (2)
(−100) µl R1 R2

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From (1) and (2), on solving

5
µl = = 1.67
3

š Question 32
A point object in air is placed symmetrically at a
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distance of 60 cm in front of a concave spherical

surface of refractive index 1.5. If the radius of
curvature of the surface is 20 cm, find the position
of the image formed.
A Answer ¥ Set 2, 2 Marks
µ = 1.5, u = −60 cm, R = −20 cm, v =?
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µ 1 µ−1
− =
v u R
1.5 1 1.5 − 1
− =
v (−60) (−20)
v = −36 cm

š Question 33
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A beam of light travels from air into a medium. Its

speed and wavelength in the medium are
8 −1
1.5 × 10 ms and 230 nm respectively. The
wavelength of light in air will be
(a) 230 nm
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(c) 460 nm (d) 690 nm

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
We know that, c = λ × f
8
Given: v 2 (speed of medium) = 1.5 × 10 ,
Wavelength (λ2) = 230 nm, speed of light in air
8
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(v 1) = 3 × 10 m/s
To find: Wavelength of air (λ1)
v1 v2 ¯
¯ 8 8
= ¯ 3 × 10 × 230 = 1.5 × 10 × λ1
λ1 λ2
λ1 = 460 nm
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š Question 34
The prefractive indices of two media A and B are 2
and 2 respectively. What is the critical angle for
their interface ?
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
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From Snell ’s law:

◦
µ A sin i c = µB sin 90
p
2 × sin i c = 2 × 1
1
sin i c = p
2
◦
i c = 45
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Alternatively:
1 1
sin i c = B = p
µA 2
◦
i c = 45

š Question 35
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(i) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of a

real image of an object placed at a distance u in
front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature
R. Hence, obtain the relation for the image
distance v in terms of u and R.
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(ii) A 1.8 m tall person stands in front of a convex

lens of focal length 1 m, at a distance of 5 m.
Find the position and height of the image
formed.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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′ ′
(i) From Fig. the two right-angled triangles A B F
and MPF are similar. (For paraxial rays, MP can
be considered to be a straight line
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perpendicular to CP.) Therefore,

′ ′ ′
BA BF
=
PM FP
′ ′ ′
BA BF
or = (∵ PM = AB) ——— (i)
BA FP
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 Since ∠APB = ∠A PB , the right angled triangles
′ ′
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′ ′
A B P and ABP are also similar.
′ ′ ′
BA BP
Therefore, = ——— (ii)
BA BP
Comparing equations (i) and (ii)
′ ′ ′
B F B P − FP B P
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= = www.cbse.page

FP FP BP
′
B P = −v, FP = − f , BP = −u;
1 1 1 2
Using these in Eq.(iii) we get + = =
v u f R
1 1 1
(ii) For lens: − =
v u f
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u = −5m; f = +1m
1 1 1
− =
v −5 (+1)
5
⇒ v = m = 1.25m
4
I v (+5/4)
m= = =
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O u (−5)
I = (−0.25) × (1.8)
I = −0.45 m

š OR
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(i) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction of a ray

of light through a triangular glass prism. Hence,
obtain the relation for the refractive index (µ) in
terms of angle of prism (A) and angle of
minimum deviation (δm).
(ii) The radii of curvature of the two surfaces of a
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concave lens are 20 cm each. Find the refractive

index of the material of the lens if its power is
−5.0 D.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(i) In the quadrilateral AQNR, two of the angles (at

the vertices Q and R ) are right angles.
Therefore, the sum of the other angles of the
◦
quadrilateral is 180 .
∠A + ∠QNR = 180
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◦
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 From the triangle QNR, r1 + r2 + ∠QNR = 180 ◦
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Comparing these two equations, we get

r1 + r2 = A −−− (1)
The total deviation δ is the sum of deviations at
the two faces, δ = (i − r1) + (e − r2) that is,
δ = i+e−A − − − − − (2)
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When δ = δm ; i = e and r1 = r2
From (1); 2r = A or r = A/2
A + δm
From (2); δm = 2i − A or i =
2
µ ¶
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sin
sin i 2
µ= =
sin r sin A/2
(ii) Given; P = −5D
100
f (in cm) = = −20 cm
(−5)
Using Lens Maker’s formula;
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· ¸
1 1 1
= (µ − 1) −
f R1 R2

