Understanding XML

What is XML?
• XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.
• It is a markup language similar to HTML.
• XML is designed to store and transport data.
• It is self-descriptive and allows users to define their own tags.

Example of an XML Document:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<contact-info>
<address category="residence">
<name>Govind Kumar</name>
<company>Reskom</company>
<phone>+917070902340</phone>
</address>
</contact-info>

XML Syntax Rules

1. XML documents must have a root element that is the parent of all other
elements:

<root>
<child>
<subchild>.....</subchild>
</child>
</root>

2. All elements must have a closing tag:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

3. XML tags are case-sensitive. The tag <Letter> is different from <letter>. Tags
must match in case:

<message>This is correct</message>

4. Elements must be properly nested:

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

5. Elements can have attributes in name/value pairs:

<note date="12/11/2007">
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
 </note>

6. Whitespace is preserved: Unlike HTML, XML preserves whitespace inside

elements.
7. Comments in XML use the following syntax:

<!-- This is a comment -->

8. Special characters must be escaped:

<, >, &, ', " should be replaced with entities:

&lt; Less than (<)

&gt; Greater than (>)
&amp; Ampersand (&)
&apos; Apostrophe (')
&quot; Quotation mark (")

Understanding JSON
What is JSON?
• JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation.
• JSON is a lightweight format for storing and transporting data.
• It is often used when data is sent from a server to a web page.
• JSON is self-descriptive and easy to understand.

JSON Structure
JSON consists of key-value pairs, where values can be:

• Strings: "name": "Alice"

• Numbers: "age": 25
• Booleans:"isActive": true
• Objects (Nested JSON): "address": { "city": "New York", "zip": "10001" }
• Arrays: "hobbies": ["reading", "cycling", "traveling"]
• Null values: "value": null

Example JSON Data

1. JSON Example - Cars Data
{
"cars": [
 {
"carname": "Ford",
"carnumber": "TE123",
"owner": "ABC",
"colour": "White",
"city": "Hyderabad"
},
{
"carname": "Creta",
"carnumber": "TE456",
"owner": "DEF",
"colour": "Black",
"city": "Visakhapatnam"
},
{
"carname": "Benz",
"carnumber": "TE789",
"owner": "GHI",
"colour": "Grey",
"city": "Bangalore"
},
{
"carname": "BMW",
"carnumber": "TE321",
"owner": "JKL",
"colour": "Blue",
"city": "Mumbai"
},
{
"carname": "Swift",
"carnumber": "TE876",
"owner": "MNO",
"colour": "Maroon",
"city": "Chennai"
}
]
}

2. JSON Example - Person Data

{
"name": "Alice",
"age": 25,
"isActive": true,
"address": {
"city": "New York",
"zip": "10001"
},
"hobbies": ["reading", "cycling", "traveling"]
}
Understanding URL

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a web address used to access resources on the
internet. A URL consists of several components, each serving a specific purpose. Below is a
breakdown of its structure:

1. Protocol or Scheme
A URL starts with a protocol, which defines the method used to access the resource. The
resource is accessed through the Domain Name System (DNS). Common protocols include:

• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

• HTTPS (Secure HTTP)
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• Mailto (Email Links)
• TELNET (Remote Login Protocol)

For example, in the URL https://www.geeksforgeeks.org, the protocol used is HTTPS.

2. Domain or Host Name

The domain name specifies the location of the resource on the internet. It represents the
website you are accessing. In the example URL, the domain name is:
www.geeksforgeeks.org

3. Port Name
A port number follows the domain name, separated by a colon (:). It determines how the
connection is established with the web server. If not explicitly stated, the browser assumes
the default port based on the protocol:

• Port 80 – Default for HTTP

• Port 443 – Default for HTTPS
• Port 21 – Default for FTP

Example with a port: https://www.example.com:8080

4. Path
The path refers to the specific location of a file or resource stored on the web server. It helps
in accessing the desired page. In the example URL, the path is: /array-data-structure
5. Query
A query string is typically found in dynamic web pages. It starts with a question mark (?)
and contains parameters that pass information to the server. In the example:

https://www.example.com/search?q=URL+structure

Here, ?q=URL+structure is the query.

