HOME AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO UNO

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this project is to develop a home automation system using an Arduino board with Bluetooth
being remotely controlled by any Android OS smart phone. As technology is advancing so houses are also getting
smarter. Modern houses are gradually shifting from conventional switches to centralized control system, involving
remote controlled switches.Presently,conventional walls witches located in different parts of the house makes it
difficult for the user to go near them to operate. Even more it becomes more difficult for the
elderlyorphysicallyhandicappedpeopletodoso.Remotecontrolledhomeautomationsystem provides a most modern
solution with smart phones. In order to achieve this, a Bluetooth
moduleisinterfacedtotheArduinoboardatthereceiverendwhileonthetransmitterend,a GUI applicationon the
cellphone sends ON/OFF commands to the receiver where loads are
connected.BytouchingthespecifiedlocationontheGUI,theloadscanbeturnedON/OFF remotely through this
technology. The loads are operated by Arduino board through opto- isolators and the resistors using TRIACs.

1
 CONTENTS

BONAFIDE......................................................................................................................2

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................4

ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................5

CONTENTS.......................................................................................................................6

LISTOFFIGURES.............................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................8

COMPONENTSREQUIRED............................................................................................9

DESCRIPTION...................................................................................................................10

BLOCKDIAGRAM..........................................................................................................40

CIRCUITDIAGRAM.......................................................................................................41

CODE….............................................................................................................................43

APPLICATION..................................................................................................................44

CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................47

REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................48

2
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG 1 ARDUINO UNO PAGE 12

R3
FIG 2 1 CHANNEL PAGE 31
RELAY
FIG 3 BLUETOOTH PAGE 38
MODULE
FIG 4 BLOCK PAGE 41
DIAGRAM
FIG 5 CIRCUIT PAGE 42
DIAGRAM

3
 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays,wehaveremotecontrolsforourtelevisionsetsandotherelectronicsystems,which have
made our lives real easy. Have you ever wondered about home automation which would
givethefacilityofcontrollingtubelights,fansandotherelectricalappliancesathomeusinga
remotecontrol?Off-course,Yes!But,aretheavailableoptionscost-effective?Iftheansweris No, we
have found a solution to it. We have come up with a new system called Arduino based
homeautomationusingBluetooth.Thissystemissuper-costeffectiveandcangivetheuser,the
abilitytocontrolanyelectronicdevicewithoutevenspendingforaremotecontrol.Thisproject helps the
user to control all the electronic devices using his/her smartphone. Time is a very
valuablething.Everybodywantstosavetimeasmuchastheycan.Newtechnologiesarebeing
introduced to save our time. To save people’s time we are introducing Home Automation
system using Bluetooth . With the help of this system you can control your home appliances
from your mobile phone. You can turn on/off your home appliances within the range of
Bluetooth.

4
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1) ARDUINOUNO

2) 1-CHANNELRELAY(5v)

3) BLUETOOTH MODULEHC05

4) POWERSUPPLY

5) LOAD(BULB220V)

6) SWITCH BOARD

7) CONNECTINGWIRES

8) SMARTPHONE(BLUETOOTHENABLED)

5
 DESCRIPTION

ARDUINO UNO

Arduinoisanopensourcecomputerhardwareandsoftwarecompany,project,anduser
communitythatdesignsandmanufacturessingle-board
microcontrollersandmicrocontrollerkitsforbuildingdigitaldevicesandinteractiveobjectsthat can
sense and control objects in the physical and digital world. The project's products are distributed as
open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU LesserGeneral Public
License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of
Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are
availablecommerciallyinpreassembledform,orasdo-it-yourself(DIY)kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped
with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
variousexpansionboardsorBreadboards(shields)andothercircuits.Theboardsfeatureserial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also
used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In
additiontousingtraditionalcompilertoolchains,theArduinoprojectprovidesanintegrateddevelopmente
nvironment(IDE)basedontheProcessinglanguageproject.

TheArduinoprojectstartedin2003asaprogramforstudentsattheInteractionDesignInstituteIvreainIvrea,
Italy,aimingtoprovidealow-costandeasywayfornovicesandprofessionalsto create devices that
interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices
intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motiondetectors.

6
ThenameArduinocomesfromabarinIvrea,Italy,wheresomeofthefoundersoftheproject
usedtomeet.ThebarwasnamedafterArduinoofIvrea,whowasthemargraveoftheMarchofIvreaandKi
ngofItalyfrom1002to1014.

Features of the Arduino UNO:

Microcontroller: ATmega328

Operating Voltage: 5V

Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

DigitalI/OPins:14(ofwhich6providePWMoutput)

Analog Input Pins:6

DCCurrentperI/OPin:40mA

DCCurrentfor3.3VPin:50mA

FlashMemory:32KBofwhich0.5KBusedbybootloader

SRAM: 2 KB(ATmega328)

EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed: 16 MHz

7
FIG 1 ARDUINO UNO R3

8
ARDUINO HARDWARE PART:-

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under
aCreativeCommonsAttributionShare-Alike2.5licenseandareavailableontheArduino
website.Layoutandproductionfilesforsomeversionsofthehardwarearealsoavailable.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduinoto be exclusive to the official product and not be
usedforderivedworkswithoutpermission.TheofficialpolicydocumentonuseoftheArduino name
emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official
product.SeveralArduino-compatibleproductscommerciallyreleasedhaveavoidedtheproject
namebyusingvariousnamesendingin-duino.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit

AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with
varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the
Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female
headersthatfacilitateconnectionsforprogrammingandincorporationintoothercircuits.These
mayconnectwithadd-onmodulestermedshields.Multipleandpossiblystackedshieldsmaybe
individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a
16MHzcrystaloscillatororceramicresonator.Somedesigns,suchastheLilyPad,runat8MHz
anddispensewiththeonboardvoltageregulatorduetospecificform-factorrestrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232
logic levels and transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips
suchastheFTDIFT232.Someboards,suchaslater-modelUnoboards,substitutetheFTDIchip with a
separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own
ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachableUSB-to-serialadapterboardorcable,Bluetoothorothermethods.Whenusedwith

9
traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-
systemprogramming (ISP) programming is used.