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 ·
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1 1 1
= (µ − 1) −
(−20) · (−20)¸ (+20)
1 1
= (µ − 1) −
(−20) 10
1
µ−1 =
2
3
µ = = 1.5
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š Question 36
(i) Draw a ray diagram to show how the final
image is formed at infinity in an astronomical
refracting telescope. Obtain an expression for
its magnifying power.
(ii) Two thin lenses L1 and L2, L1 being a convex
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lens of focal length 24 cm and L2 a concave lens

of focal length 18 cm are placed coaxially at a
separation of 45 cm. A 1 cm tall object is placed
in front of the lens L1 at a distance of 36 cm.
Find the location and height of the image
formed by the combination.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

(i)

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h h
From the diagram β = and α =
fe fo
fo
Magnifying Power =
fe

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(ii) www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

For lens L1,

1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1
− =
v −36 24
1 1 1 3−2 1
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= − = =
v 24 36 72 72
v = 72 cm
For lens L2 :
1 1 1
′
− ′
= ′
v u f
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1 1 1
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′
− =
v (72 − 45) −18
1 1 1 −3 + 2 −1
= + = =
v ′ −18 27 54 54
′
v = −54 cm
′
Finaldistance v 1 = −54 − (−45) = −9www.cbse.page
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cm (to the left
of convex lens)
′
hi v1
Magnification = =
ho u
hi −9
=
1 −36
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h i = + cm
4

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š OR
(i) Explain the working principle of an optical fibre
with the help of a diagram. Mention one use of
a light pipe.
◦
(ii) A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60 on
◦
one face of a prism with the prism angle A = 60 .
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The ray passes symmetrically through the

prism. Find the angle of minimum deviation
(δm ) and refractive index of the material of the
prism. If the prism is immersed in water, how
will δm be affected? Justify your answer.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

(i) Optical fibre uses the optical principle of total
internal reflection to capture the light
transmitted in an optical fibre and confine the
light to the core of the fibre.
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Uses : Transmission of audio and video signal /

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Examination of internal organs / Endoscopy

(ii)
δm = i + e − A
δm = 2i − A
◦
δm = 60
Refractive Index
µ ¶
A + δm
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◦
120
sin sin
2 2
µ= = ◦
sin A/2 60
sin
p 2
sin 60 ◦
3/2 p
µ= ◦
= = 3
sin 30 1/2
If the prism is immersed in water µ decreases
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and consequently angle of minimum deviation

decreases. Since δm depends on µ through
equation given above.

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š Question 37
(i) Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a
compound microscope. Obtain the expression
for the total magnification for the final image to
be formed at the near point.
(ii) In a compound microscope an object is placed
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at a distance of 1.5 cm from the objective of

focal length 1.25 cm. If the eye-piece has a focal
length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at
the near point, find the magnifying power of
the microscope.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(i)

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Linear magnification due to the objective is

µ ¶ µ ′¶
h h
tan β = =
f0 L
′
h L
m0 = =
h f0
Here L is the distance between the second focal
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point of the objective and the first focal point of

the eyepiece. Linear magnification due to
eyepiece is µ ¶
D
me = 1 +
fe
Thus, the total magnification is, m = m0 × me
µ ¶
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L D www.cbse.page

m = 1+
f0 fe

(ii) u0 = −1.5 cm
f0 = 1.25 cm
fe = 5 cm
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D = 25 cm
1 1 1
= −
f 0 v0 u 0
1 1 1 2
= − =
v0 1.25 1.5 15
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 15
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v0 = cm
2
v0 15 1
|m0| = = × =5
u0 2 1.5
µ ¶
D 25
|me| = 1 + = 1+ = 6
fe 5
m = m0 × me = 5 × 6 = 30
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š OR
(i) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image
of an object by an astronomical telescope, in
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normal adjustment. Obtain the expression for