6. Parameters
Parameters appear within the query string and are used to send additional information to the
server. Multiple parameters are separated by an ampersand (&).

Example:

https://www.example.com/search?q=URL+structure&lang=en

• q=URL+structure (search query)

• lang=en (language filter)

7. Fragments
A fragment is a reference to a specific section within a webpage. It starts with a hashtag (#).
It does not send information to the server but helps navigate within the page.

Example:

https://www.example.com/documentation#introduction

Understanding HTTP
What is HTTP?
• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
• It is the foundation of data communication on the web.
• HTTP is a stateless protocol, meaning each request from a client to a server is independent.
• The latest version is HTTP/3, which improves speed and security.

HTTP Methods
HTTP defines different request methods, each serving a specific purpose:

1. GET – Requests data from a specified resource.

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1

 2. POST – Sends data to the server to create a resource.

POST /submit-form HTTP/1.1

3. PUT – Updates an existing resource or creates one if it doesn’t exist.

PUT /update-user/123 HTTP/1.1

4. DELETE – Removes a specified resource.

DELETE /delete-user/123 HTTP/1.1

5. PATCH – Partially updates a resource.

6. HEAD – Retrieves headers from a resource without fetching its body.
7. OPTIONS – Returns the allowed methods for a resource.

HTTP Status Codes

HTTP responses include status codes that indicate the result of a request:

1xx Informational
• 100 Continue – The server received the request headers and is waiting for the body.
• 101 Switching Protocols – The server is switching protocols as requested by the client.
• 102 Processing – The server has received and is processing the request.

2xx Success
• 200 OK – The request was successful.
• 201 Created – The request was successful, and a resource was created.
• 202 Accepted – The request has been accepted but is still being processed.
• 204 No Content – The request was successful, but there is no response body.

3xx Redirection
• 301 Moved Permanently – The requested resource has been permanently moved.
• 302 Found – The requested resource is temporarily available at a different location.
• 304 Not Modified – The resource has not been modified since the last request.

4xx Client Errors

• 400 Bad Request – The server could not understand the request.
• 401 Unauthorized – Authentication is required.
• 403 Forbidden – The server refuses to fulfill the request.
• 404 Not Found – The requested resource could not be found.
• 405 Method Not Allowed – The requested method is not allowed for this resource.
• 408 Request Timeout – The server timed out waiting for the request.
5xx Server Errors
• 500 Internal Server Error – A generic error message when the server encounters an issue.
• 502 Bad Gateway – The server received an invalid response from an upstream server.
• 503 Service Unavailable – The server is currently unavailable (overloaded or down for
maintenance).
• 504 Gateway Timeout – The server did not receive a timely response from an upstream server.

HTTP Headers
Headers provide additional information about requests and responses.

• Request Headers: Provide metadata about the request.

User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Accept: application/json

• Response Headers: Provide metadata about the response.

Content-Type: text/html
Cache-Control: no-cache

Difference Between HTTP and HTTPS

Feature HTTP HTTPS

Security No encryption Uses SSL/TLS encryption

URL Prefix http:// https://

Port 80 443

Understanding Integration and Boomi Integration

What is Integration?
Integration is the process of connecting different systems, applications, and data sources to
work together as a unified system. It enables seamless communication and data exchange
between disparate platforms.

Types of Integration
1. Application Integration – Connecting different software applications to enable data exchange
and workflow automation.
2. Data Integration – Combining data from different sources into a unified view for analytics and
decision-making.
3. Process Integration – Automating and coordinating business processes across multiple systems.
 4. Cloud Integration – Connecting cloud-based applications and services to ensure seamless data
flow.
5. Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Integration – Using a middleware solution to facilitate
communication between various applications.
6. API Integration – Exposing and consuming APIs to enable interoperability between different
systems.
7. B2B Integration – Facilitating seamless data exchange between business partners, suppliers, and
customers.
8. IoT Integration – Connecting Internet of Things (IoT) devices to enterprise systems for real-time
data processing.

What is Boomi Integration?

Boomi is a cloud-based integration platform as a service (iPaaS) that helps businesses
connect applications, data, and processes across hybrid environments.

