EX.

NO: 01 CLASS AND OBJECT

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate the class and object using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Create a class name

STEP 3: Initialize the member variables when an object is created.

STEP 4: In member function display the person's name and age.

STEP 5: In the 'main' function Create two objects

STEP 6: Call the member function to display their information.

STEP 7: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person {
public:
string name;
int age;
Person(string n, int a) {
name = n;
age = a;
}
void displayInfo() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Person person1("Alice", 25);
Person person2("Bob", 30);
person1.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
person2.displayInfo();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Name: Alice
Age: 25
Name: Bob
Age: 30

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 02 CONSTRUCTOR, COPY CONSTRUCTOR&DESTRUCTOR

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate Constructor, copy constructor and destructor using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Define a class with private member variables

STEP 3: To initialize the object, a copy constructor to create a new object

STEP 4: Create three 'Person' objects: person1, person2, and person3.

STEP 5: Display information for all three objects

STEP 6: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Person {
private:
string name;
int age;
public:
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {
cout << "Constructor called for " << name << endl;
}
Person(const Person &other) : name(other.name), age(other.age) {
cout << "Copy Constructor called for " << name << endl;
}
~Person() {
cout << "Destructor called for " << name << endl;
}
void displayInfo() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Person person1("Alice", 25);
Person person2("Bob", 30);
Person person3 = person1;
cout << "Displaying person1:" << endl;
 person1.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
cout << "Displaying person2:" << endl;
person2.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
cout << "Displaying person3:" << endl;
person3.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Constructor called for Alice
Constructor called for Bob
Copy Constructor called for Alice
Displaying person1:
Name: Alice
Age: 25
Displaying person2:
Name: Bob
Age: 30
Displaying person3:
Name: Alice
Age: 25
Destructor called for Alice
Destructor called for Bob
Destructor called for Alice

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 03 FUNCTION OVERLOADING

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate Function Overloading using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Define a function with the same name but different parameter lists.

STEP 3: In the main function, call the overloaded functions with different
argument types and store the results in variables.

STEP 4: Display the results to demonstrate the function overloading.

STEP 5: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
float add(float a, float b) {
return a + b;
}
string add(string a, string b) {
return a + b;
}
int main() {
int sum1 = add(5, 10);
float sum2 = add(3.5, 2.7);
string result = add("Hello, ", "world!");
cout << "Sum of integers: " << sum1 << endl;
cout << "Sum of floats: " << sum2 << endl;
cout << "Concatenated string: " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Sum of integers: 15
Sum of floats: 6.2
Concatenated string: Hello, world!

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 04 FRIEND FUNCTION

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate Friend Function using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Declare the class and named the class.

STEP 3: Declare the friend function prototype outside the class.

STEP 4: Define the class with its private members and constructor.

STEP 5: Declare the friend function within the class using the friend keyword.

STEP 6: In the main function, create an object of the class and call the friend
function on that object.

STEP 7:Display the result obtained from the friend function.

STEP 8: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyClass;

int add(MyClass obj);

class MyClass {
private:
int x;
public:
MyClass(int val) : x(val) {}
friend int add(MyClass obj);
};
int add(MyClass obj) {
return obj.x + 10;
}
int main() {
MyClass myObject(5);
int result = add(myObject);
cout << "Result: " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Result: 15

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 05 PASSING OBJECT TO FUNCTION

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate concept of Passing object to function using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Define a class with its members and member functions.

STEP 3: Create functions that accept an object as an argument using different

methods:

STEP 4: In the main function, create an object of the class.

STEP 5: Call the member function of the object to display its initial information.

STEP 6: Pass the object to each of the functions using different methods

STEP 7: Display the object's information to observe the changes.

STEP 8: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Person {
public:
string name;
int age;
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}
void displayInfo() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
void passByValue(Person p) {
cout << "Inside passByValue function:" << endl;
p.displayInfo();
p.age = 35;
}
void passByReference(Person &p) {
cout << "Inside passByReference function:" << endl;
p.displayInfo();
p.age = 40;
}
void passByPointer(Person *p) {
cout << "Inside passByPointer function:" << endl;
p->displayInfo();
p->age = 45;
}

int main() {
Person person("Alice", 30);
cout << "Original object:" << endl;
person.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
passByValue(person);
cout << "After passByValue:" << endl;
person.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
passByReference(person);
cout << "After passByReference:" << endl;
person.displayInfo();
cout << endl;
passByPointer(&person);
cout << "After passByPointer:" << endl;
person.displayInfo();
return 0;
}
Output:
Original object:
Name: Alice
Age: 30
Inside passByValue function:
Name: Alice
Age: 30
After passByValue:
Name: Alice
Age: 30
Inside passByReference function:
Name: Alice
Age: 30
After passByReference:
Name: Alice
Age: 40
Inside passByPointer function:
Name: Alice
Age: 40
After passByPointer:
Name: Alice
Age: 45

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 06 DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate pointers Dynamic memory allocation using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Define a class with its members and member functions.