its magnifying power.
(ii) The magnifying power of an astronomical
telescope in normal adjustment is 2.9 and the
objective and the eyepiece are separated by a
distance of 150 cm. Find the focal lengths of the
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two lenses.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(i)
β ¯ h ¯ h
¯ ¯
As m ≈ ¯ β= ¯ α=
α fe f0
f0
Magnifying power m =
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fe
(ii) m = 2.9, d = 150 cm (Given)
fo 29
m= =
fe 10
f0 + fe = 150
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fe = 38.5 cm www.cbse.page

fo = 150 − 38.5 = 111.5 cm

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š Question 38
Case Based Question
A lens is a transparent optical medium bounded
by two surfaces; at least one of which should be
spherical. Considering image formation by a
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single spherical surface successively at the two

surfaces of a lens, lens maker’s formula is
obtained. It is useful to design lenses of desired
focal length using surfaces of suitable radii of
curvature. This formula helps us obtain a relation
between u, v and f for a lens. Lenses form images
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of objects and they are used in a number of optical

devices, for example microscopes and telescopes.

(i) An object AB is kept in front of a composite

convex lens, as shown in figure. Will the lens
produce one image ? If not, explain.
(ii) A real image of an object formed by a convex
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lens is observed on a screen. If the screen is

removed, will the image still be formed ?
Explain.
(iii) A double convex lens is made of glass of
refractive index 1.55 with both faces of the
same radius of curvature. Find the radius of
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curvature required if focal length is 20 cm.

OR
Two convex lenses A and B of focal lengths
15 cm and 10 cm respectively are placed
coaxially d distance apart. A point object is kept
at a distance of 30 cm in front of lens A. Find
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the value of d so that the rays emerging from

lens B are parallel to its principal axis.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 4 Marks
(i) No, The lens is made up of two materials of
different refractive indices. It has two focal
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lengths.
(ii) Yes, Rays are still intersecting/ converging at
the location
· of image.¸
1 1 1
(iii) = (n − 1) −
f R1 R2
R 1 = +R, R 2 = −R
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· ¸
1 2
= (n − 1)
f R
R = 2(n − 1) f
R = 2(1.55 − 1) × 20 = 22 cm
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For lens A ( f = 15 cm, u = −30 cm)

1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1 1
= − =
v1 15 30 30
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v1 = 30 cm www.cbse.page

For lens B
For rays to go parallel to principal axis out of
lens B the image formed by lens A must lie at
the focus of B. So d = 30 + 10 = 40 cm
Alternatively: Object is kept at 2 f so image will
also be formed at 2 f on the other side of the
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lens i.e. at 30 cm. Now the final image is to be

formed at infinity so the image formed must lie
at the focus of the second lens (B). Thus
separation is d = 30 + 10 = 40 cm

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◎ 2023 March
¥ 55(B)
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š Question 39
An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm in front
of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 cm.
The nature and position the image formed is
(a) real and inverted, 30 cm in front of the mirror
(b) real and inverted, 15 cm in front of the mirror
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(c) virtual and erect, 30 cm behind the mirror

(d) virtual and erect, 15 cm behind the mirror

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

(a) real and inverted, 30 cm in front of the mirror
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š Question 40
Assertion (A) : The speed of light decreases when
it passes from air into a denser medium.
Reason (R) : The speed of light in a denser
medium is given by v = c/µ, where c is the speed
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of light in air and µ is the refractive index of the

denser medium.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
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(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.

A Answerwww.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and

Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).

š Question 41
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A glass jug is filled with water to a height of 9·6 cm.

The depth of a coin lying on its bottom as
measured by a microscope is 7·2 cm. Find the
refractive index of the water and the speed of light
in water.
A Answerwww.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 2 Marks
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real depth 9.6 4

µ= = =
apparent depth 7.2 3
8
c 3 × 10 8 −1
v= = × 3 = 2.25 × 10 ms
µ 4

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š Question 42
A convex lens is made of the material of refractive
index n 1. What will happen if it were immersed in
a medium of refractive index n 2 in the following
cases ?
(a) n 2 > n 1
www.cbse.page (b) n 2 = n 1
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

Focal length of a lens in a medium
µ ¶µ ¶
1 n1 1 1
= −1 −
f n2 R1 R2
n 1 = refractive index of lens
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n 2 = refractive index of medium

(a) When n 2 > n 1, f becomes negative.
The convex lens will behave as a concave
lens/diverging lens
¯ 1 ¯
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¯ ¯ www.cbse.page

(b) When n 2 = n 1 ¯ =0 ¯ f =∞
f
Lens will be invisible in the medium / behave as a
glass plate.