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The
Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce
pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six
digitalI/Opins.Thesepinsareonthetopoftheboard,viafemale0.1-inch(2.54mm)headers.
Severalplug-inapplicationshieldsarealsocommerciallyavailable.TheArduinoNano,and
Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Arduino boards may provide male header pins on the
underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent
to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding
output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small
robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.

10
ARDUINO SOFTWARE PART:-

IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated
from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features
such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting,
bracematching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile
and uploadprogramstoanArduinoboard.Italsocontainsamessagearea,atextconsole,atoolbar
withbuttonsforcommonfunctionsandahierarchyofoperationmenus.Thesourcecodeforthe
IDEisreleasedundertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense,version2.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The
Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many
commoninputandoutputprocedures.User-writtencodeonlyrequirestwobasicfunctions,for starting
the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stubmain()intoanexecutablecyclicexecutiveprogramwiththeGNUtoolchain,alsoincluded with the
IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdudeto convert the
executablecodeintoatextfileinhexadecimalencodingthatisloadedintotheArduinoboard
byaloaderprogramintheboard'sfirmware.

Sketch

A program written with the Arduino IDE is called a sketch.[58] Sketches are saved on the
developmentcomputerastextfileswiththefileextension.ino.ArduinoSoftware(IDE)pre-1.0
savedsketcheswiththeextension.pde.

11
A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions:

setup():Thisfunctioniscalledoncewhenasketchstartsafterpower-uporreset.Itisusedto
initializevariables,inputandoutputpinmodes,andotherlibrariesneededinthesketch.

loop():Aftersetup()hasbeencalled,functionloop()isexecutedrepeatedlyinthemainprogram.
Itcontrolstheboarduntiltheboardispoweredofforisreset.

Blink example

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a load resistor connected
between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program
functions.AtypicalprogramforabeginningArduinoprogrammerblinksaLEDrepeatedly.
ThisprogramusesthefunctionspinMode(),digitalWrite(),anddelay(),whichareprovidedbythe
internallibrariesincludedintheIDEenvironment.Thisprogramisusuallyloadedintoanew
Arduinoboardbythemanufacturer.

12
RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operateaswitch,butotheroperatingprinciplesarealsoused,suchassolid-staterelays.Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where
severalcircuitsmustbecontrolledbyonesignal.Thefirstrelayswereusedinlong
distancetelegraphcircuitsasamplifiers:theyrepeatedthesignalcominginfromonecircuitand re-
transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
earlycomputerstoperformlogicaloperations.

Atypeofrelaythatcanhandlethehighpowerrequiredtodirectlycontrolanelectricmotoror
otherloadsiscalledacontactor.Solid-staterelayscontrolpowercircuitswithnomovingparts, instead
using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristicsandsometimesmultipleoperatingcoilsareusedtoprotectelectricalcircuitsfrom
overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protectiverelays".

Magneticlatchingrelaysrequireonepulseofcoilpowertomovetheircontactsinonedirection,
andanother,redirectedpulsetomovethemback.Repeatedpulsesfromthesameinputhaveno
effect.Magneticlatchingrelaysareusefulinapplicationswhereinterruptedpowershouldnot
beabletotransitionthecontacts.

Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the relay
will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset when the
polarityisreversed.Onadualcoildevice,whenpolarizedvoltageisappliedtotheresetcoilthe contacts
will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ
steeringdiodestodifferentiatebetweenoperateandresetcommands.

13
Atypeofrelaythatcanhandlethehighpowerrequiredtodirectlycontrolanelectricmotoror
otherloadsiscalledacontactor.Solid-staterelayscontrolpowercircuitswithnomovingparts, instead
using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristicsandsometimesmultipleoperatingcoilsareusedtoprotectelectricalcircuitsfrom
overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protectiverelays".

The Arduino Relay module allows a wide range of microcontroller such as Arduino, AVR ,PIC,
ARM with digital outputs to control larger loads and devices like AC or DC Motors,
electromagnets, solenoids, and incandescent light bulbs. This module is designed to be
integrated with relays that it is capable of control 2 relays.The relay shield use one QIANJI
JQC-3Fhigh-qualityrelaywithratedload7A/240VAC,10A/125VAC,10A/28VDC.Therelay
output state is individually indicated by a light-emitting diode.

1 channel relay features:

Number of Relays:1

Control signal: TTL

level

Ratedload:7A/240VAC10A/125VAC10A/28VDC

Contact action time: 10ms/5ms

Types:-

1) Coaxial relay

Whereradiotransmittersandreceiversshareoneantenna,oftenacoaxialrelayisusedasaTR (transmit-
receive)relay,whichswitchestheantennafromthereceivertothetransmitter.This
protectsthereceiverfromthehighpowerofthetransmitter.Suchrelaysareoftenused
in transceivers which combine transmitter and receiver in one unit. The relay contacts are
designednottoreflectanyradiofrequencypowerbacktowardthesource,andtoprovidevery
highisolationbetweenreceiverandtransmitterterminals.Thecharacteristicimpedanceofthe
relayismatchedtothetransmissionlineimpedanceofthesystem,forexample,50ohms.
2) Contactor
14
Acontactorisaheavy- dutyrelaywithhighercurrentratings,usedforswitchingelectricmotorsandlightingloads.Conti
nuouscurrentratingsforcommoncontactorsrangefrom10 ampstoseveralhundredamps.High-
currentcontactsaremadewithalloyscontainingsilver.
Theunavoidablearcingcausesthecontactstooxidize;however,silveroxideisstillagood
conductor.Contactorswithoverloadprotectiondevicesareoftenusedtostartmotors.