Key Features of Boomi Integration

1. Drag-and-Drop Interface – Simplifies integration development.
2. Pre-Built Connectors – Supports multiple applications like Salesforce, SAP, NetSuite, etc.
3. API Management – Manages and secures APIs for integration.
4. Master Data Hub – Ensures data consistency across platforms.
5. Workflow Automation – Automates business processes with low-code solutions.
6. Scalability and Cloud-Native – Adapts to business needs with flexible deployment.
7. Monitoring and Analytics – Provides real-time insights into data flows.

Boomi Integration Process

1. Define Source and Destination – Select applications to be integrated.
2. Use Connectors – Utilize pre-built or custom connectors.
3. Map Data – Transform and map data fields between systems.
4. Apply Business Rules – Set validation and transformation rules.
5. Deploy and Monitor – Run integrations and track performance.

Benefits of Boomi Integration

• Faster Deployment – Reduces integration time with reusable components.
• Cost Efficiency – Lowers operational and maintenance costs.
• Enhanced Data Accuracy – Ensures real-time synchronization.
• Improved Business Agility – Adapts quickly to changing business requirements.

Boomi is a powerful iPaaS solution for organizations looking to streamline their integration
processes. Let me know if you need further details!

Application Programming Interface (API)

1. What is an API?
An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of defined rules and protocols that
enable software applications to communicate with each other. APIs allow different systems,
platforms, or services to share data and functionality in a structured and standardized way.

1.1 Why Are APIs Important?

• Enable seamless communication between applications.
• Allow businesses to integrate third-party services.
• Improve efficiency by reusing existing services instead of rebuilding them.
• Facilitate scalability by allowing modular architecture and microservices.

2. How APIs Work

1. Client Request: A user or system sends a request to an API endpoint via HTTP.
2. Processing: The API processes the request, interacts with databases or services, and retrieves the
necessary data.
3. Response: The API returns a structured response in a format like JSON or XML.

3. Types of APIs
1. Open APIs (Public APIs): Available for external developers with minimal restrictions.
2. Partner APIs: Shared with specific partners for business integration.
3. Internal APIs (Private APIs): Used within an organization to streamline internal processes.
4. Composite APIs: Combine multiple API calls into a single request to optimize efficiency.

4. API Protocols and Architectures

4.1 REST (Representational State Transfer)
• Uses standard HTTP methods: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE.
• Stateless: Each request is independent.
• Uses JSON or XML for data exchange.
• Simple, scalable, and widely used.

4.2 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

• Uses XML for communication.
• More secure and reliable than REST.
• Typically used in enterprise applications (e.g., banking, financial services).

4.3 GraphQL
• Clients specify the exact data they need.
• Reduces over-fetching and under-fetching of data.
• More flexible than REST.
4.4 gRPC (Google Remote Procedure Call)
• Uses Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) for faster communication.
• Efficient for microservices communication.

5. API Methods (HTTP Verbs)

1. GET – Retrieve data.
2. POST – Submit new data.
3. PUT – Update existing data.
4. DELETE – Remove a resource.
5. PATCH – Partially update data.

6. API Authentication and Security

1. API Keys: Unique identifiers for API access.
2. OAuth 2.0: Token-based authentication (used by Google, Facebook, etc.).
3. JWT (JSON Web Token): Securely transmits authentication credentials.
4. Basic Authentication: Uses a username and password.
5. HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code): Provides integrity verification.
6. Rate Limiting & Throttling: Prevents abuse by limiting requests.

7. API Use Cases

1. Web Applications: APIs power user authentication, payments, and data sharing.
2. Mobile Apps: Enable push notifications, location services, and more.
3. E-commerce: APIs handle payment gateways, inventory management, and shipping.
4. Social Media Integration: Connects apps to Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.
5. Cloud Computing: APIs manage storage, networking, and databases (AWS, Azure, GCP).

8. API Documentation Best Practices

• Clear Endpoint Descriptions: Define paths, methods, and parameters.
• Authentication Details: Specify API key or token requirements.
• Error Handling Guidelines: Provide status codes and messages.
• Example Requests and Responses: Show sample API calls.
• Rate Limits and Throttling Policies: Explain usage restrictions.