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š Question 43
(i) What is meant by total internal reflection of
light ? Write the two conditions necessary for
this phenomenon to occur. Briefly explain one
of its technological applications.
(ii) A thin converging lens of focal length 10 cm is
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placed coaxially in contact with a thin diverging

lens of focal length 15 cm. Find the nature and
focal length of the combined lens.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

(i) Total internal reflection is the phenomenon in
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which light waves reflected back in the same

medium while travelling from denser to rarer
medium without undergoing any refraction.
Two conditions
▲ The incident ray must propagate from denser to
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rarer medium.
▲ The incident angle must be greater than critical
angle.
Application :
Telecommunication, medical application, data
transmission any one or any other relevant
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technological application. Through optical fibre a

signal goes from its one end to another by multiple
total internal reflections without any loss in signal.

(ii) Focal length of combination of two lenses

1 1 1
= + www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

f f1 f2
¯
¯
f 1 = +10 cm ¯ f 2 = −15 cm
1 1 1 3−2 1
= + = =
f 10 −15 30 30
f = +30 cm
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Nature −→ Converging

š OR
(i) Answer the following giving reasons :
(1) The angular size of the image equals the
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angular size of the object in a simple

microscope, yet it offers magnification.
(2) Both the objective and the eyepiece of a
compound microscope have short focal
lengths.
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(3) A microscope and a telescope play different

roles with respect to resolution and
magnification of the image.
(ii) In Young’s double-slit experiment, the two slits
are 1.0 mm apart. They are illuminated with
light of wavelength 600 nm. Find the fringe
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width on a screen 2.0 m away from the slits.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

(i) Answer the following

(1) Because the image is at minimum distance of

distinct vision(D) and object is very close to the
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eye at distance d (D > d )

h2 D
Angular magnification θ = = ⇒ h 2 > h 1
h1 d
h 1 − size of object
h 2 − size of image
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(2) Magnification of a compound microscope

à !à !
L D
m=
f0 fe
To achieve large magnification (m), f 0 and f e
must be short.
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(3) Microscope −→ magnifies

Telescope −→ Resolves

λD
(ii) β =
d
−3
d = 1.0 × 10 mm
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−9
λ = 600 × 10 m
D =2m
−9
600 × 10 × 2
β= −3
1 × 10
−6
= 1200 × 10 = 1.2 mm
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š Question 44
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of an
image at the least distance of distinct vision, by a
compound microscope. Hence, obtain an
expression for its angular magnification.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 3 Marks
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Linear magnification due to objective (m o )

′
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h L www.cbse.page

mo = =
h fo
Linear magnification due to eye piece (m e ) when
final image is formed at near point (D)
D
me = 1 +
fe
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Total magnification m = m o × me
à !
L D
m= 1+
fo fe

š OR
Consider a convex spherical surface of radius of
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curvature R, separating two media of refractive

indices n 1 and n 2 (> n 1). A point object is placed at
a distance u in front of the surface in medium of
refractive index n 1. Its real image is formed at a
distance v. Obtain a relation between u and v in
terms of n 1, n 2 and R.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 3 Marks

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For small angles,

MN
tan ∠NOM =
OM
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 MN
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tan ∠NCM =
MC
MN
tan ∠NIM =
MI
Now, for △NOC, ∠i is the exterior angle. Therefore,
∠i = ∠NOM + ∠NCM
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MN MN www.cbse.page

i= +
OM MC
Similarly,
MN MN
r = ∠NCM − ∠NIM = −
MC M I
By Snell’s law n1 sin i = n2 sin r or for small angles,
sin i ≈ i and sin r ≈ r
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n 1i = n 2r
Where OM, MI and MC represent magnitude of
distances. Applying the Cartesian sign convention
OM = −u, MI = +v, MC = +R Substituting these in
equation, we get
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n2 n1 n2 − n1
− =
v u R

š Question 45
A lens is a portion of a transparent medium
bounded by two surfaces and one of these
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surfaces is essentially spherical. It is used to

converge or diverge the light incident on it. Power
of a lens is the measure of its ability to converge or
diverge the light incident on it. Power of a lens
depends on the refractive index of the material of
lens with respect to the surrounding medium and
the radii of curvature of its two surfaces.
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(a) The power of a convex lens

(i) increases when the lens is dipped in water.

