UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA-YABA, LAGOS, NIGERIA

(The University of First Choice & The Nation’s Pride)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CHG 535: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IV
TUTORIAL 5: COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW AND SHOCK WAVES
1. When does a fluid flow situation need to be treated as compressible?
2. List and explain the fundamental assumptions employed in compressible flow analyses.
3. Distinguish amongst these terms: Eulerian, Lagrangian and total time derivatives. State the
relationships amongst them.
4. Describe (in words) the three fundamental conservation equations for a control volume.
5. Derive the conservation of mass, momentum and energy equations for a steady, one-dimensional,
compressible flow.
6. State the assumptions inherent in Bernoulli equations.
7. Explain what happens when two pieces of paper are held close together and trying to blow them
apart.
8. Using rectangular coordinates system, show that the Navier-Stokes equation is given by:
Dv
 = − p +  2 v + g
Dt
Under what condition does this equation reduce to Euler equation?
9. Using rectangular coordinates system, show that the Euler equation is given by:
v 1 1
+   v +  v = − p − g
2

t 2 
What is the physical significance of  ?
10. Show mathematically that there can be acceleration of fluid even when the velocity at a given
point along a streamline is constant, with vivid explanation of all terms involved. Hence, derive Euler’s
and Bernoulli’s equations using the simple form of equation of motion. State all assumptions inherent
in arriving at Bernoulli’s equation.
11. Derive the energy equation from the first law of thermodynamics. Hence, show the energy
equation along a streamline under adiabatic conditions for steady compressible flow is given by:
v2
u + pV + = ht .
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12. Distinguish between flow work and shaft work.
13. Describe the significance of Mach waves.
14. Derive the relationships for change in pressure, temperature, density, etc as a function of Mach
number for isentropic flow.
15. Use the concept of maximum discharge velocity to explain why hydrogen is a good rocket
propellant.
16. Distinguish amongst static, stagnation and total properties as used in compressible flow studies.
17. Explain the two main sources of entropy production.
18. Describe physically why shock waves exist, and explain the difference amongst normal, oblique,
stationary and moving shock waves.
19. Distinguish between shock wave and sound wave.
20. Explain why the assumption of isentropic flow is much better than isothermal flow for the
propagation of sound waves.
21. Explain why the space shuttle has ceramic tiles on the exterior.
22. Why are airplanes not permitted to travel at supersonic speeds at ground levels?

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23. Derive the jump conditions for the change in pressure, temperature, density and entropy across a
stationary, normal shock wave.
24. Explain why entropy increases, stagnation pressure decreases and stagnation temperature is
constant across a normal shock wave.
25. Is it feasible to change the state of 4.5 kg of water vapour from its initial conditions of p1 = 45
kPa, T1 = 45 oC to the final conditions of p2 = 285 kPa, T2 = 5 oC? ( cV =1.403 kJ/(kg K),  =1.33 ).
26. A cylinder containing 5.0 kg of oxygen at 0.24 MPa abs and 5oC is compressed isentropically to
0.45 MPa abs. Find the final temperature and the work done. ( cV = 0.657 kJ/(kg K),  =1.4 ).
27. 50 kg of air is involved in a reversible polytropic process in which the initial conditions p1 = 90
kPa, T1 =18 oC change to p2 =145 kPa, and volume, V = 29.5 m3. Determine the (a) formula for the
process; (b) work done on the air; (c) amount of heat transfer; and (d) entropy change. ( cV = 0.716 KJ/kg
K,  =1.4 ).
28. Calculate the speed of sound in air at 15oC. (  =1.4 )
29. Carbon tetrachloride has a bulk modulus of elasticity of 1.124 GPa and a density of 1593 kg/m3.
What is the speed of sound in the medium?
30. Calculate the enthalpy change in 7.5 kg of oxygen when the initial conditions are p1 =130 kPa,
T1 =15 oC and the final conditions are p2 = 500 kPa, T2 =110 oC. ( c p = 0.917 kJ/(kg K).
31. A turbine receives steam at 2.0 MPa, 500oC (enthalpy = 3062 kJ/kg). The entrance velocity to
the turbine is 10 m/s. The steam exits the turbine as a gas-liquid mixture at 101 kPa, 373 K, with an
enthalpy of 2621 kJ/kg. The exit velocity is 50 m/s. Thermal energy is lost through the turbine wall at
a rate of 5 kJ/h and the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine is 4000 kg/h. Calculate the power
output. The potential energy difference due to the elevation difference between inlet and exit ports can
be neglected.
32. What is the speed of sound in dry air at sea level when T = 20 oC and in the stratosphere when
T = − 20 oC?
33. The relationship between p and  for the propagation of a sound wave through a fluid is