STEP 3: In the main function, declare a pointer to the class type

STEP 4: To create an object of the class on the heap and assign its address to the
pointer.

STEP 6: Access the object's members using the pointer

STEP 7: Modify the object's properties through the pointer.

STEP 8: Display the modified information.

STEP 9: Release the dynamically allocated memory using delete to avoid

memory leaks.

STEP 10 : End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person {
public:
string name;
int age;
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}
void displayInfo() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Person *personPtr = new Person("Alice", 30);
cout << "Accessing object using pointer:" << endl;
personPtr->displayInfo();
cout << endl;
personPtr->name = "Bob";
personPtr->age = 35;
cout << "Modified object information:" << endl;
personPtr->displayInfo();
cout << endl;
delete personPtr;
return 0;
}
Output:
Accessing object using pointer:
Name: Alice
Age: 30

Modified object information:

Name: Bob
Age: 35

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 07 UNARY OPERATOR OVERLOADING

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate Unary operator overloading using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Define a class with its members and member functions.

STEP 3: Overload the unary operator that provide custom behavior for within the
class.

STEP 4: In the operator overloading functions, specify the operator to behave

when applied to objects of your class.

STEP 5: In the main function, create an object of the class .

STEP 6: Apply unary operators to the object and store the results in other objects.

STEP 7: Display the results to demonstrate the custom behavior of the overloaded
unary operators.

STEP 8: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyNumber {
private:
int value;
public:
MyNumber(int val) : value(val) {}
MyNumber operator+() {
return MyNumber(value);
}
MyNumber operator-() {
return MyNumber(-value);
}
void displayNumber() {
cout << "Number: " << value << endl;
}
};

int main() {
MyNumber num1(10);
MyNumber num2 = +num1; // Unary '+' operator
MyNumber num3 = -num1; // Unary '-' operator
cout << "Original number:" << endl;
num1.displayNumber();
cout << endl;
cout << "Using unary '+' operator:" << endl;
num2.displayNumber();
 cout << endl;
cout << "Using unary '-' operator:" << endl;
num3.displayNumber();
return 0;
}
Output:
Original number:
Number: 10

Using unary '+' operator:

Number: 10

Using unary '-' operator:

Number: -10

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 08 BINARY OPERATOR OVERLOADING

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate Binary operator overloading using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Define a class with its members and member functions.

STEP 3: Overload the binary operatorand provide custom behavior for within the
class.

STEP 4: In the operator overloading functions, specify the operator to behave

objects of class

STEP 5: In the main function, create objects of the class and apply binary
operators

STEP 6: Display the results to demonstrate the custom behavior of the overloaded
binary operators.

STEP 7: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex {
private:
double real;
double imag;
public:
Complex(double r, double i) : real(r), imag(i) {}
Complex operator+(const Complex& other) {
return Complex(real + other.real, imag + other.imag);
}
Complex operator-(const Complex& other) {
return Complex(real - other.real, imag - other.imag);
}
void displayComplex() {
cout << "(" << real << " + " << imag << "i)" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Complex num1(2.5, 3.0);
Complex num2(1.5, 2.0);
Complex sum = num1 + num2; // Binary '+' operator
Complex diff = num1 - num2; // Binary '-' operator
cout << "Complex number 1: ";
num1.displayComplex();
cout << "Complex number 2: ";
num2.displayComplex();
 cout << "Sum of complex numbers: ";
sum.displayComplex();
cout << "Difference of complex numbers: ";
diff.displayComplex();
return 0;
}
Output:
Complex number 1: (2.5 + 3i)
Complex number 2: (1.5 + 2i)
Sum of complex numbers: (4 + 5i)
Difference of complex numbers: (1 + 1i)

Result:

Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully

EX.NO: 09 INHERITANCE

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate Single Inheritance using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2:Create a base class with attributes and methods.

STEP 3:Create a derived class that inherits from the base class

STEP 4:Define additional attributes and methods in the derived class.

STEP 5:Access both base class and derived class methods in the main program.

STEP 5: End the program.

Flowchart:
Program:
class Animal {
public:
void eat() {
cout << "Animal is eating" << endl;
}
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
void bark() {
cout << "Dog is barking" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Dog myDog;
myDog.eat();
myDog.bark();
return 0;
}

Output
Animal is eating
Dog is barking
Aim:

To demonstrate Multilevel Inheritance using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Create a base class with attributes and methods.