9. API Testing Tools

1. Postman: GUI-based tool for API testing.
2. Swagger: Used for API documentation and testing.
3. JMeter: Load testing tool for APIs.
4. SoapUI: Testing tool for REST and SOAP services.
SQL (Structured Query Language)
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standardized language used to manage and manipulate
relational databases. It enables users to create, read, update, and delete data efficiently. SQL
is essential for database management systems (DBMS) like MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL
Server, and Oracle.

SQL Commands
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
DDL commands define and modify the structure of database objects such as tables, indexes,
and schemas.

• CREATE – Creates a new database, table, index, or view.

CREATE TABLE Employees (

EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Department VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10,2)
);

• ALTER – Modifies an existing database structure.

ALTER TABLE Employees ADD COLUMN Age INT;

• DROP – Deletes a table, database, or other objects.

DROP TABLE Employees;

• TRUNCATE – Removes all records from a table without deleting the structure.

TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML commands manage and manipulate data within database tables.

• INSERT – Adds new records to a table.

INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Department, Salary)

VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 'IT', 60000.00);

• UPDATE – Modifies existing records in a table.

UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 65000 WHERE EmployeeID = 1;

• DELETE – Removes specific records from a table.

DELETE FROM Employees WHERE EmployeeID = 1;

3. Data Query Language (DQL)
DQL commands are used to retrieve data from the database.

• SELECT – Retrieves data from one or more tables.

SELECT * FROM Employees;

SELECT Name, Salary FROM Employees WHERE Department = 'IT';

4. Data Control Language (DCL)

DCL commands control access to data and database objects.

• GRANT – Provides user privileges.

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Employees TO user1;

• REVOKE – Removes user privileges.

REVOKE INSERT ON Employees FROM user1;

5. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

TCL commands manage transactions and maintain data integrity.

• COMMIT – Saves all changes made during the transaction.

COMMIT;

• ROLLBACK – Undoes changes made during the transaction.

ROLLBACK;

• SAVEPOINT – Creates a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back.

SAVEPOINT save1;

Understanding FlatFile
A Flat File is a simple data storage format where data is stored in a plain text file without
complex relationships or structured indexing. It consists of records stored as rows, with fields
separated by a specific delimiter such as commas, tabs, or pipes.

Characteristics of Flat Files:

• Data is stored in a plain text format.
• Each record is typically stored on a new line.
• Fields within records are delimited by a separator like , (CSV), |, or tabs.
• No complex relationships like those in relational databases.
 • It can be processed easily using scripts, databases, or ETL tools.

Types of Flat Files:

1. Delimited Flat File
o Uses a delimiter (comma, tab, pipe) to separate fields.
o Example (CSV - Comma Separated Values)

ID,Name,Age,Department
101,John Doe,29,IT
102,Jane Smith,32,HR
103,Mark Taylor,27,Finance

2. Fixed-Length Flat File

o Each field has a fixed width, with padding used for shorter values.
o Example:

101 John Doe 29 IT

102 Jane Smith 32 HR
103 Mark Taylor 27 Finance

3. Pipe (|) Separated Flat File

o Uses a | as a separator instead of commas.
o Example:

101|John Doe|29|IT
102|Jane Smith|32|HR
103|Mark Taylor|27|Finance

Flat File vs. Database

Feature Flat File Database (RDBMS)

Structure Simple, text-based Structured, tabular

Data Relations No relationships Supports complex relations

Performance Fast for small datasets Optimized for large datasets

Query Support Limited (Manual Parsing) SQL support for queries

Storage Plain text Indexed storage

Use Cases of Flat Files:

• Data Exchange: Used in ETL processes to transfer data between systems.
• Log Files: Storing application and system logs.
• Configuration Files: .ini, .json, .xml files used for configurations.
• Backup & Archiving: Archiving records in a readable format

What is EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)?

 • Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the process of exchanging business documents in a
standardized electronic format between different organizations.
• It replaces traditional paper-based transactions like invoices, purchase orders, and shipping
notices, enabling faster, more accurate, and efficient data exchange.