3) Force-guided contactsrelay

A'force-guidedcontactsrelay'hasrelaycontactsthataremechanicallylinkedtogether,sothat
whentherelaycoilisenergizedorde-energized,allofthelinkedcontactsmovetogether.Ifone
setofcontactsintherelaybecomesimmobilized,noothercontactofthesamerelaywillbeable
tomove.Thefunctionofforce-guidedcontactsistoenablethesafetycircuittocheckthestatus
oftherelay.Force-guidedcontactsarealsoknownas"positive-guidedcontacts","captive
contacts","lockedcontacts","mechanicallylinkedcontacts",or"safetyrelays".

Thesesafetyrelayshavetofollowdesignrulesandmanufacturingrulesthataredefinedinone main
machinery standard EN 50205 : Relays with forcibly guided (mechanically linked)
contacts.TheserulesforthesafetydesignaretheonethataredefinedintypeBstandardssuch as EN
13849-2 as Basic safety principles and Well-tried safety principles for machinery that applies to
allmachines.

Force-guidedcontactsbythemselvescannotguaranteethatallcontactsareinthesamestate,
however they do guarantee, subject to no gross mechanical fault, that no contacts are in opposite
states. Otherwise, a relay with several normally open (NO) contacts may stick when
energised, with some contacts closed and others still slightly open, due to mechanical
tolerances. Similarly, a relay with several normally closed (NC)
contactsmay stick to the
unenergisedposition,sothatwhenenergised,thecircuitthroughonesetofcontactsisbroken,
withamarginalgap,whiletheotherremainsclosed.ByintroducingbothNOandNCcontacts, or more
commonly, changeover contacts, on the same relay, it then becomes possible
to guaranteethatifanyNCcontactisclosed,allNOcontactsareopen,andconversely,ifanyNO contact
is closed, all NC contacts are open. It is not possible to reliably ensure that any
particularcontactisclosed,exceptbypotentiallyintrusiveandsafety-degradingsensingofits
circuitconditions,howeverinsafetysystemsitisusuallytheNOstatethatismostimportant, and as
explained above, this i reliably verifiable by detecting the closure of a contact of opposite sense.

15
Force-guided contact relays are made with different main contact sets, either NO, NC or
changeover,andoneormoreauxiliarycontactsets,oftenofreducedcurrentorvoltagerating,
usedforthemonitoringsystem.ContactsmaybeallNO,allNC,changeover,oramixtureof
these,forthemonitoringcontacts,sothatthesafetysystemdesignercanselectthecorrect
configurationfortheparticularapplication.Safetyrelaysareusedaspartofanengineered safetysystem

4) Latchingrelay

Alatchingrelay(alsocalled"impulse","bistable","keep",or"stay"relays)maintainseither
contactpositionindefinitelywithoutpowerappliedtothecoil.Theadvantageisthatonecoil
consumespoweronlyforaninstantwhiletherelayisbeingswitched,andtherelaycontacts
retainthissettingacrossapoweroutage.Alatchingrelayallowsremotecontrolofbuilding
lightingwithoutthehumthatmaybeproducedfromacontinuously(AC)energizedcoil.

Inonemechanism,twoopposingcoilswithanover-centerspringorpermanentmagnethold
thecontactsinpositionafterthecoilisde-energized.Apulsetoonecoilturnstherelayonanda
pulsetotheoppositecoilturnstherelayoff.Thistypeiswidelyusedwherecontrolisfrom
simpleswitchesorsingle-endedoutputsofacontrolsystem,andsuchrelaysarefound
in avionics and numerous industrial applications.

Anotherlatchingtypehasaremanentcorethatretainsthecontactsintheoperatedpositionby
theremanentmagnetisminthecore.Thistyperequiresacurrentpulseofoppositepolarityto
releasethecontacts.Avariationusesapermanentmagnetthatproducespartoftheforce
requiredtoclosethecontact;thecoilsuppliessufficientforcetomovethecontactopenorclosed
byaidingoropposingthefieldofthepermanentmagnet.Apolaritycontrolledrelayneeds
changeoverswitchesoranHbridgedrivecircuittocontrolit.Therelaymaybelessexpensive
thanothertypes,butthisispartlyoffsetbytheincreasedcostsintheexternalcircuit.

Inanothertype,aratchetrelayhasaratchetmechanismthatholdsthecontactsclosedafterthe
coilismomentarilyenergized.Asecondimpulse,inthesameoraseparatecoil,releasesthe
contacts.Thistypemaybefoundincertaincars,forheadlampdippingandotherfunctions
wherealternatingoperationoneachswitchactuationisneeded.

Asteppingrelayisaspecializedkindofmulti-waylatchingrelaydesignedforearly
automatic telephoneexchanges.

16
An earth leakage circuit breaker includes a specialized latching relay.

Veryearlycomputersoftenstoredbitsinamagneticallylatchingrelay,suchasferreedorthe
laterremreedinthe1ESSswitch.

Someearlycomputersusedordinaryrelaysasakindoflatch—theystorebitsinordinarywire
springrelaysorreedrelaysbyfeedinganoutputwirebackasaninput,resultinginafeedback loop or
sequential circuit. Such an electrically latching relay requires continuous power
to maintainstate,unlikemagneticallylatchingrelaysormechanicallyrachetingrelays.

Incomputermemories,latchingrelaysandotherrelayswerereplacedbydelaylinememory,
whichinturnwasreplacedbyaseriesofever-fasterandever-smallermemorytechnologies.

