CS 110 – Introduction

To Computing

Module 4: Data Representation

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
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 Introduction

• We use computer to process the data and get the desired output.
• The data input can be in the form of alphabets, digits, symbols, audio,
video, magnetic cards, finger prints, etc.
• Since digital computer can only understand 0 and 1, the data must be
represented in the computer in 0s and 1s.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
 Introduction

• Since data will be stored in using a number system, it is important to

study number systems that are used in the computer.
• The number systems discussed in this lecture are— (1) Decimal
number system, (2) Binary number system, (3) Octal number system,
and (4) Hexadecimal number system.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
 Number System

• A number System is a writing system for expressing numbers, i.e., a

mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set.
• A number system in base r uses unique symbols for r digits.
• One or more digits are combined to get a number.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
 Number Systems

• The base of the number decides the valid digits that are used to
make a number.
• In a number, the position of digit starts from the right-hand side of
the number.
• The rightmost digit has position 0, the next digit on its left has
position 1, and so on.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5
 Number Systems

• The digits of a number have two kinds of values—

• Face value, and
• Position value.
• The face value of a digit is the digit located at that position. For
example, in decimal number 52, face value at position 0 is 2 and face
value at position 1 is 5.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6
 Number Systems

• The position value of a digit is (base position). For example, in decimal

number 52, the position value of digit 2 is 100 and the position value
of digit 5 is 101. Decimal numbers have a base of 10.

• The number is calculated as the sum of, face value * base position, of
each of the digits. For decimal number 52, the number is 5*101 + 2*100
= 50 + 2 = 52.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7
 Number Systems of interest

• Decimal Number System—Base 10

• Binary Number System—Base 2
• Octal Number System—Base 8
• Hexadecimal Number System—Base 16

A number in a particular base is written as (number)base of number. For

example, (23)10 means that the number 23 is a decimal number, and
(345)8 shows that 345 is an octal number.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8
 Decimal Number System

• I t consists of 10 digits—0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

• All numbers in this number system are represented as combination of
digits 0–9. For example, 34, 5965 and 867321.

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 Decimal Numbers

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 Octal Number System

• The octal number system consists of eight digits—0 to 7.

• All octal numbers are represented using these eight digits. For
example, 273, 103, 2375, etc.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
 Octal Number System

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
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 Hexadecimal Number System

• The hexadecimal number system consists of sixteen digits—0 to 9, A,

B, C, D, E, F, where (A is for 10, B is for 11, C-12, D-13, E-14, F-15).
• All hexadecimal numbers are represented using these 16 digits.
• For example, 3FA, 87B, 113, etc.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13
 Hexadecimal Number System

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 Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal,
Hexadecimal
• A decimal number has two parts—integer part and fraction part.
• Eg. In the number 23.078, 23 is the integer part and 0.078 is the
fraction part.

• The method used for the conversion of the integer part of a decimal
number is different from the one used for the fraction part.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary (Convert 25
from Base 10 to Base 2)
1. Make a table as
shown . Write the
number in centre
and to Base on the
left side.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
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 Converting 25 from base 10 to Base 2

2. Divide the number with to

Base. After each division,
write the remainder on
right-side column and
quotient in the next line in
the middle column.
Continue dividing till the
quotient is 0.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
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 Converting 25 from base 10 to base 2

3. Write the digits in

remainder column starting
from downwards to
upwards

The binary equivalent of

number (25)10 is (11001)2.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18
 Try

• Convert the following numbers from base 10 to base 2, 8 16

a) 53
b) 68
c) 29

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
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 Converting Decimal Fraction to other
bases
• A fractional number is a number less than 1.
• To convert a decimal fraction to—
• binary-multiply by 2,
• octal-multiply by 8, and,
• Hexadecimal-multiply by 16.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
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 Converting fractions (Steps)

• 1. Multiply the fractional number with the to Base, to get a resulting number.

• 2. The resulting number has two parts, non-fractional part and fractional part.

• 3. Record the non-fractional part of the resulting number.

• 4. Repeat the above steps at least four times.

• 5. Write the digits in the non-fractional part starting from upwards to downwards.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21
 Convert 0.2345 from Base 10 to
Base 2.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22
 Convert 0.2345 from Base 10 to Base 2.

• The binary equivalent of (0.2345)10 is (0.001111)2

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23
 Try

• Convert the following decimal fractions to base 2,8 and 16

a) 0.865
b) 0.455

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 Converting Decimal Integer. Fraction to
other bases
• The steps for conversion of a decimal fraction to any other base are—

• 1. Convert decimal integer part to the desired base following the

steps given earlier

• 2. Convert decimal fraction part to the desired base following the

steps shown earlier

• 3. The integer and fraction part in the desired base is combined

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25
 Try

• Convert 34.4674 from Base 10 to Base 2.

