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IP Address Subnetting

The document explains IP addressing, distinguishing between Classful and Classless systems, with Classful addressing using fixed classes (A, B, C) and Classless addressing (CIDR) allowing flexible subnetting. It details subnet masks, their calculations, and the benefits of CIDR and VLSM for efficient IP address management. Additionally, it provides examples of IP address conversion and subnet calculations to illustrate the concepts.

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Tererai Lalelani Masikati Hove
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46 views3 pages

IP Address Subnetting

The document explains IP addressing, distinguishing between Classful and Classless systems, with Classful addressing using fixed classes (A, B, C) and Classless addressing (CIDR) allowing flexible subnetting. It details subnet masks, their calculations, and the benefits of CIDR and VLSM for efficient IP address management. Additionally, it provides examples of IP address conversion and subnet calculations to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

Tererai Lalelani Masikati Hove
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IP Address Subnetting

IP addressing can be classified into Classful and Classless systems based on how IP addresses are allocated or more
manageable subnetworks (subnets).

Classful IP addressing was the original system used in IPv4 before subnetting and CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
were introduced. It divides IP addresses into fixed classes (A, B, C, D, E) based on the first few bits.

Class IP Range Default Subnet Mask Host


A 1 – 127 255.0.0.0/8 16 million
(1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255)
B 128 – 191 255.255.0.0/16 65534
(128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255)
C 192 – 223 255.255.255.0/24 254
(192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255)
D 224 - 239 Reserved for Multicasting
E 240 - 254 Experimental

Classless IP addressing (CIDR) eliminates strict class boundaries and allows networks to be divided based on custom
subnet masks. There is no fixed class structure (IP addresses can be assigned based on actual need), Uses Subnet Masks
& CIDR Notation (/8, /16, /24 etc.) Supports VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) for better IP utilization Efficient use
of IPv4 addresses. Example of classless Ips.

• 192.168.1.0/24 → 256 IPs


• 192.168.1.0/25 → 128 IPs
• 192.168.1.0/26 → 64 IPs

Both CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) and VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) are techniques used to
efficiently manage IP addresses by allowing flexible subnetting and addressing.

CIDR allows IP addresses to be assigned more efficiently without being restricted by traditional classes (A, B, C). It uses
CIDR notation, which represents network addresses and subnet masks together (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24).

Instead of using traditional subnet masks (255.255.255.0), CIDR shortens it using a “/” notation:

• 192.168.1.0/24 → Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 (256 IPs)


• 192.168.1.0/26 → Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 (64 IPs)
• 192.168.1.0/30 → Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252 (4 IPs)

VLSM is a subnetting technique that allows different-sized subnets within the same network. CIDR is for the Internet;
VLSM is used within a private network. It allows administrators to divide a network more efficiently by assigning different
subnet sizes to different parts of a network.

In short CIDR helps ISPs and large networks manage IP allocation efficiently across the Internet and VLSM helps network
administrator’s subnet a private network efficiently by allocating different-sized subnets.
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit binary number, usually written in dotted decimal notation (A.B.C.D). Each octet (A, B, C, D)
represents 8 bits, making a total of 32 bits. An IPv4 address consists of 4 octets (8 bits each). Each decimal number (0-
255) corresponds to an 8-bit binary value.

Convert 192.168.1.1 to binary:

• 192 → 11000000
• 168 → 10101000
• 1 → 00000001
• 1 → 00000001

192.168.1.1 → 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001

A Subnet Mask is a 32-bit number used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. It helps determine which
part of an IP address belongs to the network and which part belongs to individual devices (hosts).

• Network Bits = Identify the subnet.


• Host Bits = Identify devices in that subnet.
• Formula to Calculate Subnet Mask = Subnet Mask = 32 - (Number of Host Bits)
• The higher the subnet mask, the more subnets but fewer hosts per subnet.

Subnet Mask Calculation-


11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 1128 164 032 016 08 04 02 01
/26= 11111111.11111111.11111111.110000
/26= 255.255.255.192 (128+64+0+0+0+0+0+0=192)

Subnet Calculation-

Total Number of Subnets: 2n [where n = Number of borrowed bits or subnet bits]


Total Number of Hosts/Subnet: 2h−2 [where h = Number of host bits (-2) because of network & broadcast Addresses]

Formulas- 4 octets and 8 bits-


11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 1128 164 032 016 08 04 02 01
192.168.1.1/26 → 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001/ 11111111.11111111.11111111.110000
Subnet = 26 = 64 Subnets
6
Host = 2 -2 = 62 Hosts
Networks Address = 192.168.1.0
Broadcast Address = 192.168.1.63

Calculate Network address from IP address-


IP - 192.168.1.1/26
Binary - 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
Conversion - 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
Subnet Range - 192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.63
Subnet Increment - 64 (since 256 - 192 = 64)
Network Address - 192.168.1.0
Fast Usable IP - 192.168.1.1
Last Usable IP - 192.168.1.62
So subnetting is the process of dividing a large network into smaller, more manageable subnetworks (subnets). It helps
improve IP address utilization, network security, and efficiency.

Number of
Number of IP
CIDR Subnet mask Wildcard mask usable IP
addresses
addresses
/32 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 1 1
/31 255.255.255.254 0.0.0.1 2 2*
/30 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 4 2
/29 255.255.255.248 0.0.0.7 8 6
/28 255.255.255.240 0.0.0.15 16 14
/27 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31 32 30
/26 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 64 62
/25 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 128 126
/24 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 256 254
/23 255.255.254.0 0.0.1.255 512 510
/22 255.255.252.0 0.0.3.255 1,024 1,022
/21 255.255.248.0 0.0.7.255 2,048 2,046
/20 255.255.240.0 0.0.15.255 4,096 4,094
/19 255.255.224.0 0.0.31.255 8,192 8,190
/18 255.255.192.0 0.0.63.255 16,384 16,382
/17 255.255.128.0 0.0.127.255 32,768 32,766
/16 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255 65,536 65,534
/15 255.254.0.0 0.1.255.255 131,072 131,070
/14 255.252.0.0 0.3.255.255 262,144 262,142
/13 255.248.0.0 0.7.255.255 524,288 524,286
/12 255.240.0.0 0.15.255.255 1,048,576 1,048,574
/11 255.224.0.0 0.31.255.255 2,097,152 2,097,150
/10 255.192.0.0 0.63.255.255 4,194,304 4,194,302
/9 255.128.0.0 0.127.255.255 8,388,608 8,388,606
/8 255.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 16,777,216 16,777,214
/7 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255 33,554,432 33,554,430
/6 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255 67,108,864 67,108,862
/5 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255 134,217,728 134,217,726
/4 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 268,435,456 268,435,454
/3 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 536,870,912 536,870,910
/2 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 1,073,741,824 1,073,741,822
/1 128.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 2,147,483,648 2,147,483,646
/0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 4,294,967,296 4,294,967,294

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