STEP 3: Create an intermediate class that inherits from the base class.
STEP 4: Create a derived class that inherits from the intermediate class.
STEP 5: Define additional attributes and methods in the derived class.
STEP 6: Access methods from all levels of the hierarchy in the main

STEP 5: End the program.

Flowchart:

Program:
class Animal {
public:
void eat() {
cout << "Animal is eating" << endl;
}
};
class Mammal : public Animal {
public:
void giveBirth() {
cout << "Mammal is giving birth" << endl;
}
};
class Dog : public Mammal {
public:
void bark() {
cout << "Dog is barking" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Dog myDog;
myDog.eat();
myDog.giveBirth();
myDog.bark();
return 0;
}
Output
Animal is eating
Mammal is giving birth
Dog is barking
 Aim:

To demonstrate Multiple Inheritance using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 1: Create multiple base classes with attributes and methods.

STEP 1: Create a derived class that inherits from multiple base classes.
STEP 1: Define additional attributes and methods in the derived class.
STEP 1: Access methods from all base classes and the derived class in the main
program.
STEP 5: End the program.

Flowchart:

Program:
class Animal {
public:
void eat() {
cout << "Animal is eating" << endl;
}
};
class Machine {
public:
void operate() {
cout << "Machine is operating" << endl;
}
};
class Robot : public Animal, public Machine {
public:
 void work() {
cout << "Robot is working" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Robot myRobot;
myRobot.eat();
myRobot.operate();
myRobot.work();
return 0;
}
Output
Animal is eating
Machine is operating
Robot is working
 Aim:

To demonstrate Hierarchical Inheritance using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 1: Create a base class with attributes and methods.

STEP 2: Create multiple derived classes, each inheriting from the same base
class.
STEP 3: Define additional attributes and methods in the derived classes.
STEP 4: Access base class and derived class methods in the main program for
each derived class.
STEP 5: End the program.

Flowchart:

Program:
class Shape {
public:
void draw() {
cout << "Drawing a shape" << endl;
}
};
class Circle : public Shape {
public:
void drawCircle() {
cout << "Drawing a circle" << endl;
}
};
class Square : public Shape {
public:
void drawSquare() {
cout << "Drawing a square" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Circle myCircle;
Square mySquare;
myCircle.draw();
myCircle.drawCircle();
mySquare.draw();
mySquare.drawSquare();
return 0;
}
Output
Drawing a shape
Drawing a circle
Drawing a shape
Drawing a square
Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 10 VIRTUAL FUNCTION

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate virtual function using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Create a base class with a virtual function

STEP 3: Create derived classes that inherit from the base class.

STEP 4: Override the virtual function in each derived class with its own
implementation.

STEP 5: In the main() function, create instances of the derived classes and a
pointer to the base class.

STEP 6: Assign the derived class objects to the base class pointer.
End the program.

STEP 7: Call the virtual function using the base class pointer.

STEP 8: End the program

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal {
public:
virtual void makeSound() {
cout << "Animal makes a generic sound" << endl;
}
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
void makeSound() override {
cout << "Dog barks" << endl;
}
};
class Cat : public Animal {
public:
void makeSound() override {
cout << "Cat meows" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Animal* myAnimal;
Dog myDog;
Cat myCat;
myAnimal = &myDog;
myAnimal->makeSound();
myAnimal = &myCat;
 myAnimal->makeSound();
return 0;
}

Output:
Dog barks
Cat meows

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 11 TEXT FILE

DATE:

Aim:

To manipulate a text file using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Open the input file for reading.

STEP 3: Check if the input file opened successfully.
STEP 4: Open the output file for writing.
STEP 5: Check if the output file opened successfully.
STEP 6: Read lines from the input file one by one until the end of the file.
STEP 7: Write each line to the output file.
STEP 8: Close both the input and output files.
STEP 9: Display a success message.
STEP10: End the program

Flow chart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main() {
std::ifstream inputFile("input.txt");
if (!inputFile) {
std::cerr << "Failed to open input file!" << std::endl;
return 1;
}

std::ofstream outputFile("output.txt");
if (!outputFile) {
std::cerr << "Failed to open output file!" << std::endl;
return 1;
}
std::string line;
while (std::getline(inputFile, line)) {
outputFile << line << std::endl;
}
inputFile.close();
outputFile.close();
std::cout << "Text copied from input.txt to output.txt successfully." << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
g++ file_copy.cpp -o file_copy
./file_copy

Result:

Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully

EX.NO: 12 I/O OPERATION ON A FILE

DATE:

Aim:

To perform sequential I/O operation on a file using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Open the input file for reading.

STEP 3: Check if the input file opened successfully.

