Foundational concepts

on journalism
joURNALISM VS LITERATURE
tenets of journalism
Responsibility
Freedom of the Press
Independence
Objectivity, Truthfulness and Accuracy
Fairness
killers of balanced reporting

Yellow Journalism
New Journalism
Advocacy Journalism
Stylistic Journalism
Editorializing
 FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF THE PRESS
1 . The quality of the newspaper must be reflected in the editorial
policy.
2 . Newspapers must have integrity and readers’ confidence.
3 . Newspapers may educate, stimulate, assist or entertain.
4 . The fundamental quality of the newspaper rests on the quality of
the content and the kind of editorial product.
5 . Freedom of the press encompasses responsibility of the
newspaper.
6 . The press must practice the principles of journalism without bias
and self-interest.
limitations OF THE PRESS
the campus paper and
the publication staff
the campus paper
is a version of the national newspaper within an
academic institution
may broaden its reach like the community and
other agencies in the society
What should go
into the campus
paper?
parts of campus paper
functions of campus paper
1 . Information Function
2 . Opinion Function
3 . Education Function
4 . Watchdog Function
5 . Documentation Function
6 . Entertainment Function
the news: A
backrounder
WHAT IS NEWs?
News is information that has meaning for a set of
readers, a timely and factual narration of past, present,
and future events.

News is anything that' s interesting, that relates to

what' s happening in the world, what' s happening in areas
of the culture that would be of interest to your audience
(Loder, 1945).
WHAT IS NEWs?
News is basically about an event, idea, or reaction that
is presented factually and simply in written form to give
the reader an idea of what is currently happening
(Malinao, 2008)

News is a timely factual report of events, ideas or

situations interesting or significant to people (Estrada &
Singh, 1987)
news in school paper
 NEWS VALUES
How can we say that our content are
‘NEWSWORTHY’

Timeliness or Immediacy
Conflict
Proximity or Nearness Drama
Accuracy Oddity or Unusualness
Significance Romance and Adventure
Prominence and Names Progress
Numbers
types of news stories
1 . According to Chronology or Sequence
2 . According to Rage and Reach
3 . According to Construction
According to Chronology or Sequence

1 . Spot News
2 . Coverage News
3 . Advance News
4 . Follow-up News
According to Range and Reach
1. Local News
2. National News
3. Foreign News
According to Construction
1 . Straight News
2 . News Feature
3 . Fact Story
4 . Action Story
5 . Speech, Report, Quote, and Interview Stories
straight news
Thirty-four barangay officials are now more familiar
with the ins and outs of good governance after
undergoing various activities during the capability
building seminar and training at Community Outreach
Center on February 18, 2024.
news feature
Love is in the air, indeed, in the Batangas State
University as cut outs of hearts are in a riot of
multicolored lights and decors hung upon everywhere
and every way.
quote story
“A little pain, a life to gain.”
speech report story
“I am deeply honored to receive this resolution of
commendation.... but i know, I just did this for the
betterment of the campus .”
stairway to news
writing: techniques
and principles
sources of news
1 . Beat
2 . Written Documents
3 . Observation
4 . Tips from Co-workers, Teachers, and Students
5 . Interviewing Key Informants
more sources of news
1 . Blogs
2 . Citizen Journalism
3 . Hyperlocal News
rules of thumb in news gathering
1 . See for yourself
2 . Find the person who knows
3 . Compare all versions
4 . Be tactful and courteous
5 . Make and keep friends
6 . Print it
 1 . Bring to class one back issues of your school paper (in the absence
of one, a daily newspaper may do). Clip ten news articles and survey
articles according to the matrix below.

HEADLINE WRITER NEWS ELEMENT/S TYPES OF NEWS

2. From any school paper, preferably from other institutions, clip two
news stories that deal with institutional activities.
3. Interview atleast 3 students from different colleges here in Batangas
State University as regards the topics they love to read and the topics
they hate to see in the news. Ask them why.
HANDLING INTERVIEW IN NEWS GATHERING

1 . Dyadic
2 . Relational
3 . Predetermined and serious purpose
4 . Interchanging behavior
5 . Asking and answering questions
stages in interview
goss developed by rue de guilleland

1. Know your Goal or purpose.

2. Present Obstacle encountered.
3. Offer S olutions to these obstacles.
4. S tart writing the interview story.
steps in conducting the interview
1 . Define the purpose.
2 . Conduct a background research of the topic you are assigned to.
3 . Set an interview appointment.
4 . Make preliminary planning by listing down possible questions.
5 . Meet the interviewee.
6 . Get down to business.
7 . Establish early rapport, that is, from formal to less formal.
8 . Tackle the more sensitive topic with respect and tactfulness.
9 . Express some recovery statements.
10 . Leave a than you note.
the how’s of
news writing
our how’s

