Engine and it’s Basic

Md. Arif Hossain Jewel, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
 An engine is a machine designed to convert heat energy into mechanical energy.
Heat is generated by the combustion of a fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel, heavy oil,
gases etc. Modern days, all engines are internal combustion (IC) engine.

 Different types of fuel are used in the different types of engines but do not alter
the basic operation. The fuels used are petrol or propane for spark ignition (SI)
engines and diesel for compression ignition (CI) engines.
 Comparison between Engine and Machine

Engine Machine

Engine is a device which converts heat Machine is a device that uses power
energy into mechanical energy from other sources
Engine is used to produce power Machine is not used to produce
power
The engine is a complicated type of Construction of machine is both
machines simple and complicated
Engine is the combination of several Machine is the component part of
machines engine
All engines are machines All machines are not engines
 Classification of Engine
Engines are classified according to the following points

1. According to the ways of fuel combustion

i. Internal Combustion (IC) Engine (e.g. petrol and diesel engine)
ii. External Combustion Engine (e.g. steam engine)

2. According to fuel use

i. Petrol engine
ii. Diesel engine 4. According to the Number of cylinders
iii. Gas engine i. Single Cylinder Engine
iv. Steam engine ii. Multi Cylinder Engine

3. According to distribution of fuel

i. Carburetor Type
ii. Injector Type
 Classification of Engine
Engines are classified according to the following points

5. According to cooling systems 7. According to the position of cylinder arrangements

i. Air Cooling Engine i. Vertical Engine
ii. Water Cooling Engine ii. Horizontal Engine
iii. V-type Engine
6. According to stroke cycles iv. In-Line Engine
i. Two Stroke Cycle Engine (360°) v. Horizontally opposed-cylinder
ii. Four Stroke Cycle Engine (720°) vi. Horizontally opposed-piston
vii. Radial Engine

8. According to speed of engines

i. Low speed engine (<350 rpm)
ii. Medium speed engine (350 rpm — 1000 rpm)
iii. High speed engine (> 1000 rpm)
Diesel Engine

The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by
compressed air temperature in the cylinder due to the mechanical compression; thus, the
diesel engine is a so-called compression-ignition engine. Diesel engines work by compressing
only the air. Example: Power Tiller, Tractors, combine harvester, seeder, Trucks, buses etc.

Petrol Engine

Petrol engines are internal combustion engines which have spark-ignition. They run on
relatively volatile fuels such as petrol. In petrol engines, air and petrol are usually mixed in a
carburetor before being introduced to the cylinder. Once the air and petrol are compressed,
the fuel mixture is ignited by an electric spark. Example: Motorbike, Motor Car, Power
Sprayer, Reaper, hand mower etc.
 Comparison between Diesel engine and Petrol engine

Diesel engine Petrol Engine

Diesel uses as fuel Petrol uses as fuel
Intakes only air into the cylinder Intakes air and fuel mixture into the
cylinder through carburetor
Ignition occurs through piston compression in Ignition occurs through spark plug
cylinder
Compression ratio is high (varies 14:1 to 22:1) Compression ration is low ( from 4:1
to 8:1)
Comparatively heavier in construction Comparatively lighter in construction
Construction is complex Construction is simple
The thermal efficiency is more (varies 30 - Thermal efficiency is low ( to 20 -
35%) 28%)
Fuel inject to cylinder through injector Fuel supply to cylinder through
carburetor
 Spark Plug
Fuel Injector
Essential
parts of an
ideal engine
Sectional view of a
single cylinder engine
The cylinder consists of a piston and two
valves at the top. Fuel introduced into cylinder
for burning.
Cylinder head/engine head
The upper part of the engine is called the
cylinder head, while the lower part is the
cylinder block.
Cylinder head gasket
Cylinder head gasket located between the
cylinder head and the engine block and work
as a seal between the two parts.
Piston
A piston which moves up and down within the
cylinder.
Connecting rod
Connecting rod connects the piston to the
crankshaft. These two components convert
reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary
motion of the crankshaft to form a useable means
of power. Connecting rod transfers motion from a
piston to the crankshaft and behaves like a lever
arm.
Gudgeon pin/piston pin
Gudgeon pin connects the connecting rod to the piston.
Inlet valve
Inlet valve allows the fresh air/air-fuel mixture into
the combustion chamber.
Exhaust valve
Exhaust valve allows the spent gases to
escape to the atmosphere via the exhaust
system.
Valve spring
Valve springs close the valves.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft is the backbone of the internal
combustion engine. A crankshaft is rotated by
the thrust of piston on power stroke. A
crankshaft transforms the reciprocating
motion into rotational motion.

