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Mathematics Notes for Class 12 chapter 6.

Application of Derivatives
Tangents and Normals

The derivative of the curve y = f(x) is f ‗(x) which represents the slope of tangent and equation
of the tangent to the curve at P is

where (x, y) is an arbitrary point on the tangent.

The equation of normal at (x, y) to the curve is

1. If then the equations of the tangent and normal at (x, y) are (Y –

y) = 0 and (X – x) = 0, respectively.
2. If then the equation of the tangent and normal at (x, y) are (X – x)
= 0 and (Y – y) = 0, respectively.

Slope of Tangent

(i) If the tangent at P is perpendicular to x-axis or parallel to y-axis,

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(ii) If the tangent at P is perpendicular to y-axis or parallel to x-axis,

Slope of Normal

(ii) If , then normal at (x, y) is parallel to y-axis and perpendicular to x-axis.

(iii) If then normal at (x, y) is parallel to x-axis and perpendicular to y-axis.

Length of Tangent and Normal

(i) Length of tangent, PA = y cosec θ =

(ii) Length of normal,

(iii) Length of subtangent,

(iv) Length of subnormal,

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Angle of Intersection of Two Curves

Let y = f1(x) and y = f2(x) be the two curves, meeting at some point P (x1, y1), then the angle
between the two curves at P (x1, y1) = The angle between the tangents to the curves at P (x1, y1)

The other angle between the tangents is (180 — θ). Generally, the smaller of these two angles
is taken to be the angle of intersection.

∴ The angle of intersection of two curves θ is given by

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Derivatives as the Rate of Change

If a variable quantity y is some function of time t i.e., y = f(t), then small change in Δt time At
have a corresponding change Δy in y.

Thus, the average rate of change = (Δy/Δt)

When limit At Δt→ 0 is applied, the rate of change becomes instantaneous and we get the rate
of change with respect to at the instant x.

So, the differential coefficient of y with respect to x i.e., (dy/dx) is nothing but the rate of
increase of y relative to x.

Rolle’s Theorem

Let f be a real-valued function defined in the closed interval [a, b], such that

1. f is continuous in the closed interval [a, b].

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2. f(x) is differentiable in the open interval (a, b).

3. f(a)= f(b)

Then, there is some point c in the open interval (a, b), such that f‘ (c) = 0.

Geometrically Under the assumptions of Rolle‘s theorem, the graph of f(x) starts at point (a, 0)
and ends at point (b, 0) as shown in figures.

The conclusion is that there is at least one point c between a and b, such that the tangent to the
graph at (c, f(c)) is parallel to the x-axis.

Algebraic Interpretation of Rolle’s Theorem

Between any two roots of a polynomial f(x), there is always a root of its derivative f‘ (x).

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem

Let f be a real function, continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable in the open
interval (a, b). Then, there is at least one point c in the open interval (a, b), such that

Geometrically Any chord of the curve y = f(x), there is a point on the graph, where the tangent
is parallel to this chord.

Remarks In the particular case, where f(a) = f(b).

The expression [f(b) – f(a)/(b – a)] becomes zero. Thus, when

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f(a) = f (b), f ‗ (c) = 0 for some c in (a, b).

Thus, Rolle‘s theorem becomes a particular case of the mean value theorem.

Approximations and Errors

1. Let y = f(x) be a given function. Let Ax denotes a small increment in Δx, corresponding
which y increases by Δy. Then, for small increments, we assume that

2. Let Δx be the error in the measurement of independent variable x and Δy is corresponding

error in the measurement of dependent variable y. Then,

• Δy = Absolute error in measurement of y

• (Δy/y) = Relative error in measurement of y
• (Δy/y) * 100 = Percentage error in measurement of y

Monotonicity of Functions

1. Monotonic Function

A function f(x) is said to be monotonic on an interval (a, b), if it is either increasing or

decreasing on (a, b).

2. Strictly Increasing Function

f(x) is said to be increasing in D1, if for every x1, x2 ∈ D1, x1 > x2 ⇒ f(x1) > f(x2). It means that
there is a certain increase in the value of f(x) with an increase in the value of x.