01 What is News Writing?

02 Basic Elements of News

03 Structure of News Writing

04 How do we write news articles?

05 Example and Tips

 types of news

Stories about More akin to

war, disease, entertainment
politics, or the and leisure. It
economy, which might include
HARD NEWS SOFT NEWS
have practical coverage to
impacts and celebrities, and
effects. sports.
WHAT IS NEWS WRITING?
It is a prose style used for reporting in newspapers, radio, and
television. When writing journalistically, one has to take into account
not only one's audience, but also the tone in which the piece is
delivered.
THE ABC’S OF NEWS
WRITING
ACCURACY BREVITY CLARITY

Always check Each word in your Your story should

numbers, spellings of story should do a job. leave no questions
names, who said what, If not, take it out. Get unanswered. Avoid
and the other basic to the point. Say it just jargon.
facts of any story once. Don' t be
redundant.
 MOST NEWSWORTHY
INFORMATION
STRUCTURE
OF A IMPORTANT
DETAILS
NEWS
OTHER
GENERAL
INFO
HOW DO WE WRITE
NEWS?
PARTS OF A NEWS
STORY
HEADLINE

It tells what the story is all about

Its purpose is to quickly capture
the attention of readers.
Basic Guide on Writing Headlines
Use “,” instead of the word “and” Use historical present tense and
active voice
Ex: BatStateU-The NEU Celebrates
120th founding anniversary, 1st Ex: SSC Lipa unveils Odyssey 2.0:
Anniversary as The NEU, solidifying Diving Deep into Leadership
endless transformations, innovations

Use abbreviations of well- Use infinitive verb for

known subjects future event

Ex: BatStateU-The NEU, SP Ex: CABE renews MOA with MUFAI,

traverse borderless p’ship through to hold MUFAI: RE-Training in
LeX Program 2023 Financial Literacy and Record
Keeping
Basic Guide on Writing Headlines
Use single quotes (‘’)instead of Write your headline as short as it
double quotes (“”) can be
Ex: ‘Sa Dakong Ilalim’ leaps District 6
of Bats. Province, diffusing artistic
celebration

No period
byline

It shows who wrote the story.

 The hardest part of news writing
lead Tells the most important facts (5 W’s + 1H)
Basic Guide on Writing lead
Keep leads short. Those with 35 If a certain subject with its short
words or below are preferred. form will be repeated on the body,
include the abbreviation.

One story, six possible leads Shorten the name of the

month with more than five
Who?
letters.
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
How?
major classifications of lead
1 . Summary lead
It answers the five W’s and one H. The story is
presented using the inverted triangle form. This is
used in straight news.
major classifications of lead
1 . The Grammatical-Beginning lead
It gives emphasis on the logical importance of the
major details; however it is equally concerned with its
grammatical structure.
major classifications of lead
1 . Novelty lead
It is best used to attract the reader’s attention to
arouse his/her curiosity and to sustain his/her
interest.
kinds of summary lead
In discussing the kinds of summary lead, the details
below are used.

At the Commission on Higher Education Central

Office yesterday, the Board of Trustees of the
Batangas State University approved the new
grading system which will take effect next
semester.
kinds of summary lead
1 . What lead. This is applied if the most important
angle of the news is te event per se.

The new grading system in Batangas State

University will be imposed next semester after the
Board of Trustees approved the resolution at the
Commission on Higher Education Central Office
yesterday.
kinds of summary lead
2. Who lead. This type of lead is used if the most
important angle of the news is the person involved,
thus, more significant than the event.

The members of the Board of Trustees approved

yesterday the new grading system at the
Commission on Higher Education Central Office.
kinds of summary lead
3. Where lead. If the location where the event takes
place is more significant, then this kind of lead is
best applied.

At the Commission on Higher Education Central

Office yesterday, the Board of Trustees of the
Batangas State University approved the new
grading system which will take effect next
semester.
kinds of summary lead
4. When lead. This lead is seldom used since this is only
applicable when the time element is more important than
the other angles of the story. Nonetheless, it suggests
urgency and immediacy.

Yesterday at the Commission on Higher Education

Central Office, the Board of Trustees of the
Batangas State University approved the new
grading system which will take effect next
semester.
kinds of summary lead
5. Why lead. If the cause of the event is the most effective
angle of the story, this type of lead is best suited.

To cope with the standards of Asean integration,

the Board of Trustees of the Batangas State
University approved yesterday the new grading
system which will take effect next semester.
kinds of summary lead
6. How lead. If the process or the manner of how the event
happened is most important among other angles of the news,
the how lead is used.