Camshaft
Camshaft opens the valves.
Carburetor
The carburetor's main function is to mix the fuel with
air in a perfect ratio. It does so according to the
engine's speed and load conditions. Theoretically, the
ideal mixture contains 15 parts of air and 1 part of
gasoline fuel. Thus, it provides the air-fuel ratio of
15:1.

Fuel pump
It pumps fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine.
Fuel injector
Fuel injector delivers fuel via a spray directly in front of
the intake valve in a diesel engine. Ideal fuel pressure is
250-300 bar (1 bar=14 psi)

Spark plug
Spark plug is used to ignites compressed air-fuel mixture
in an engine using an electric spark.
Radiator (Water cool engine)
The radiator acts as a heat exchanger for the engine. It
is usually made of aluminum and has many small
diameter pipes with fins attached to them. Cooling
water temperature approximately 80oC.

Flywheel
Flywheel mechanical tool that is employed to store
energy. A flywheel fitted to the crankshaft which
absorbs power on the power stroke and gives off
energy on the three non-power strokes to maintain a
smooth operation of the engine.
Fuel Filter
A fuel filter is a crucial part of a vehicle's fuel
system, located between the fuel tank and
the engine. It screens out contaminants like
dirt, dust, debris, rust, and paint chips from
the fuel before it enters the engine. This
protects the engine from harmful particles
that can cause unnecessary wear and tear,
and potentially damage fuel injectors.

Diesel engines typically have two fuel filters to remove small particles from fuel before it enters the engine and injectors:
•Primary filter
Located between the fuel tank and the fuel pump, this filter removes particles that are 10–15 microns in size.
•Secondary filter
Located in the engine, before the fuel enters the injectors, this filter removes particles that are 3–5 microns in size.
Air filter
Air filter removes dirt, debris, and other particles
from the air that enters the engine to ensure that
only clean air is used. The filter cleans the air that
the engine draws in and mixes it with fuel to form
the correct compression ratio.

Ignition Coil
An ignition coil is a vital part of a car's ignition system
that converts low battery voltage into high voltage to
create sparks at the spark plugs. The spark plugs then
use the high voltage to ignite the air-fuel mixture in
the engine's combustion chamber.
 Piston ring/ Compression ring
 Oil ring
 V-belt
 V-belt pully
 Oil filter
Working Principle of Four-Stroke Cycle Engine (Compression Ignition/ Diesel Engine)

No. 1. The Induction/Suction Stroke.

The piston moves down (BDC), inlet valve

open, exhaust valve closed. The
downward movement of the piston
creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder
and air only rushes in through the inlet
valve passage. At the bottom of the
stroke the inlet valve closes trapping the
air within the cylinder.
No. 2. The Compression Stroke

The piston moves from bottom (BDC) to top

(TDC) and both inlet and exhaust valve is
closed. The upward movement of the piston
compresses the air and create high
temperature, about 600°C. This temperature
is reached because the volume within the
cylinder is reduced to approximately 16 times
its original volume.
No. 3. The Power Stroke

When the piston is at the top (TDC) of

the compression stroke, a spray of fuel
is injected into the cylinder. This fuel
ignites immediately when it comes in
contact with the hot air. The burning fuel
expands and thrust the piston in down
the cylinder.
No . 4. The Exhaust Stroke