(ii) increases when the wavelength of incident light
decreases.
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(iii) decreases when another convex lens is placed

in contact with it.
(iv) increases when the lens is cut into two
identical plano-convex lenses.

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(b) The focal length of a concave lens is 40 cm. The

power of the lens is

(i) 0.025D (iii) −0.025D

(ii) 25D (iv) −2.5D

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(c) The focal length of a concave lens µg = 1.5 in

air is 20 cm. What should be the refractive index
of the surrounding medium so that the lens
behaves as a converging lens of focal length
60 cm ?
(i) 1.4 (ii) 1.8 (iii) 1.7 (iv) 1.2
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(d) Beams of red light, blue light, yellow light and

violet light are incident on a convex lens,
one-by-one. Which one of them converges
nearest to the lens ?

(i) Blue light

www.cbse.page (iii) Red light
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(ii) Violet light (iv) Yellow light

(e) A beam of light coming parallel to the principal

axis of a convex lens L1 of focal length 15 cm is
incident on it. Another convex lens L2 of focal
length 25 cm is placed coaxially at a distance d
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from L1. For the final image to be formed at

infinity, the value of d should be
(i) 10 cm (ii) 15 cm (iii) 25 cm (iv) 40 cm
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks
a) (ii) b) (iv) c) (ii)
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(e) To ensure that the final image is formed at

infinity when two lenses are placed coaxially,
you can use the lens formula and the concept
of the equivalent focal length. The equivalent
focal length for two coaxial lenses is given by
1 1 1 d
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f eq f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2
In this case, you want the final image to be
formed at infinity, which means that 1/ f eq
should be equal to 0.
So, you can set up the equation as
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1 1 d www.cbse.page

0= + −
15 25 15 × 25
Now, solve for d :
25 + 15 − d
0=
15 × 25
40 − d
0=
375
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0 = 40 − d
So, for the final image to be formed at infinity,
the value of d should be 40 cm.

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◎ 2021 September
¥ 55/1 All Sets (Covid)
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š Question 46
An object approaches a converging lens with a
uniform speed of 5 m/s and stops at the focus.
How will the image move with respect to the lens ?
Specify its nature.
A Answerwww.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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Image moves away with increasing speed from the

lens. Image is real/inverted/larger than object.

š OR
In a simple microscope, a convex lens of focal
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length 5 cm is used. Calculate the magnifying

power when the object is placed at the focus of the
lens.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
D 25
M.P = = = 5
f 5
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š Question 47
What is the power of an equiconvex lens of
refractive index n 2 dipped in a liquid of refractive
index n 1, where n 1 < n 2 ?
A Answerwww.cbse.page ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
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 µ ¶µ ¶
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n2 − n1 2
P=
n1 R
š Question 48
Assertion (A) : The angle of minimum deviation
for a prism is lesser for red light than that for blue
light. www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

Reason (R) : The refractive index of the material of

a prism for blue light is greater than that for red
light.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
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(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also
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false.

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
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š Question 49
A ray
p of light falls on a transparent sphere of
◦
n = 3 at an angle of incidence 60 with the
diameter AB of the sphere having centre C. The
ray emerges from the sphere parallel to the line
AB. Find the angle of emergence.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks

sin i
n= www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

sin r
◦
p
p sin 60 3/2
3= =
sin r sin r
◦
⇒ r = 30
◦
1 sin 30
p =
3 sin e
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 p
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¯ www.cbse.page

p 1 3 ¯ ◦
sin e = 3 × = ¯ e = 60
2 2

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Angle of refraction when ray of light falls on the

transparent sphere
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sin i
n=
sin r
p ◦
sin 60
3=
sin r
◦
⇒ r = 30
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◦
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from figure angle of emergence = 60