Benefits of EDI for Businesses

✅ Saves Time

• Manual invoicing, processing purchase orders, and data entry are time-consuming. EDI
automates these processes, reducing workload and increasing efficiency.
• Eliminates delays associated with paper-based communication by providing instant transmission
of documents, enabling faster decision-making.

✅ Reduces Errors

• EDI eliminates manual data-entry errors by automating document processing.

• Enhances data accuracy and consistency, reducing the risk of incorrect transactions and costly
mistakes.

✅ Increases Security

• EDI provides better control over user access and authentication.

• Uses encryption and authentication protocols to prevent unauthorized access and ensure data
integrity.

✅ Enhances Connectivity

• Cloud-native file transfer services enable seamless data exchange between business partners,
vendors, and customers.
• EDI transactions integrate with ERP, CRM, WMS, and supply chain systems, improving business
process automation.

✅ Improves Compliance & Scalability

• EDI ensures compliance with industry standards (e.g., ANSI X12, EDIFACT, HL7) and regulatory
requirements.
• Scales easily as businesses grow and expand their trading partner network.

How Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Works

EDI automates the exchange of business documents (e.g., purchase orders, invoices,
shipping notices) between organizations in a structured format, eliminating the need for
manual paper-based processes.
🔹 Steps in EDI Process
1. Document Preparation
• Business applications (ERP, accounting, order management systems) generate documents in a
structured digital format.
• Data is extracted and formatted according to predefined EDI standards.

2. Data Conversion to EDI Format

• EDI translation software converts business documents (e.g., purchase orders, invoices) into a
standard EDI format (e.g., ANSI X12, EDIFACT).
• Ensures compliance with industry-specific EDI standards.

3. Transmission & Routing

• The EDI document is securely transmitted via an EDI network, such as:
o Direct EDI (Point-to-Point): Direct connection between trading partners.
o EDI via VAN (Value-Added Network): Uses a third-party network to route and manage
transactions.
o EDI via AS2, FTP, or API: Uses secure internet protocols to exchange EDI messages over
the web.

4. EDI Reception & Translation

• The recipient’s EDI system receives the EDI file.
• EDI translation software converts the standardized format into a format the internal system
understands (e.g., XML, JSON, CSV).

5. Data Processing & Integration

• The structured data is automatically imported into the recipient’s business applications (ERP,
WMS, TMS).
• The transaction (e.g., order fulfillment, invoicing, inventory updates) is processed without
human intervention.

🔹 Example: EDI Order Processing Flow

1️.Buyer’s ERP creates a Purchase Order (PO).
2️.he PO is converted into an EDI 850 format (ANSI X12 standard).
3️.The EDI 850 file is transmitted via AS2, FTP, or VAN to the supplier.
4️.Supplier’s system receives and translates the EDI 850 into its ERP system.
5️.Supplier processes the order and sends an EDI 855 (Order Acknowledgment).
6️.Once shipped, the supplier sends an EDI 856 (Advance Ship Notice).
7️.Upon delivery, the supplier sends an EDI 810 (Invoice) to the buyer.
🔹 Key Technologies Used in EDI
✔ EDI Standards: ANSI X12, EDIFACT, HL7 (Healthcare), VDA (Automotive)
✔ Communication Protocols: AS2, FTP, SFTP, HTTP(S), VAN
✔ EDI Software & Middleware: On-premise, Cloud-based, Hybrid EDI solutions
✔ ERP & Business System Integration: SAP, Oracle, Microsoft Dynamics

Integration Patterns
Integration patterns are standardized solutions to common challenges in connecting
applications, systems, and data sources. They define how different software components
interact, ensuring seamless data flow, automation, and interoperability across an
organization's IT ecosystem.

Organizations use integration patterns to synchronize data, enable real-time

communication, and enhance operational efficiency while reducing redundancy and
complexity. These patterns are particularly useful in cloud computing, enterprise
applications, IoT, financial services, healthcare, and large-scale distributed systems.