3. Classification of Strictly Increasing Function

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4. Non-Decreasing Function

f(x) is said to be non-decreasing in D1, if for every x1, x2 ∈ D1, x1 > x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2). It means
that the value of f(x) would new decrease with an increase in the value of x.

5. Strictly Decreasing Function

f(x) is said to be decreasing in D1, if for every x1, x2 ∈ D1, x1 > x2 ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2). It means that
there is a certain decrease in the value c f(x) with an increase in the value of x.

Classification of Strictly Decreasing Function

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6. Non-increasing Function

f(x) is said to be non-increasing in D1, if for every x1, x2 ∈ D1, x1 > x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2). It means
that the value of f(x) would never increase with an increase in the value of x.

If a function is either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing, then it is also a monotonic

function.

Important Points to be Remembered

(i) A function f (x) is said to be increasing (decreasing) at point x0, if there is an interval (x0 —
h, x0 + h) containing x0, such that f(x) is increasing (decreasing) on (x0 — h, x0 + h).

(ii) A function f (x) is said to be increasing on [a , b], if it is increasing (decreasing) on (a ,b)

and it is also increasing at x = a and x = b.
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(iii) If (x) is increasing function on (a , b), then tangent at every point on the curve y = f(x)
makes an acute angle θ with the positive direction of x-axis.

(iv) Let f be a differentiable real function defined on an open interval (a, b).

• If f ‗ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (a, b), then f (x) is increasing on (a, b).
• If f ‗ (x) < 0 for all x ∈ (a , b), then f (x) is decreasing on (a, b).

(v) Let f be a function defined on (a, b).

• If f ‗(x) > 0 for all x ∈ (a, b) except for a finite number of points, where f ‗ (x) = 0, then
f(x) is increasing on (a, b).
• If f ‗(x) < 0 for all x ∈ (a , b) except for a finite number of points, where f ‗(x) = 0, then
f(x) is decreasing on (a , b).

Properties of Monotonic Functions

1. If f(x)is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b], then f-1 exist and also a strictly
increasing function.
2. If f(x) is strictly increasing function on [a, b], such that it is continuous, then f-1 is
continuous on [f(a), f(b)].
3. If f(x) and g(x) are strictly increasing (or decreasing) function on [a, b], then gof(x) is
strictly increasing (or decreasing) function on [a, b].
4. If one of the two functions f(x) and g(x) is strictly increasing and other a strictly
decreasing, then gof(x) is strictly decreasing on [a, b].
5. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b], such that f‘ (c) ≥ 0 (f ‗ (c) > 0) for each c ∈ (a, b) is strictly
increasing function on [a, b].
6. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f ‗(c) ≤ (f ‗ (c) < 0) for each c ∈ (a, b), then f(x) is
strictly decreasing function on [a, b].

Maxima and Minima of Functions

1. A function y = f(x) is said to have a local maximum at a point x = a. If f(x) ≤ f(a) for all x ∈
(a – h, a + h), where h is somewhat small but positive quantity.
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The point x = a is called a point of maximum of the function f(x) and f(a) is known as the
maximum value or the greatest value or the absolute maximum value of f(x).

2. The function y = f(x) is said to have a local minimum at a point x = a, if f(x) ≥ f(a) for all x ∈
(a – h, a + h), where h is somewhat small but positive quantity.

The point x = a is called a point of minimum of the function f(x) and f(a) is known as the
minimum value or the least value or the absolute minimum value of f(x).

Properties of Maxima and Minima

1. If f(x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least one maxima and one minima
must lie between two equal values of x.
2. Maxima and minima occur alternately, i.e., between two maxima there is one minima
and vice-versa.
3. If f(x) → ∞ as x → a or b and f ‗ (x) = 0 only for one value of x (sayc) between a and b,
then f(c) is necessarily the minimum and the least value.
4. If f(x) → p -∞ as x → a or b and f(c) is necessarily the maximum and the greatest value.