5) Machine toolrelay

A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer
machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by large number of contacts
(sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally open to normally
closed status, easily replaceablecoils,andaformfactorthatallowscompactlyinstallingmany relays
in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such
industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly
displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications.

Arelayallowscircuitstobeswitchedbyelectricalequipment:forexample,atimercircuitwith
arelaycouldswitchpoweratapresettime.Formanyyearsrelayswerethestandardmethodof
controllingindustrialelectronicsystems.Anumberofrelayscouldbeusedtogethertocarryout
complexfunctions(relaylogic).Theprincipleofrelaylogicisbasedonrelayswhichenergize
andde-energizeassociatedcontacts.Relaylogicisthepredecessorofladderlogic,whichis
commonly used in programmable logic controllers.
6) Mercury relay

Amercuryrelayisarelaythatusesmercuryastheswitchingelement.Theyareusedwhere
contacterosionwouldbeaproblemforconventionalrelaycontacts.Owingtoenvironmental
considerationsaboutsignificantamountofmercuryusedandmodernalternatives,theyare now
comparatively uncommon.

7) Mercury-wetted relay

17
A mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted
with mercury. Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) where the
mercury reduces the contact resistance and associated voltage drop, for low-current signals
where surface contamination may make for a poor contact, or for high-speed applications
wherethemercuryeliminatescontactbounce.Mercurywettedrelaysareposition-sensitiveand must be
mounted according to the manufacturer's specifications to work properly. Because of the toxicity
and expense of liquid mercury, these relays are now rarely used.

The mercury-wetted relay has one particular advantage,in that the contact closure appears to be
virtually instantaneous, as the mercury globules one ach contact coalesce. The current rise time
through the contacts is generally considered to be a few picoseconds, however in a practical
circuit it will be limited by the inductance of the contacts and wiring. It was quite common,
before the restrictions on the use of mercury, to use a mercury-wetted relay in the
laboratoryasaconvenientmeansofgeneratingfastrisetimepulses,howeveralthoughtherise
timemaybepicoseconds,theexacttimingoftheeventis,likeallothertypesofrelay,subjectto
considerablejitter,possiblymilliseconds,duetomechanicalimperfections.

The same coalescence process causes another effect, which is in some applications. The
contact resistance is not stable immediately after contact closure, and drifts, mostly
downwards ,for several seconds after closure,thechangeperhapsbeing0.5ohm.

8) Multi-voltage relays
Multi-voltage relays are devices designed to work for wide voltage ranges such as 24 to 240
VAC and VDC and wide frequency ranges such as 0 to 300 Hz. They are indicated for use in
installations that do not have stable supply voltages.

9) Overload protection relay

Electricmotorsneedovercurrentprotectiontopreventdamagefromover-loadingthemotor,or
toprotectagainstshortcircuitsinconnectingcablesorinternalfaultsinthemotor
windings.Theoverloadsensingdevicesareaformofheatoperatedrelaywhereacoilheats
abimetallicstrip,orwhereasolderpotmelts,releasingaspringtooperateauxiliary
contacts.Theseauxiliarycontactsareinserieswiththecoil.Iftheoverloadsensesexcesscurrent
in the load ,the coil side-energized.

Thisthermalprotectionoperatesrelativelyslowlyallowingthemotortodrawhigherstarting
currentsbeforetheprotectionrelaywilltrip.Wheretheoverloadrelayisexposedtothesame ambient
18
temperature as the motor, a useful though crude compensation for motor ambient temperature is
provided.

Theothercommonoverloadprotectionsystemusesanelectromagnetcoilinserieswiththe
motorcircuitthatdirectlyoperatescontacts.Thisissimilartoacontrolrelaybutrequiresa
ratherhighfaultcurrenttooperatethecontacts.Topreventshortovercurrentspikesfrom
causingnuisancetriggeringthearmaturemovementisdampedwithadashpot.Thethermal
andmagneticoverloaddetectionsaretypicallyusedtogetherinamotorprotectionrelay.

Electronicoverloadprotectionrelaysmeasuremotorcurrentandcanestimatemotorwinding
temperatureusinga"thermalmodel"ofthemotorarmaturesystemthatcanbesettoprovide
moreaccuratemotorprotection.Somemotorprotectionrelaysincludetemperaturedetector inputs for
direct measurement from a thermocouple or resistance thermometersensor embedded in
thewinding.
10) Polarized relay

Apolarizedrelayplacesthearmaturebetweenthepolesofapermanentmagnettoincrease
sensitivity.Polarizedrelayswereusedinmiddle20thCenturytelephoneexchangestodetect
faintpulsesandcorrecttelegraphicdistortion.

11) Reed relay

Areedrelayisareedswitchenclosedinasolenoid.Theswitchhasasetofcontactsinside an
evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube which protects the contacts against
atmosphericcorrosion;thecontactsaremadeofmagneticmaterialthatmakesthemmove
undertheinfluenceofthefieldoftheenclosingsolenoidoranexternalmagnet.

Reed relays can switch faster than larger relays and require very little power from the control
circuit. However, they have relatively low switching current and voltage ratings. Though rare,
thereedscanbecomemagnetizedovertime,whichmakesthemstick'on'evenwhennocurrent
ispresent;changingtheorientationofthereedswithrespecttothesolenoid'smagneticfieldcan resolve
thisproblem.

Sealedcontactswithmercury-wettedcontactshavelongeroperatinglivesandlesscontact
chatterthananyotherkindofrelay.