Through a 7-5 vote, the members of the Board of

Trustees of the Batangas State University approved
the new grading system at the Commission on
Higher Education Central Office yesterday.
kinds of grammatical-beginning lead

1 . Prepositional Phrase Lead

With the power of resolution numbered 37 approved

by the members of the Board of Trustees of the
Batangas State University yesterday, the new
grading system will take effect next semester.
kinds of grammatical-beginning lead

2. Infinitive Phrase Lead

To meet the demands of the ASEAN integration, the

members of the Board of Trustees of the Batangas
State University approved the new grading system
at the Commission on Higher Education Central
Office yesterday.
kinds of grammatical-beginning lead

3. Gerundial Lead

Synchronizing with the standards of ASEAN

integration was the primordial aim of the members
of the Board of Trustees in approving yesterday the
new grading system of Batangas State University.
kinds of grammatical-beginning lead

4. Clause Lead

Because there is a need to synchronize with the

standards of ASEAN integration, the members of
the Board of Trustees of the Batangas State
University approved the new grading system at the
Commission on Higher Education Central Office
yesterday.
kinds of novelty lead

1 . Narrative lead . It draws the reader into the story by allowing

him/her to relate himself/herself with the character of the
story.

The fifth of June 2015, Herodes Barabas, 34,

experienced the longest one hour in his life as he sat
on a swivel chair in front of his eight interviewers at
Aklan State University. It was an entrance interview
of the long queue of applicants mustering their
patience in waitingt for Instructor I position.
kinds of novelty lead

2. Quoted Statement lead . It is a statement uttered by well-known

personality or celebrity.

“You have to spread your wings and fly”

This was emphasized by Dr. Malou H. Wang, the
guest of honor and commencement speaker of
Batangas State University last Apri 5 at the
auditorium.
kinds of novelty lead

3. Question lead . It is a thought provoking question to capturete

interest of the reader and lead them to find the answer provided
by the succeeding details of the article.

When was the last time you told your mother you loved her?
Maria Mantis, 35, wished she could tell her a thousand
times how much she loves her now, but her mother is
already headless inside her coffin.
kinds of novelty lead

4. Punch lead . It is short, striking one-sentence lead.

Hungry farmers in batangas were asking for food, but the

enforcers of the law fed them with bullets.
kinds of novelty lead

5. Astonisher lead . This lead aims to give the reader a strong

sense of emotional value. thus, it primarily uses exclamation
point.

Unbeatable, indeed!
After grabbing the Intramural crown form the Green team
three years ago, the Blue team has sustained its supremacy
as it sent all its foes kneeling before its royalty throne.
kinds of novelty lead

6. One word lead . It uses aa very significant word to capture or

arouse the interest of the reader.

Boom!
Residents in Basco, Batanes seemingly ran to nowhere
when a restaurant situated in Kayhuvokan exploded on April
1, 2016 around 9:15 in the morning.
kinds of novelty lead

7. Staccato Lead . Primarily rooted from musical parlance, this

term suggests a lead that consists of series of words and
phrases, punctuated by periods, commas, or dashes.

Neglected. Abused. Abandoned. This is the real picture of

our forest today.
 body
This is the main section of your newspaper article , so it
will include lots of important information about what
happened, along with more detail about what you said in
your lead section
reasons for using novelty lead
1 . To enhance the readability of the newspaper.
2 . To arouse the reader’s interest.
3 . To add vigor and color to writing
4 . To chalenge the ability of the writer.
rules of thumb in lead writing
1 . Make sure the lead includes the most important of the five
W’s and H, particularly the “who” (person or. thing), (did)
what and when.

2. The lead should be simple, brief, compact, vigorous and

attractive; it should not inject too much information.

3. Facts first.

4. Consider your subject matter.

rules of thumb in lead writing
5. Keep it up-to-date.

6. Your lead should not carry your gratuitous opinion.

7. Practice avoiding to begin with the time, day or date, or place.

Better focus on the action, the “who or what”.

8. Cut off non-essential details.

9. Practice makes perfect.

Basic Guide on Writing the body
Use past tense. Transitions are necessary.

One sentence, one paragraph Include direct quotation.

structure.
Basic Guide on Writing the body
Numbers 1-9 spelled out, 10 and Names should be given in full
above figures. when first mentioned. Thereafter,
use Mr./ Miss / Mrs. (surname) or
appropriate title.

Do not editorialize. Use simple words, short

sentences but vary their
length.
ending
It includes the least important information
from your report and functions to sum-up
the events.
TIPS ON CHOOSING A
RIGHT NEWS ANGLE
KNOW YOUR FIND THE NEWS NARROW YOUR
AUDIENCE VALUE FOCUS

Different audiences Think about what Focus can help you

have different makes your story avoid trying to cover
interests, needs, and stand out, what makes too much information,
expectations. it different, and what confusing your
makes it matter. readers, or losing your
main point.
 more tips!
ASK YOURSELVES

What is the most striking thing about this story?

What matters most to the readers/audience?

KEY POINTS ABC’s of News Writing

TO REMEMBER Get to the point

Put things in order
Get quotes right
Write smooth/active voice
Grammar/spelling
Five Ws/ and one H answer all
the questions
Do not write to persuade. WRITE
TO INFORM.
Group 1 Group 2
BARBOSA COLIAT
DIONEDA FUYO
LANDICHO LATOZA
MENDOZA MERCADO
PUNIO RECINTO

Group 3 Group 4
CARANDANG DENTE
ILAGAN INDON
MACADATAR MANGUERRA
ONRUBIA PEREZ
ROBISO