STEP 4: Open the output file for writing.
STEP 5: Check if the output file opened successfully.
STEP 6: Define variables to store the data read from the input file.
STEP 7: Use a while loop to read data from the input file using the >> operator.
STEP 8: Perform operations with the read data as needed.
STEP 9: Close both the input and output files using the close() method.
STEP10: Display a success message indicating that the data has been copied
STEP11: End the program

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main() {
// Open an input file for reading
std::ifstream inputFile("input.txt");
if (!inputFile) {
std::cerr << "Failed to open input file!" << std::endl;
return 1;
}
std::ofstream outputFile("output.txt");
if (!outputFile) {
std::cerr << "Failed to open output file!" << std::endl;
return 1;
}
int number;
std::string text;
while (inputFile >> number >> text) {
outputFile << "Number: " << number << ", Text: " << text << std::endl;
}
inputFile.close();
outputFile.close();
std::cout << "Data copied from input.txt to output.txt successfully." << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output
Data copied from input.txt to output.txt successfully

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 13 COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

DATE:

Aim:

To find the biggest number in command line arguments using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Check the number of command-line arguments

STEP 3: Initialize a variable largest with the integer value of the first command-

line argument

STEP 4: Use a for loop to iterate through the remaining command-line arguments

(argv[i] for i starting from 2

STEP 5: Inside the loop, convert the current command-line argument to an integer

using the atoi function and store it in a variable

STEP 6: print the value of largest to the console

STEP 7: End the program

Flowchart:
 Program:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
if (argc < 2) {
std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " number1 number2 number3 ..." <<
std::endl;
return 1;
}
int largest = atoi(argv[1]);
for (int i = 2; i < argc; ++i) {
int currentNumber = atoi(argv[i]);
if (currentNumber > largest) {
largest = currentNumber;
}
}
std::cout << "The largest number is: " << largest << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
The largest number is: 20

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 14 CLASS TEMPLATE

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate class template using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Define the class template using the template keyword

STEP 3: Inside the class template declare member variables and functions that use
the template parameter T
STEP 4: In the main function instantiate objects of the class template by
specifying the template argument
STEP 5: Initialize the objects with appropriate values
STEP 6: Call member functions on these objects to perform operations
STEP 7: Compile and run the program
STEP 8: End the program

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
class MyTemplateClass {
public:
MyTemplateClass(T value) : data(value) {}

void printData() {
std::cout << "Data: " << data << std::endl;
}
private:
T data;
};
int main() {
MyTemplateClass<int> intObj(42);
MyTemplateClass<double> doubleObj(3.14);
MyTemplateClass<std::string> stringObj("Hello, World!");
intObj.printData();
doubleObj.printData();
stringObj.printData();
return 0;
}
Output:
Hello, World!

3.14
42

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 15 FUNCTION TEMPLATE

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate function template using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Declare a function template findMax with a template parameter T.

STEP 3: Inside the function template, define two parameters a and b of type T.

STEP 4: Use the conditional operator (?:) to compare a and b.

STEP 5: In the main function, use the findMax function template with different
data types
STEP 6: Print the results.

STEP 7: End the program

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
T findMax(T a, T b) {
return (a > b) ? a : b;
}
int main() {
int intResult = findMax(10, 20);
double doubleResult = findMax(3.14, 2.71);
std::cout << "Max of 10 and 20 is: " << intResult << std::endl;
std::cout << "Max of 3.14 and 2.71 is: " << doubleResult << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Max of 10 and 20 is: 20
Max of 3.14 and 2.71 is: 3.14

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully
EX.NO: 16 EXCEPTION HANDLING

DATE:

Aim:

To demonstrate Exception handling using C++ program

Algorithm:

STEP 1: Start the program

STEP 2: Create a function (divide that can potentially throw an exception

STEP 3: In this function, check if the denominator is zero

STEP 4: In the main function, set up a try block. Inside the try block
STEP 5: If an exception is thrown within the try block, it is caught by a
corresponding catch block
STEP 6: Compile and run the program.
STEP 7: End the program

Flowchart:
Program:
#include <iostream>
double divide(int numerator, int denominator) {
if (denominator == 0) {
throw std::runtime_error("Division by zero is not allowed.");
}
return static_cast<double>(numerator) / denominator;
}

int main() {
try {
int numerator, denominator;
std::cout << "Enter numerator: ";
std::cin >> numerator;
std::cout << "Enter denominator: ";
std::cin >> denominator;
double result = divide(numerator, denominator);
std::cout << "Result of division: " << result << std::endl;
}
catch (const std::runtime_error& ex) {
std::cerr << "Error: " << ex.what() << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter numerator: 10
Enter denominator: 2
Result of division: 5
Enter numerator: 5
Enter denominator: 0
Error: Division by zero is not allowed.

Result:
Thus, the C++ program was executed successfully