19
12) Safetyrelays
Safetyrelaysaredeviceswhichgenerallyimplementsafetyfunctions.Intheeventofahazard,
thetaskofsuchasafetyfunctionistouseappropriatemeasurestoreducetheexistingrisktoan
acceptablelevel.
13) Solid-statecontactor
Asolid-statecontactorisaheavy-dutysolidstaterelay,includingthenecessaryheatsink,used
wherefrequenton-offcyclesarerequired,suchaswithelectricheaters,smallelectricmotors,
andlightingloads.Therearenomovingpartstowearoutandthereisnocontactbouncedueto
vibration.TheyareactivatedbyACcontrolsignalsorDCcontrolsignalsfromprogrammablelogicco
ntrollers(PLCs),PCs,transistor-transistorlogic(TTL)sources,orothermicroprocessor and
microcontrollercontrols.

14) Solid-staterelay

Asolid-staterelay(SSR)isasolidstateelectroniccomponentthatprovidesafunctionsimilarto an
electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing long-term
reliability. A solid-state relay uses a thyristor, TRIAC or other solid-state switching device,
activatedbythecontrolsignal,toswitchthecontrolledload,insteadofasolenoid.
Anoptocoupler(alight-emittingdiode(LED)coupledwithaphototransistor)canbeusedto isolate
control andcontrolled circuits.
15) Staticrelay

Astaticrelayconsistsofelectroniccircuitrytoemulateallthosecharacteristicswhichare
achievedbymovingpartsinanelectro-magneticrelay.

16) Time delayrelay

Timingrelaysarearrangedforanintentionaldelayinoperatingtheircontacts.Averyshort(a
fractionofasecond)delaywoulduseacopperdiskbetweenthearmatureandmovingblade
assembly.Currentflowinginthediskmaintainsmagneticfieldforashorttime,lengthening
releasetime.Foraslightlylonger(uptoaminute)delay,adashpotisused.Adashpotisa
pistonfilledwithfluidthatisallowedtoescapeslowly;bothair-filledandoil-filleddashpots
areused.Thetimeperiodcanbevariedbyincreasingordecreasingtheflowrate.Forlonger
timeperiods,amechanicalclockworktimerisinstalled.Relaysmaybearrangedforafixed
timingperiod,ormaybefieldadjustable,orremotelysetfromacontrolpanel.Modern
microprocessor-basedtimingrelaysprovideprecisiontimingoveragreatrange.

Some relays are constructed with a kind of "shock absorber" mechanism attached to the
20
armature which prevents immediate, full motion when the coil is either energized or de-
energized.Thisadditiongivestherelaythepropertyoftime-delayactuation.Time-delayrelays
canbeconstructedtodelayarmaturemotiononcoilenergization,de-energization,orboth.

Time-delay relay contacts must be specified not only as either normally open or normally
closed,butwhetherthedelayoperatesinthedirectionofclosingorinthedirectionofopening.
Thefollowingisadescriptionofthefourbasictypesoftime-delayrelaycontacts.

Firstwehavethenormallyopen,timed-closed(NOTC)contact.Thistypeofcontactisnormally open
when the coil is unpowered (de-energized). The contact is closed by the application of
powertotherelaycoil,butonlyafterthecoilhasbeencontinuouslypoweredforthespecified
amountoftime.Inotherwords,thedirectionofthecontact'smotion(eithertocloseortoopen)
isidenticaltoaregularNOcontact,butthereisadelayinclosingdirection.Becausethedelay occurs in the
direction of coil energization, this type of contact is alternatively known as a normally open,on-
delay.

17) Vacuumrelay
Asensitiverelayhavingitscontactsmountedinahighlyevacuatedglasshousing,topermit
handlingradio-frequencyvoltagesashighas20,000voltswithoutflashoverbetweencontacts
eventhoughcontactspacingisbutafewhundredthsofaninchwhenopen.

Pole and throw[edit]

Sincerelaysareswitches,theterminologyappliedtoswitchesisalsoappliedtorelays;arelay
switchesoneormorepoles,eachofwhosecontactscanbethrownbyenergizingthecoil.
Normally open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
disconnectedwhentherelayisinactive.Normallyclosed(NC)contactsdisconnectthecircuit
whentherelayisactivated;thecircuitisconnectedwhentherelayisinactive.Allofthecontact
formsinvolvecombinationsofNOandNCconnections.

The National Association of Relay Manufacturers and its successor, the Relay and Switch
Industry Association define 23 distinct electrical contact forms found in relays and
switches.[23] Of these, the following are commonly encountered:

SPST-NO (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Open) relays have a single Form A contact

ormakecontact.Thesehavetwoterminalswhichcanbeconnectedordisconnected.Including
twoforthecoil,sucharelayhasfourterminalsintotal.
21
SPST-NC (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Closed) relays have a single Form
B or break contact. As with an SPST-NO relay, such a relay has four terminals in total.

SPDT (Single-Pole Double-Throw) relays have a single set of Form C, break before

makeortransfercontacts.Thatis,acommonterminalconnectstoeitheroftwoothers,never
connectingtobothatthesametime.Includingtwoforthecoil,sucharelayhasatotaloffive terminals.

DPST–Double-PoleSingle-ThrowrelaysareequivalenttoapairofSPSTswitchesorrelays
actuatedbyasinglecoil.Includingtwoforthecoil,sucharelayhasatotalofsixterminals.The
polesmaybeFormAorFormB(oroneofeach;thedesignationsNOandNCshouldbeusedto resolve
theambiguity).

DPDT–Double-PoleDouble-ThrowrelayshavetwosetsofFormCcontacts.Theseare
equivalenttotwoSPDTswitchesorrelaysactuatedbyasinglecoil.Sucharelayhaseight terminals,
including thecoil

The S (single) or D (double) designator for the pole count may be replaced with a number,
indicatingmultiplecontactsconnectedtoasingleactuator.Forexample,4PDTindicatesafour-
poledouble-throwrelaythathas12switchingterminals.