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š Question 50
(i) Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical
refracting telescope in normal adjustment.
Obtain an expression for its magnifying power.
How can we increase the magnifying power of
the telescope?
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(ii) A beam of light converges at a point P. A lens is

placed in the path of the beam at a distance of
25 cm from P. The final image is formed at
infinity. Calculate the power of the lens.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks
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Ray Diagram of Astronomical telescope

tan β
Magnifying power, m =
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As angles, α and β are small, therefore, tan α ≈ α

and tan β ≈ β
β
then m =
α
′ ′
′ ′ A B
In ∆A B E , tan β = ′
;
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EB www.cbse.page
′ ′
′ ′ A B
In ∆A B O, tan α = ′
OB
′ ′ ′
A B OB f0
m= × or m =
E B ′ A ′B ′ − fe
Magnifying power of a telescope can be increased
by increasing the focal length of objective lens and
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decreasing the focal length of eye piece.

1 1 1
(ii) − =
v u f
u = +25 m, v =∞
∴ f = −25 cm
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1
P =− m = −4D
0.25

š OR
(i) A coin is placed inside a denser medium. Why
does it appear to be raised ? Obtain an
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expression for the height through which the

object appears to be raised in terms of
refractive index of the medium and real depth.
(ii) A compound microscope consists of an
objective lens of focal length 2 cm and an
eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm separated by a
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distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective

should an object be placed in order to obtain
the final image at the least distance of distinct
vision (25 cm) ? Calculate the magnifying
power of the microscope.

A Answer www.cbse.page
¥ Set 1, 5 Marks
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(i)
Due to refraction of light in ∆OAB,
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 AB
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sin i =
OB
AB
In ∆IAB, sin r =
IB
According to Snell’s law

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= =
µ sin r OB
When angles are small, OB ≈ OA and IB ≈ IA

OA x
µ= =
IA y
Height through which object is raised = x − y
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à !
x 1
= x − = x 1−
µ µ
(ii) f 0 = 2 cm
f e = 6.25 cm
L = v 0 + |u e| = 15 cm
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v e = −25 cm
1 1 1
− = ;
v e ue f e
1 1 1
− =
−25 u e 6.25
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u e = −5 cm
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Now, L = v0 + | − 5| = 15 cm
V0 = 10 cm
1 1 1
Now, = −
f o v o uo
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u o = 2.5 cm
" #
vo D
MP = 1+ = −20
uo fo

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◎ 2020 July
¥ 55/C All Sets
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š Question 51
A window is provided in the middle of a wall. Its
image is obtained on the opposite wall at a
distance ‘d’ from it using a lens. If the window and
its image are of the same size, then the focal length
of the lens used is
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d d d d
(a) + (b) + (c) − (d) −
4 2 4 2
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
d
(a) +
4
š Question 52
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A biconvex lens made up of glass of refractive

index 1.5, forms a real image of an object in air. If
the whole set-up were immersed in a liquid of
refractive index 1.7, then how will the nature of the
image be affected?
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks

Virtual

š Question 53
A concave mirror produces a two times enlarged
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virtual image of an object kept 10 cm away from

the mirror.
(a) Find the focal length of the mirror.
(b) By how much distance should the object be
displaced and in what direction, in order to get
two times enlarged real image of the object?
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 3 Marks

(a) For virtual image m = +2
−v
m=2=
u
u = −10 cm
v = −2u = 20 cm
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Using mirror formula

1 1 1
= +
f v u
1 1 1
= −
f 20 10
f = −20 cm
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(b) For real image

¯ ¯
−v ¯
¯
m = −2 ¯ m = −2 = ¯ v = 2u
u
1 1 1
= +
f v u www.cbse.page www.cbse.page
 1 1 1
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= +
−20 2u u
2u = −60
u = −30 cm
∴ displacement of object = 30 − 10
= 20 cm Away from mirror
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š Question 54
With the help of a ray diagram, explain the
formation of image in a compound microscope
when the final image is formed at the near point.
Obtain the expression for the magnifying power in
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this case.
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 3 Marks