p − p0 = Ev In   , where p0 and  0 are the reference pressure and density (constants), and Ev is
 0 
the bulk modulus of elasticity. Determine the equation for the speed of a sound wave in terms of Ev and
 . Calculate the sound speed for water with  =1000kg/m3 and Ev = 2.20 GN/m2.
34. Air flows out of a reservoir whose conditions are pt = 5 atm and Tt = 500 K through a converging
nozzle. Calculate the conditions in the nozzle at a point where the pressure is 2 atm.
35. The ratio of the mass flow rate per unit cross-sectional area at sonic velocity to that at some given
conditions is 1.5. Determine the two possible flow velocities at a temperature of 30oC.
36. A preliminary design of a wind tunnel to produce a Mach number 3.0 at the exit is desired. The
mass flow rate is 1.5 kg/s for pt =100 kPa, Tt = 30 oC. Determine the (a) throat area, (b) outlet area, (c)
velocity, pressure, temperature and density at the outlet.
37. A converging-diverging duct in an air line downstream from a reservoir has a 50 mm diameter
throat. Determine the mass rate of flow when pt = 0.8 MPa, Tt = 33 oC and p = 0.5 MPa at the throat.
38. Suppose a supersonic wind tunnel is being designed to operate with air at a Mach number of 3.
If the throat area is 10 cm2, what must the cross-sectional area of the test section be? ( =1.44 )
39. An aircraft is flying at M = 1.6 at an altitude where the atmospheric temperature is -50oC. The
temperature on the aircraft’s surface is approximately the total temperature. Estimate the surface
temperature, taking  =1.4 .
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40. The Concorde is travelling at 1400 km/h at an altitude of 12,000 m where the temperature is -
56oC. Determine the Mach number at which the airplane is flying and characterise the flow.
41. Oxygen flows from a reservoir where pt = 700 kPa, Tt = 32 oC, to a 150 mm-diameter section
where the velocity is 183 m/s. Calculate the (a) mass rate of flow; (b) Mach number; and (c) density,
pressure, temperature at the 150 mm section. ( ( =1.4 )
42. The initial Mach number of the flow of air in a pipe is 0.2. The average value of the friction
resistance is 0.015. Calculate the distance along the pipe (in pipe diameters) required to achieve sonic
flow and to achieve a Mach number of 0.8.
43. Air is contained in a reservoir at 7 atm and 450 K. The air flows out through a 150 mm diameter
pipe. Calculate the length of the pipe required to make the air exit at M=1, and the properties of the air
along the pipe. Assume that the inlet Mach number is 0.1 and pipe friction factor is 0.02. Show the
variation of these air properties along the length of the pipe.
44. A Laval nozzle is to be designed to operate supersonically and expand ideally to an absolute
pressure of 30 kPa. If the stagnation pressure in the nozzle is 1 MPa, calculate the nozzle area ratio
required. Determine the nozzle throat area for a mass flow of 5 kg/s and a stagnation temperature of 550
K. Assume that the gas is nitrogen. ( =1.4 )
45. Methane is to be transported at 15oC in 50-cm commercial steel pipe that is 1 km long. The
pressure at the pipe exit is 100 kPa. Determine the maximum flow rate through the pipe and the pressure
at the pipe entrance. (  =1.31, kinematic viscosity at 15oC = 1.59  10-5 m2/s)
46. Helium flows in a 5-cm brass tube 100 m long that is maintained at a temperature of 15oC. The
entrance pressure is 120 kPa and the exit pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the mass-flow-rate in the pipe.
(  =1.66,  = 1.14  10-4 m2/s) (This problem requires an iterative solution).
47. One problem in creating high-Mach-number flows is condensation of the oxygen component in
the air when the temperature reaches 50 K. If the temperature of the reservoir is 300 K and the flow is
isentropic, at what Mach number will condensation of oxygen occur?
48. Determine the maximum length of 50 mm ID pipe for flow of air when the Mach number at the
entrance to the pipe is 0.30, the average friction factor being 0.02.
49. A 100 mm ID pipe, the average friction resistance being 0.02, has air at 100 kPa absolute and at
o
T=16 C flowing at the upstream end with Mach number 3.0. Determine the length from the upstream
section to the section where M=2, the stagnation properties of air, and its properties when M=2.
50. Air flows at 75 m/s into a commercial steel pipe that has a 6.25-cm diameter. The pressure and
temperature of the air are 1.0 MPa and 150oC respectively. Determine the Mach number at a distance
of 62.5 m down the pipe. Also, calculate the pressure at 62.5 m down the pipe. The data in Table 50.1
and Figure 50.1 may be useful.
Table 50.1. Mechanical properties of air at standard atmospheric pressure.
Temp./oC Density/kg/m3 Specific Dynamic Kinematic
weight/N/m3 viscosity/Ns/m2 viscosity/m2/s
100 0.95 9.28 2.17  10-5 2.29  10-5
120 0.90 8.82 2.26  10 -5
2.51  10-5
140 0.85 8.38 2.34  10-5 2.74  10-5
160 0.81 7.99 2.42  10 -5
2.97  10-5
180 0.78 7.65 2.50  10-5 3.20  10-5