EN 50005 are among applicable standards for relay terminal numbering; a typical EN 50005-
compliant SPDT relay's terminals would be numbered 11, 12, 14, A1 and A2 for the C, NC, NO,

and coil connections, respectively.[24]

DIN72552definescontactnumbersinrelaysforautomotiveuse;

85=relaycoil-

86 = relay coil +

87 = common contact

87a=normallyclosedcontact

87b=normallyopencontact

22
APPLICATIONS OF RELAY:-

Relaysareusedwhereveritisnecessarytocontrolahighpowerorhighvoltagecircuitwitha
lowpowercircuit,especiallywhengalvanicisolationisdesirable.Thefirstapplicationofrelays was in
long telegraph lines, where the weak signal received at an intermediate station could
controlacontact,regeneratingthesignalforfurthertransmission.High-voltageorhigh-current
devicescanbecontrolledwithsmall,lowvoltagewiringandpilotsswitches.Operatorscanbe isolated
from the high voltage circuit. Low power devices such as microprocessors can drive
relaystocontrolelectricalloadsbeyondtheirdirectdrivecapability.Inanautomobile,astarter relay
allows the high current of the cranking motor to be controlled with small wiring and contacts in
the ignitionkey.

Electromechanical switching systems including Strowgerand Crossbar telephone exchanges

made extensive use of relays in ancillary control circuits. The Relay Automatic Telephone
Companyalsomanufacturedtelephoneexchangesbasedsolelyonrelayswitchingtechniques
designedbyGotthilfAnsgariusBetulander.Thefirstpublicrelaybasedtelephoneexchangein
theUKwasinstalledinFleetwoodon15July1922andremainedinserviceuntil1959.

Theuseofrelaysforthelogicalcontrolofcomplexswitchingsystemsliketelephoneexchanges
wasstudiedbyClaudeShannon,whoformalizedtheapplicationofBooleanalgebratorelay
circuitdesigninASymbolicAnalysisofRelayandSwitchingCircuits.Relayscanperformthe
basicoperationsofBooleancombinatoriallogic.Forexample,thebooleanANDfunctionis
realisedbyconnectingnormallyopenrelaycontactsinseries,theORfunctionbyconnecting
normallyopencontactsinparallel.Inversionofalogicalinputcanbedonewithanormally closed
contact. Relays were used for control of automated systems for machine tools and
production lines. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing
relaylogicnetworks.

Early electro-mechanical computers such as the ARRA, Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and
ZuseZ3usedrelaysforlogicandworkingregisters.However,electronicdevicesprovedfasterand
easier touse.

Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to nuclear radiation, they are
widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste-handling
machinery.Electromechanicalprotectiverelaysareusedtodetectoverloadandotherfaultson
electricallinesbyopeningandclosingcircuitbreakers.

23
 SINGLE CHANNEL RELAY MODULE
Overview

Wecancontrolhighvoltageelectronicdevicesusingrelays.ARelayisactuallyaswitchwhich
iselectricallyoperatedbyanelectromagnet.Theelectromagnetisactivatedwithalowvoltage,
forexample5voltsfromamicrocontrolleranditpullsacontacttomakeorbreakahighvoltage
circuit.
FIG 2 CHANNEL RELAY

Single-Channel Relay Module Specifications

 Supply voltage – 3.75V to 6V

 Quiescent current: 2mA
 Current when the relay is active: ~70mA
 Relay maximum contact voltage – 250VAC or 30VDC
 Relay maximum current – 10A

SINGLE CHANNEL RELAY MODULE PIN DESCRIPTION

PIN PIN NAME DESCRIPTION

NUMBER
1 Relay Trigger Input to activate the relay

24
2 Ground 0V reference

3 VCC Supply input for powering the relay coil

4 Normally Open Normally open terminated of the relay

5 Common Common terminal of the relay

6 Normally Normally closed contact of the relay

Closed

HOW DOES A RELAY WORK?

The relay uses an electric current to open or close the contacts of a switch. This is usually done using the help of a
coil that attracts the contacts of a switch and pulls them together when activated, and a spring pushes them apart
when the coil is not energize

There are two advantages of this system – First, the current required to activate the relay is much smaller than the
current that relay contacts are capable of switching, and second, the coil and the contacts are galvanically isolated,
meaning there is no electrical connection between them. This means that the relay can be used to switch mains
current through an isolated low voltage digital system like a microcontroller
25
26
INTERNAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE CHANNEL RELAY

The extra components apart from the relay are there since it would not be possible to drive the relay directly from
the pins of a microcontroller. digital logic or a sensor. This is because although the coil consumes much less current
than the currents it can switch, it still needs relatively significant current – low power relays consume around 50mA
while higher power relays consume around 500mA. The coil is also an inductive load, so when the coil is switched
off, a large flyback voltage is developed which can damage the device turning it on and off. For this reason, a
flyback diode is added anti-parallel to the relay coil to clamp the flyback voltage.

LEDs can be added to this basic circuit to act as indicators, and sometimes even optical isolation is added to the
input to further improve the isolation

HOW TO USE SINGLE-CHANNEL RELAY MODULE

Relay modules like this one are commonly used to drive mains loads from a microcontroller like the Arduino or a
sensor. In cases like this, the common circuit diagram would be as follows.

27
For simple on/off applications, the relay can be connected as shown above. One terminal of mains is connected to
common, and the other is connected to NO or NC depending on whether the load should be connected/disconnected
when the relay is active.

BLUETOOTH MODULE(HC-05 Bluetooth Module)

HC-05 Specification:

Bluetoothprotocal:BluetoothSpecificationv2.0+EDR

Frequency: 2.4GHz ISMband

Modulation: GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift

Keying) Emission power: ≤4dBm, Class 2

Sensitivity: ≤-84dBm at 0.1% BER

Speed: Asynchronous: 2.1Mbps(Max) / 160 kbps, Synchronous: 1Mbps/1Mbps

Security: Authentication and encryption

Profiles: Bluetooth serial port

Power supply: +3.3VDC 50mA

Working temperature: -20 ~ +75Centigrade

Dimension: 26.9mm x 13mm x 2.2 mm

28
Overview

HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,designed for
transparent wireless serial connection setup.The HC-05 Bluetooth Module can be used in a
MasterorSlaveconfiguration,makingitagreatsolutionforwirelesscommunication.Thisserial port
bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)3Mbps
Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04‐
External single chip Rluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive
Frequency HoppingFeature).