• Convert 34.4674 from Base 10 to Base 8.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26
 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
to Decimal
• Numbers have two parts—integer part and fraction part.
• The method used for the conversion of integer part and fraction part
of binary, octal or hexadecimal number to decimal number is the
same;
• multiplication operation is used for the conversion.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27
 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
to Decimal (Steps)
1. Find the sum of the Face Value * (from Base) position for each digit in
the number.
a) In a non-fractional number, the rightmost digit has position 0 and the
position increases as we go towards the left.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28
 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
to Decimal (Steps)
b. In a fractional number, the first digit to the left of decimal point has
position 0 and the position increases as we go towards the left.

• The first digit to the right of the decimal point has position –1 and it
decreases as we go towards the right (–2, –3, etc.)

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29
Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
to Decimal (Steps)

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30
 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
to Decimal (example)
• Convert 1011 from Base 2 to Base 10.
• 1011 = 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 1*20

• Convert C15 from Base 16 to Base 10.

• C15 = C*162 + 1*161 + 5*160
• = 12*256 + 1*16 + 5*1

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31
 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
to Decimal (example)
• Convert .1101 from Base 2 to Base 10.
• .1101 = 1*2–1+ 1*2–2 + 0*2–3 + 1*2–4

• Convert .15 from Base 16 to Base 10.

• .15 = 1*16–1 + 5*16–2
• = 1/16 + 5/256 = 21/256 = 0.82

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32
 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
to Decimal (example)
• Convert 1011.1001 from Base 2 to Base 10.
• 1011.1001 = 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 1*20 + 1*2–1 + 0*2–2 + 0*2–3 + 1*2–4
• = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 1/2 + 0 + 0 + 1/16
• = 11+ 9/16 = 11.5625

• Convert 4D.21 from Base 16 to Base 10.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33
Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal

• A binary number can be converted into octal or hexadecimal number

using a shortcut method.
• The shortcut method is based on the following information —
i. An octal digit from 0 to 7 can be represented as a combination of 3
bits, since 23 = 8.
ii. A hexadecimal digit from 0 to 15 can be represented as a
combination of 4 bits, since 24 = 16.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34
 The Steps for Binary to Octal Conversion

• 1. Partition the binary number in groups of three bits, starting from

the right-most side.
• 2. For each group of three bits, find its octal number.
• 3. The result is the number formed by the combination of the octal
numbers.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35
 Binary to Octal Conversion (Example)

• Convert the binary number 1110101100110 to octal.

• Solution
• 1. Partition binary number in groups of three bits, starting from the
right-most side.
• 1 110 101 100 110

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36
 Binary to Octal Conversion (Example)

• 2. For each group find its octal number.

• 1 110 101 100 110
• 1 6 5 4 6

• 3. The octal number is 16546.

• Convert the binary number 1100111100111 to Octal

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37
 Steps for Binary to Hexadecimal

• 1. Partition the binary number in groups of four bits, starting from the
right-most side.
• 2. For each group of four bits, find its hexadecimal number.
• 3. The result is the number formed by the combination of the
hexadecimal numbers.

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 Binary to Hexadecimal (Example)

• Convert the binary number 1110101100110 to hexadecimal

• Solution
• 1. Partition binary number in groups of four bits, starting from the
right-most side.
1 1101 0110 0110

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39
 Binary to Hexadecimal (Example)

• 2. For each group find its hexadecimal number.

1 1101 0110 0110
1 D 6 6

• 3. The hexadecimal number is 1D66.

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40
Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary

• The conversion of a number from octal and hexadecimal to binary

uses the inverse of the steps defined for the conversion of binary to
octal and hexadecimal.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41
 Steps for Hexadecimal to Binary
Conversion
• 1. Convert each hexadecimal number into a four-digit binary number
moving from right to left.
• 2. The result is the number formed by the combination of all the bits.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42
 Conversion of Hexadecimal to Binary

• 1. Given number is 2BA3

• 2. Convert each hexadecimal digit into four digit binary number.
• 2 B A 3
• 0010 1011 1010 0011
• 3. Combine all the bits to get the result 0010101110100011.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43
 Steps for Octal to Binary Conversion

• 1. Convert each octal number into a three-digit binary number moving

from right to left.
• 2. The result is the number formed by the combination of all the bits.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44
 Conversion of Octal to Binary

• Convert the octal number 473 to binary.

• Solution
• 1. Given number is 473
• 2. Convert each octal digit into three digit binary number.
• 4 7 3
• 100 111 011
• 3. Combine all the bits to get the result 100111011.

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45