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Week-4 Module-18 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

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21 views23 pages

Week-4 Module-18 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

RS

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing of Satellite Data

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

Dr. Arun K. Saraf,


Professor
Department of Earth Sciences

1
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

 Imaging spectrometry, imaging spectroscopy


 Hyperspectral (“too many,” “excessive”): 100s of bands
 Ultraspectral: 1000s of bands

 The reflected or emitted radiation is measured at a


fine spectral resolution to identify materials

2
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

 Hyperspectral remote sensing detector system records


hundreds of spectral bands of relatively narrow bandwidths (5-
10 nm) simultaneously

 With such detail, the ability to detect and identify unique trends
in land and atmospheric data sets is greatly improved

 Allows for far more specific analysis of land cover

 The emissivity levels of each band can be combined to form a


spectral reflectance curve

3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging

Multispectral Vs Hyperspectral

http://altigator.com/multispectral-and-hyperspectral-drone-imagery/

4
Multispectral
Vs
Hyperspectral

5
Multispectral Vs Hyperspectral
 Multispectral  Hyperspectral
 Separated spectral bands  Does not have any spectral gaps
 Wider bandwidths  Narrow bandwidths (10nm)
 Coarse representation of the spectral  Complete representation of the
signature spectral signature
 Unable to discern small differences  Capable to detect subtle spectral
between reflectance spectra features
 Smaller data volumes  Larger data volumes
 Fewer problems with calibration  Radiometric and spectral calibration are
time-consuming

6
Visualization of Hyperspectral Data

7
Concept of Imaging Spectrometer

• Spectra of two materials with very


different reflectance and absorption
properties, when sensed with a wide
band may have the same response
and cannot be discriminated.

• Whereas, the continuous spectrum of


each spatial element is analyzed using
hyperspectral sensor or imaging
spectrometer

knightlab.org/rscc/slides/RSCC_hyperspectral.pptx

8
Hyperspectral Image Analysis

• Hyperspectral image analysis techniques are derived using the field of


spectroscopy which relate the molecular composition of a particular material
with respect to the corresponding absorption and reflection pattern of light
at individual wavelengths.

• Spectral information of known material can be collected in laboratory


settings and stored as “libraries”. Different methods can be employed to
compare the reference spectra with the obtained spectral reflectance.

• Another approach is spectrum ratioing which is dividing every reflectance


value in the reference spectrum by the respective value of the image
spectrum.

9
Currently operational Hyperspectral Sensors

AVIRIS (Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) (NASA's airborne


sensor)
224 bands 0.4-2.5µm, flies on ER-2 or low-altitude Twin Otter

Hyperion (onboard EO-1 satellite of NASA)


Technology demonstration mission, includes Hyperion instrument
220 bands 0.4-2.5µm, 7.5x100km swath

However, for many development and validation studies, handheld sensors are used.

10
Hyperion: Imaging Spectrometer
 On-board NASA EO-1 satellite (demonstrating new sensor technologies)
 Pushbroom sensor at 705 km altitude (7.6 km swath width)
 Near-polar orbit (98o inclination)
 Flying in formation w/Landsat 7 (1 minute apart)
 spectral range 0.43 - 2.4 mm, 10 nm bandwidths
 220 spectral bands
 30m spatial resolution
 12-bit quantization

11
Applications of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

• Mineral / Oil Exploration


• Agriculture
• Environment
• Surveillance
• Chemical imaging
…

12
Applications of hyperspectral remote sensing
• Atmosphere: water vapor, cloud properties, aerosols

• Ecology: chlorophyll, leaf water, cellulose, pigmemts, lignin

• Geology: mineral and soil types

• Coastal Waters: chlorophyll, phytoplankton, dissolved organic materials,


suspended sediments

• Snow/Ice: snow cover fraction, grainsize, melting

• Biomass Burning: subpixel temperatures, smoke

• Commercial: mineral exploration, agriculture and forest production


Geological application

• Mineral exploration is the basic application area of


hyperspectral remote sensing.

• Distinguishable spectral features for different minerals


can be seen in the short wave infrared region (due to
the bending-stretching feature of OH¯, CO3, Al²+-OH,
Mg+-OH and SO²/4¯ bearing minerals)
15

http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/PAPERS/cuprite.2014/
To detect and map wide variety of materials having characteristic reflectance spectra
Examples:
• To detect and map minerals (Clark et al., 1992, 1995).
• To detect soil properties including moisture, organic content, and salinity (Ben-Dor,2000).
• To identify vegetation species (Clark et al.,1995),
• To map the extents of different plant species. This is especially useful for managing noxious weeds.
• To study plant canopy chemistry and determine the concentrations of leaf chemicals (Aber and
Martin,1995),
• To detect vegetation stress (Merton,1999).
• To detect military vehicles under partial vegetation canopy, and many other military target detection
objectives.
• To map areas contaminated by mine tailings or other pollutants
• To map water colour to determine which microorganisms are present and to locate pollution sources.
Because of the unique
spectral characteristics of
many alteration and rock-
forming minerals,
hyperspectral remote
sensing is making a
significant contribution to
the field of exploration
geology.
• In vegetation applications, the advantage in using narrow bandwidths in
the red to near infrared area, is the possibility to define smaller changes
in the red edge feature.

• Sharp reflectance changes occur in the spectral region between 680 and
750 nm.

• The wavelength of the maximum slope of the spectra in NIR area is called
the red edge wavelength. This wavelength is related for instance to the
chlorophyll concentration and the leaf water content: an increase in the
chlorophyll concentration shifts this wavelength towards longer
wavelengths
Crop Identification and Inventory based solely on the spectra
Mineral Detection
and Mapping

Reflectance

Wavelength, μm
True Color Image Mineral Maps from Hyperspectral Data
River Airborne
Hyperspectral Remote
Sensing 5.5
5
4.5

Reflectance %
4
Confluence of 3.5
Minnesota and 3

Mississippi 2.5

Rivers 2
1.5
400 500 600 700 800 900
Wavelength (nm)
THANKS

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