Bluetooth Module HC-05

TheBluetoothmoduleHC-05isaMASTER/SLAVEmodule.Bydefaultthefactorysettingis
SLAVE.The Role of the module (Master or Slave) can be configured only by AT
COMMANDS.The slave modules cannot initiate a connection to another Bluetooth device, but
canacceptconnections.Mastermodulecaninitiateaconnectiontootherdevices.Theusercan
useitsimplyforaserialportreplacementtoestablishconnectionbetweenMCUandGPS,PCto your
embedded project,etc.

FIG 3:BLUETOOTH MODULE

29
PIN DESCRIPTION OF BLUETOOTH MODULE

Pin Description:-

The HC-05 Bluetooth Module has 6pins. They are as follows:

ENABLE:

WhenenableispulledLOW,themoduleisdisabledwhichmeansthemodulewill notturn
onanditfailstocommunicate.Whenenableisleftopenorconnectedto3.3V,themoduleis
enabledi.ethemoduleremainsonandcommunicationalsotakesplace.
Vcc:

Supply Voltage 3.3V to 5V

GND:

Ground pin

TXD & RXD:

These two pins acts as an UART interface for communication

STATE:

It acts as a status indicator.When the module is not connected to paired with any other
bluetoothdevice,signalgoesLow.Atthislowstate,theledflashescontinuouslywhichdenotes
thatthemoduleisnotpairedwithotherdevice.Whenthismoduleisconnectedto/pairedwith

30
 anyotherbluetoothdevice,thesignalgoesHigh.Atthishighstate,theledblinkswithaconstant
delaysayforexample2sdelaywhichindicatesthatthemoduleispaired.
BUTTON SWITCH:

This is used to switch the module into AT command mode.To enable AT command mode,press
the button switch for a second.With the help of AT commands,the user can change the
parameters of this module but only when the module is not paired with any other BT device.the
module is connected to any other bluetooth device, it starts to communicate with that device and
fails to work in AT command mode.
HC-05 Default Settings:-
Default Bluetooth Name: ‚HC-05‛ Default Password: 1234 or 0000 Default Communication:
Slave Default Mode: Data Mode
Data Mode Baud Rate: 9600, 8, N, 1
Command Mode Baud Rate: 38400, 8, N, 1 Default firmware: LINVOR

BLOCK DIAGRAM

ARDUINO
Bluetooth RELAY
UNO R3
Module MODULE

AC CURRENT LOAD
DC CURRENT
SOURCE
SOURCE

31
LOCKDIAGRAMOFHOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMUSINGARDUINOAND
BLUETOOTHMODULE

32
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUITDIAGRAMOFHOMEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMUSINGARDUINOA
ND BLUETOOTHMODULE

33
CODE

char val;

void setup() {

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);

void loop() {

if(Serial.available()){
val = Serial.read();
Serial.println(val);
}
if(val=='1')
{ digitalWrite(13,LOW);

}
else if(val=='2'){
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);

Delay(100)
}

34
APPLICATIONS

Home Is Where the Smart Is

Evmachine-to-machine communication, and you understand you’re not the most tech-savvy
consumer, it’s impossible that you’ve missed the abundance of home automation products
fillingtheshelvesandadsofeveryhomeimprovementstore.Suddenlyanordinaryerrandfor light bulbs
will leave you wondering if your lamp could send you a message alerting you that the light bulb
needs to be replaced. Furthermore, if your lamp is talking to you, could your
refrigeratorandsprinklersystembetoo?Expertssay:Yes,thepossibilitiesareendless.Ifthat’s
thecase,wheredoyoubegin?

Anyday-to-day,repeatableprocessisautomatablewithsmarthomeapplications.Thegreater the
control and flexibility of these processes, the more energy and cost savings the resident
experiences,whicharefactorsanyonewhopaysutilitiesstrivestomoderate.Thesmarthome revolution
is likely to be more of an evolution, with the incorporation of one or two home
systemsatatime,graduallyautomatingourhouseholdsthroughsmartmobiledevices.
However,withtheseelementsofefficiencycomesthequestionofeaseofuse.Willitbringyou enjoyment
or exasperation? With so many brands and models already available in an ever-
growingmarket,howdoyouknowwhichisbestforyou?

Lighting Control: Leaving the Dark Ages and Stepping Into the Light

Smart lighting allows you to control wall switches, blinds, and lamps, but how intuitive is a
lightingcontrolsystem?Itturnsout,quite;itscapabilitiesareextensive.You’reabletoschedule the
times lights should turn on and off, decide which specific rooms should be illuminated at
certaintimes,selecttheleveloflightwhichshouldbeemitted,andchoosehowparticularlights react
through motion sensitivity, as seen with Belkin’s WeMo Switch + Motion, which is both
affordableandeasytousewithitsplug-and-playsimplicity.

HVAC Regulation: No Longer Burned by Your Heating Bill

As fuel costs rise and the availability and sustainability of our resources becomes a greater
concern, heating/cooling our homes efficiently is less a budgetary bonus and more of a
necessity.Overthepastyear,smartthermostatsandautomatedhomeheatingsystemshave
becomemorereadilyavailableandeasilyincorporateintoanyhome.Heatingandcoolingour

35
homes consumes an average of 50% of energy costs yearly, making daily HVAC
regulation progressively rewarding. Maintaining a substantial lead among the nearly non-
existent
competition,theNestLearningThermostat,learnsyourheatingandcoolingpreferencesover
time,eliminatingtheneedforprogrammingandisaccessiblefromyoursmartphoneapp.With
automatedHVACyouareabletoreducetheheatwhenaroomisunoccupied,andincreaseor
decreaseitatspecifictimesbasedonyourscheduleandoccupancy.