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Expression for magnification

′
h L
mo = =
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where we have used the result

µ ¶ ′
h h
tan β = =
µ fo ¶ L
D
me = 1 +
fe
Magnifying power of microscope at near point.
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m = mµome ¶
L D
m= 1+
fo fe

š Question 55
(a) Draw the ray diagram to show use of total
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internal reflection in
(i) optical fiber, and
◦
(ii) a prism that bends the ray by 90 .
(b) A composite prism ABC is made up of two
identical right-angled prisms ABD and ADC
made up p of different
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indices 3 and µ respectively. A ray of light is

◦
incident on face AB of this prism at 60 as
shown in the figure. It is observed that the final
emergent ray grazes along face AC. Find the
value of µ.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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(a.i)

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(a.ii)

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(b)
From Snell’s Law
sin i
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µ=
sin r p
◦
i = 60 , µ = 3
◦
p
p sin 60 3
3= =
sin r 2(sin r )
1 ◦
sin r = = sin 30
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2 www.cbse.page
◦
r = 30
nd
So, ray will go perpendicular to AD For II prism
◦
i c = 30
1
∴ sin i c =
µ
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 1
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◦
sin 30 =
µ
µ=2

š OR
(a) A point object is kept on the principal axis of a
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convex spherical surface of radius of curvature

R, separating a medium of refractive index µ2
from a medium of refractive index µ1 (in which
the object is kept). A real image of the object is
formed by this surface. Draw the ray diagram to
show the image formation and derive the
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relation between the object distance and image

distance in terms of µ1, µ2 and R
(b) A beam of unpolarised light of intensity 2 mW
passes successively through two parallel
polarizing sheets P 1 and P 2. If the angle
◦
between the pass axes of P 1 and P 2 is made 60 ,
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find the intensity of light transmitted by P1 and

P2 .
This question is not in CBSE 2024 Syllabus

A Answer ¥ Set 1, 5 Marks

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 www.cbse.page www.cbse.page

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(a)

MN
tan ∠NOM =
OM

MN
tan ∠NC M =
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MN
tan ∠N I M =
MI
Now, for △NOC, Li is the exterior angle
Therefore, ∠i = ∠NOM + ∠NC M
MN MN
∠i =
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+ ......(1) www.cbse.page

OM MC
Similarly, r = ∠NC M − ∠N I M
MN MN
i.e r = − ......(2)
MC M I
By snells law
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For small angle

µ1i = µ2r
Substituting i and r from equation 1 & 2, we get
µ1 µ2 µ2 − µ1
+ = ......(3)
OM M I MC
Here
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OM = −u, MI = +v, MC = +R
On substituting in equation 3 , we get
µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1
− =
v u R
(b) Not in 2024 syllabus.
According to Malus’s law, intensity of light
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transmitted from P2
2
I p 2 = I o cos θ
2 ◦
Where I o = mW = 1 mW Here θ = 60
2
2 ◦
I p 2 = (1 mW) cos 60
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I p 2 = mW = 0.25 mW
4

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š Question 56
A beam of white light is incident on a glass-air
interface from the glass side at such an angle that
the green light grazes the interface as shown in the
figure. The colours of light which will emerge out
in air, are
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(a) yellow, orange and red

(b) violet, indigo and blue
(c) All colours
(d) All colours except green
A Answer ¥ Set 2, 1 Marks
yellow, orange and red
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◎ 2019 March
¥ 55(B)
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š Question 57
Why is convex mirror used as a side view mirror in
a car ?

OR

A lens of larger power bends the incident light

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more. Why ?
A Answer ¥ Set 1, 1 Marks
It forms small and erect image with large field of
view.
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OR www.cbse.page

A lens with larger refractive index will have larger

power, [P ∝ (µ - 1)]

š Question 58
Write the necessary conditions for the
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phenomenon of total internal reflection to take

place. How does one account for the brilliance
exhibited by a diamond when it is suitably cut ?

OR

Answer the following, giving reason :

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(a) When light travels from a denser to a rarer

medium, the speed increases. Does it mean
that there is an increase in the energy carried by
the waves ?
(b) The Sun appears reddish at sunset and sunrise.