Types of Integration Patterns with In-Depth Real-World Examples

1. Batch Integration
• Concept: Processes data in bulk at scheduled intervals rather than real-time. It is ideal for
handling large datasets where immediate processing is unnecessary.
• Key Characteristics: Scheduled execution, high-volume data processing, reduced system load
during business hours.
• Example: Payroll Processing in Large Organizations
o A company generates salary reports at the end of each month.
o Employee salary details, deductions, tax calculations, and bonuses are accumulated over
the month.
o The payroll system processes all employee payments in a batch at midnight, ensuring all
transactions are completed simultaneously.
o This method prevents system overload and ensures consistency across payroll
transactions.

2. Synchronous Integration
• Concept: The sender waits for an immediate response from the receiver before proceeding with
further operations. Used when real-time data consistency is critical.
• Key Characteristics: Real-time processing, immediate feedback, potential system delays if the
receiver is slow.
• Example: Online Banking Fund Transfers
o When a user transfers money between bank accounts, the banking system immediately
verifies the transaction.
o The system checks account balances, deducts the amount from the sender’s account,
and credits it to the receiver’s account in real time.
 o If the transaction fails due to insufficient funds or network issues, the user gets an
instant error message.

3. Asynchronous Integration
• Concept: The sender and receiver do not need to wait for each other, allowing greater flexibility
and scalability. Data is processed independently in the background.
• Key Characteristics: Non-blocking, high availability, suitable for distributed systems.
• Example: E-commerce Order Confirmation Emails
o When a customer places an order on Amazon, they receive an order confirmation email
almost immediately.
o Instead of waiting for the entire order processing workflow to complete, the system
queues the email task in the background.
o The email system picks up the queued request and sends it to the customer without
delaying other transactions.

4. Publish-Subscribe Integration
• Concept: An event-driven integration where a publisher sends messages to multiple subscribers
without direct dependencies.
• Key Characteristics: Scalable, loosely coupled architecture, real-time notifications.
• Example: Stock Market Price Updates
o A financial data provider (publisher) continuously updates stock prices in real time.
o Multiple subscribers (trading apps, investors, analysts) receive instant stock price
changes via push notifications.
o Each subscriber independently processes the information, enabling real-time trading
decisions.

5. ETL/ELT Integration
• Concept: Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) and Extract, Load, Transform (ELT) are techniques used
to move and process large datasets between systems.
• Key Characteristics: Data consolidation, structured storage, business intelligence, and reporting.
• Example: Retail Sales Data Consolidation
o A retail chain extracts sales data from all its branches daily.
o The extracted data is transformed to correct formatting errors, standardize product
names, and apply business logic.
o The cleaned data is loaded into a centralized data warehouse, enabling company
executives to generate sales performance reports.

6. Streaming Integration
• Concept: Processes continuous data streams in real time, ideal for low-latency applications.
• Key Characteristics: Event-driven, real-time insights, high-speed data processing.
• Example: Ride-Sharing Apps (Uber, Lyft)
o When a rider requests a ride, the app continuously streams data about available drivers,
estimated fares, and pickup times.
o The app updates the rider’s location, estimated arrival time, and trip details in real time.
o The system continuously integrates GPS data, driver availability, and fare calculations to
ensure smooth ride execution.
7. Data Synchronization
• Concept: Ensures real-time or scheduled consistency between different databases, applications,
or devices.
• Key Characteristics: Ensures data integrity, avoids duplication, and maintains up-to-date records.
• Example: CRM and E-commerce Platform Sync
o A customer updates their shipping address on an e-commerce platform.
o The CRM system automatically syncs this information so that customer service agents
have the latest data.
o The warehouse also receives real-time updates, ensuring orders are shipped to the
correct location.

Choosing the Right Integration Pattern

Choosing an integration pattern depends on several factors:

• Speed & Latency Requirements: Real-time processing (synchronous, streaming) vs. scheduled
processing (batch, ETL/ELT).
• Scalability Needs: Publish-subscribe and asynchronous models allow for system growth without
bottlenecks.
• Data Volume & Complexity: Large-scale data processing may require ETL/ELT and batch models.
• Business Use Case: Financial transactions often require synchronous processing, while customer
notifications are better suited for asynchronous processing.