The piston moves up the cylinder, the

inlet valve is closed, the exhaust valve is
open. The upward movement of the piston
pushes the burnt gases out through the
exhaust valve passage and to the
atmosphere.
Four stroke engine
operating cycle
Four strokes of
the cycle
 Working Principle of Two Stroke Cycle Engine (Spark Ignition/ Petrol Engine)
 In two stroke cycle engines, the whole sequence of events (suction, compression,
power and exhaust) is completed in two strokes of the piston i.e., one revolution of
the crankshaft.
 There is no valve in this type of engine. Fuel movement takes place through holes
called ports in the cylinder. The crankcase of the engine is airtight in which the
crankshaft rotates. There are three openings or ports are known as:

Inlet Port: where the carburetor is attached and fuel + air enter in the crankcase. It is
connected to the fuel and air supply.

Transfer port: where compressed fuel + air is transferred from the crankcase to the
combustion chamber, ready for the compression stroke. It connects the crankcase to the
cylinder.

Exhaust port: at the end of the power stroke the piston uncovers the exhaust port and
spent gases escape. It connects the cylinder to the exhaust pipe.
Upward Stroke (Suction + Compression)
When the piston moves upward it covers two of the ports, the exhaust port and transfer
port. This traps the charge of air-fuel mixture drawn already in to the cylinder. Further
upward movement of the piston compresses the charge and also uncovers the suction
port. Now fresh mixture is drawn through this port into the crankcase. Just before the end
of this stroke, the mixture in the cylinder is ignited by a spark plug. Thus, during this stroke
both suction and compression events are completed.
Downward Stroke (Power + Exhaust)
Burning of the fuel rises the temperature and pressure of the gases which forces the piston
to move down the cylinder. When the piston moves down, it closes the suction port,
trapping the fresh charge drawn into the crankcase during the previous upward stroke.
Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and then the
transfer port. Now fresh charge in the crankcase moves in to the cylinder through the
transfer port driving out the burnt gases through the exhaust port. During the downward
stroke of the piston power and exhaust events are completed.
The two strokes of the cycle are:
 Upward Stroke: Induction or suction and compression occurs
 Downward Stroke: Power and exhaust occur
The two strokes of the cycle are:
 Upward Stroke: Induction or suction and compression occurs
 Downward Stroke: Power and exhaust occur
 Two stroke cycle engine produce power by 360° (one

cycle) revolutions of crankshaft

 Four stroke cycle engine produce power by 720° (two

cycle) revolutions of crankshaft.)

Comparison between 4 stroke engine and two stroke engine
Four stroke engine Two stroke Engine
One power cycle is completed by four strokes One power cycle is completed by two
of piston strokes of piston
Two revolutions of crankshaft provide one One revolution of crankshaft provides
power cycle one power cycle
Lower fuel consumption Higher fuel consumption
Valves are used for intake and exhaust in Ports are used for intake and exhaust
engine cylinder in engine cylinder
Heavy weight engine Light weight engine
Produce more vibration Less vibration and better balancing
Require larger flywheel due to run even torque Smaller fly wheel due to less
vibration
Consume less lubricating oil More lubricating oil
Compression ratio is high Less
High thermal efficiency Low
Produce less noise More noise
Compression Ratio

 This is the relationship between the volume in the cylinder at top dead centre (TDC) and
bottom dead centre (BDC);
 The piston is at TDC when it is at its highest point in the cylinder;
 BDC is when the piston is at its lowest point in the cylinder;
 If a spark ignition engine has a compression ratio of about 7:1, which means the volume
in the cylinder at TDC is one-seventh of the volume at BDC. A typical compression ratio
for a diesel engine is 16:1.
 Both petrol and diesel engine’s compression ratio vary from engine to engine;

Calorific value of fuel

 Calorific value of the fuel is the quantity of heat per unit weight of fuel;

 The average calorific value of diesel is 45.5 MJ/kg and petrol is 45.8 MJ/kg,
respectively;

 1 kg diesel fuel burnt produced 2.68 kg and for petrol 2.31kg CO2;
You can visit following link to watch videos relating engine

www.youtube.com/TheAutoPartsShop