A Answerwww.cbse.page ¥ Set 1, 2 Marks

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(a) Conditions Light should travels from optically

denser medium to a rarer medium
(b) Angle of incidence should be greater than
critical angleBy cutting the diamond suitably,
multiple total internal reflection occur once
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light enters the diamond

OR

(a) Energy carried by the wave does not change.

Denser to rarer medium Speed of light
increases, wavelength also increases but
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frequency remains same.

v c
v= =
λ′ λ
(b) At sunset and sunrise, the sun’s rays have to
pass through a longer distance in the
atmosphere. Most of the blue and other shorter
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wave lengths are removed by scattering. The

least scattered light reaches our eyes.
Therefore, sun looks reddish.

š Question 59
Explain the working of an astronomical telescope.
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The magnifying power of a telescope in its normal

adjustment is 24. If the length of the telescope is
100 cm in normal adjustment, find the focal
lengths of both the lenses.

OR
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Explain the working of a compound microscope. A

compound microscope consists of an objective of
focal length 1.0 cm and an eyepiece of focal length
2.0 cm. If its tube length is 20 cm, find the
magnification produced when the final image is
formed at infinity.
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A Answer ¥ Set 1, 3 Marks

Working of astronomical telescope:

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Suppose AB is an object whose end A is on the axis

of telescope. The objective lens (L 1) forms the
′ ′
image A B of the object AB at its second principal
focus F 0 This image is real, inverted and
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′ ′
diminished. This image A B acts as an object for
the eye-piece L 2 and lies between first focus F e
and optical centre C 2 of lens L 2. Therefore
′′ ′′
eye-piece forms its image A B which is virtual,
′′ ′′
erect and magnified. Thus the final image A B of
object AB formed by the telescope is magnified,
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inverted and lies between objective and eyepiece.

Magnifying Power

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f◦
M=
fe
f◦
24 =
fe
f ◦ = 24 f e
Also L = f ◦ + f e = 100
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24 f e + f e = 100
f e = 4 cm
f ◦ = 96 cm
OR
Working of compound Microscope
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Suppose a small object AB is placed slightly away

′
from the first focus F 0 of the objective lens. The
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objective lens forms the real, inverted and

′ ′
magnified image A B which acts as an object for
eyepiece. The eyepiece is so adjusted that the
′ ′ ′
image A B lies between the first focus F e and the
′′ ′′
eyepiece E . The eyepiece forms its image A B
which is virtual, erect and magnified. Thus the
′′ ′′
final image A B formed by the microscope is
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inverted and magnified and its position is outside

the objective and eyepiece towards objective lens.
f ◦ = 10 cm; f e = 2cm; L = 20 cm
LD 20 × 25
M= = = 25
f ◦ f e 10 × 2
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Theory Recap

Compound Microscope −→ Special cases

(a) When final image is formed at a distance of
distinct vision, v e = D
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à ! www.cbse.page

vo D
M =− 1+ and L = v 0 + u e
uo fe
The distance between second focal point of
objective and first focal point of eye lens is called

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the tube length denoted by L,then

vo L
=
uo f 0
à !
L D
So, M = − 1+
f0 fe
(b) When final image is formed at infinity, v e = ∞,
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then
vo D
M =− ×
uo f e

L D
= − · and L = v o + f e
fo fe
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Astronomical Telescope −→ Special cases

(a) When final image is formed at a distance of
distinct vision, then v e = D
µ ¶
fo fe
M =− 1+ and L = f o + u e
fe D
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(b) When final image is formed at infinity, then

ve = ∞
fo
M = − and L = f o + f e
fe

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Many questions which were not

according to cbse 2025 syllabus or
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out of syllabus, from year 2019 to

2022 has been excluded. Because
it created too much confusion to
students
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Be aware, that, 2019 to 2022 had

different syllabus.
You will find only those questions
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which is according to cbse 2025

syllabus

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Good Luck Students !!!!!

All Ray Optics previous years

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question have been included in

this PDF.

Dear students do not fear,

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www.cbse.page helps every

students who have not prepared
well for their board exam.
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Please share with other students

so that they can guess upcoming
questions
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