Lawn Irrigation Systems: The Grass is Always Greener

Alushandhealthylawnisasourceofprideformosthomeowners,buttheweatherdoesn’t
alwayscooperateandprovidetheadequateelementsforaflourishinglandscape.Fordecades
we’vereliedonsprinklersystemstokeepouryardsatpeakpresentation,butatwhatcost?The
average American home spends approximately 30% of their daily water usage on lawn and
gardenmaintenance.Nearlyhalfofthatamountiswastedduetoinefficiency.Ifyouapplythat
statistictothenationalaverage,upto4.5billiongallonsofwateriswastedperdaythrough
ineffectivewateringmethods.Ifwereflectuponthemonetaryimpactofthis,itresultsin
Americansspendingoverathousanddollarsayearinwater,withaportionofthatbeingwaste.
Theglobaleffectsareevengreaterwhenyouconsiderthegrowingconcernoverclimatechange and
the dramatic decrease in agricultural natural resources. However, sprinkler control
systems,likeSkydrop,areprovidingwaterregulationthroughreal-timecommunicationwith
localweatherdata.Ifarainstormdevelopsanddepositstwoinchesofrainwateronyourlawn,
theautomatedsprinklerdetectsthesaturationanddisablesitsscheduledwatering.Conversely,
thesystemwillbealertedtodryconditionsandsupplythenecessaryamountofnourishment,
withoutover-watering.

Smart Appliances: What’s for Dinner?

Will smart kitchen appliances actually make you a better cook? Maybe. Smart refrigerators,
such as LG’s Smart ThinQ, allow you to scan grocery store receipts and keep an inventory of
youritems,andalertsyouifanitemisabouttoexpire.Moreimpressively,itsuggestsrecipes
basedonyourrefrigerator’scontentsandletsyouknowwhenyouneedtoreplaceitems.Smart
ovenssynchwithyoursmartphoneandautomaticallypreheattothecorrecttemperaturebased
onarecipeselectedfromyourdatabase.Whiletheseapplianceoptionsseemabitsuperficial and
convenience based, there is a conservation factor as well. By automating your kitchen appliance
and making them accessible from your smart device, you’re able to sever the
36
electricitysuppliedtounusedappliancesandreduceyourenergyconsumptionandcosts.
Considering the number of appliances the average household owns; this could save a
substantial amount of money over time.

Security Systems: Knock, Knock…

Who’s there? The Internet of Things. While efficiency and conservation are certainly IoT
benefits, its potential to have improved control over home security is a primary focus. Smart
locks, like Kwikset’s Kevo, a Bluetooth enabled electronic deadbolt, and various connected
home security systems, such as iSmartAlarm, offer a variety of features including door and
windowsensors,motiondetectors,videocamerasandrecordingmechanisms.Allofwhichare
connectedtoamobiledeviceandaccessibleviathecloud,thusenablingyoutoaccessreal-time
information on the security status of your home. Naturally, there is a great deal of scrutiny
regardingtheleveloftrustincontrollingyourhome’ssecuritysystemviaamobiledevice,but
itbegsearnestexplorationwhenweighingthepotentialbenefitsandpeaceofminditprovides
homeowners.

37
CONCLUSION

The system as the name indicates, ‘Home automation’ makes the system more flexible and
providesattractiveuserinterfacecomparedtootherhomeautomationsystems.Inthissystem we
integrate mobile devices into home automation systems. A novel architecture for a home
automation system is proposed using the relatively new communication technologies. The
system consists of mainly three components is a BLUETOOTH module, Arduino
microcontrollerandrelaycircuits.WIFIisusedasthecommunicationchannelbetweenandroid
phoneandtheArduinomicrocontroller.Wehidethecomplexityofthenotionsinvolvedinthe home
automation system by including them into a simple, but comprehensive set of related
concepts.Thissimplificationisneededtofitasmuchofthefunctionalityonthelimitedspace
offered by a mobile device’s display. This paper proposes a low cost, secure, ubiquitously
accessible,auto-configurable,remotelycontrolledsolution.Theapproachdiscussedinthepaper is
novel and has achieved the target to control home appliances remotely using the WiFi technology
to connects system parts, satisfying user needs and requirements. WiFi technology capable
solution has proved to be controlled remotely, provide home security and is cost- effective as
compared to the previously existing systems. Hence we can conclude that the required goals and
objectives of home automation system have been achieved. The system design and architecture
were discussed, and prototype presents the basic level of home appliance control and remote
monitoring has been implemented. Finally, the proposed system
isbetterfromthescalabilityandflexibilitypointofviewthanthecommerciallyavailablehome
automationsystems.

38
REFERENCE

1. Wikipedia

2. WirelessSensorNetworks:Concepts,Applications,ExperimentationandAnalysis.2016.
p. 108. ISBN 9811004129. The use of standardized, with open standards over
proprietary
protocolsprovidestheindustrywiththefreedomtochoosebetweensupplierswithg
uaranteed interoperability. Standardized solutions usually have a much
longer lifespan than proprietary solutions.

3. Jumpup^"ResearchandMarkets:GlobalHomeAutomationandControlMa
rket2014-2020- Lighting Control, Security & Access Control, HVAC
Control Analysis of the $5.77 Billion Industry".Reuters.2015-01-
19.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2016-05-05.

4. Home Automation & Wiring (1 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/TAB

Electronics. 1999-03- 31. ISBN9780070246744.

42