51. Air at v1 = 100m/s, p = 280 kPa, T = 16oC flows into a 100 mm diameter duct. How much heat
transfer per unit mass is needed for sonic conditions at the exit? Determine pressure, temperature, and
velocity at the exit and at the section where M = 0.70 (γ = 1.4; c p = 1004 kJ/kg K).

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Figure 50.1. Relative roughness of some materials against pipe diameter at different k s values.

52. Helium enters a 100 mm ID pipe from a converging-diverging nozzle at M = 1.30, p = 14 kPa,
T = 225 K. Determine for isothermal flow (i) the maximum length of pipe for no choking; (ii) the
downstream conditions; and (iii) the length from the exit to the section where M =1.0 , f = 0.016.

53. A normal shock wave occurs in air flowing at a Mach number of 1.5. The static pressure and
temperature of the air upstream of the shock wave are 100 kPa absolute and 15oC. Determine the Mach
number, pressure temperature, velocity and density downstream of the shock wave. Also, calculate the
total pressure upstream and downstream of the wave and the entropy increase across the shock wave.
54. A shock wave occurs in a methane stream in which the Mach number is 2, the static pressure is
100 kPa absolute, and the static temperature is 20oC. Determine the downstream Mach number, static
pressure, static temperature, and density. (  =1.31)
55. Show that the lowest Mach number possible downstream of a normal shock wave is:

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  −1
M2 = (55.1)
2
and that the largest density ratio possible is:
2  + 1
= (55.2)
1  − 1
What are the limiting values of M 2 and  2 1 for air?
56. Tabulate all of the variations across a normal shock wave as a function of upstream Mach
number, M 1 . A normal shock wave occurs in air at a point where the velocity is 750 m/s, pressure is 50
kPa and temperature is 10oC. Find the velocity, pressure and temperature downstream of the normal
shock using the normal shock tables generated above.