Important Points to be Remembered

1. If f(x) be a differentiable functions, then f ‗(x) vanishes at every local maximum and at
every local minimum.
2. The converse of above is not true, i.e., every point at which f‘ (x) vanishes need not be a
local maximum or minimum. e.g., if f(x) = x3 then f ‗(0) = 0, but at x =0. The function
has neither minimum nor maximum. In general these points are point of inflection.
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3. A function may attain an extreme value at a point without being derivable there at, e.g.,
f(x) = |x| has a minima at x = 0 but f'(0) does not exist.
4. A function f(x) can has several local maximum and local minimum values in an interval.
Thus, the maximum and minimum values of f(x) defined above are not necessarily the
greatest and the least values of f(x) in a given interval.
5. A minimum value at some point may even be greater than a maximum values at some
other point.

Maximum and Minimum Values in a Closed Interval

Let y = f(x) be a function defined on [a, b]. By a local maximum (or local minimum) value of a
function at a point c ∈ [a, b] we mean the greatest (or the least) value in the immediate
neighbourhood of x = c. It does not mean the greatest or absolute maximum (or the least
or absolute minimum) of f(x) in the interval [a, b]. A function may have a number of local
maxima or local minima in a given interval and even a local minimum may be greater than a
relative maximum.

Local Maximum

A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x = a, if there exists a neighbourhood (a –

δ, a + δ), of c such that,

f(x) < f(a), ∀ x ∈ (a – δ, α + δ), x ≠ a

or f(x) – f(a) < 0, ∀ x ∈ (a – δ, α + δ), x ≠ a

In such a case f(a) is called to attain a local maximum value of f(x) at x = a.

Local Minimum

f (x) > f(a), ∀ x ∈ (a – δ, α + δ), x ≠ a

or f(x) – f(a) > 0, ∀ x ∈ (a – δ, α + δ), x ≠ a

In such a case f(a) is called the local minimum value of f(x) at x = a.

Methods to Find Local Extremum

1. First Derivative Test

Let f(x) be a differentiable function on an interval I and a ∈ I. Then,

1. (i) Point a is a local maximum of f(x), if

(a) f ‗(a) = 0
(b) f ‗(x) > 0, if x ∈ (a – h, a) and f‘ (x) < 0, if x ∈ (a, a + h), where h is a small but
positive quantity.
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2. (ii) Point a is a local minimum of f(x), if

(a) f ‗(a) = 0
(b) f ‗(a) < 0, if x ∈ (a – h, a) and f ‗(x) > 0, if x ∈ (a, a + h), where h is a small but
positive quantity.
3. (iii) If f ‗(a) = 0 but f ‗(x) does not changes sign in (a – h, a + h), for any positive
quantity h, then x = a is neither a point of minimum nor a point of maximum.

2. Second Derivative Test

Let f(x) be a differentiable function on an interval I. Let a ∈ I is such that f ―(x) is continuous at
x = a. Then,

1. x = a is a point of local maximum, if f ‗(a) = 0 and f ―(a) < 0.

2. x = a is a point of local minimum, if f ‗(a) = 0 and f‖(a) > 0.
3. If f ‗(a) = f ―(a) = 0, but f‖ (a) ≠ 0, if exists, then x = a is neither a point of local
maximum nor a point of local minimum and is called point of inflection.
4. If f ‗(a) = f ―(a) = f ‗‖(a) = 0 and f iv(a) < 0, then it is a local maximum. And if f iv > 0,
then it is a local minimum.

nth Derivative Test

Let f be a differentiable function on an interval / and let a be an interior point of / such that

(i) f ‗(a) = f ―(a) = f ‗‖(a) = … f n – 1(a) = 0 and

(ii) fn (a) exists and is non-zero, then

• If n is even and f n (a) < 0 ⇒ x = a is a point of local maximum.

• If n is even and f n (a) > 0 ⇒ x = a is a point of local minimum.
• If n is odd ⇒ x = a is a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum.

Important Points to be Remembered

1. To Find Range of a Continuous Function Let f(x) be a continuous function on [a, b],
such that its least value in [a, b1 is m and the greatest value in [a, b] is M. Then, range of
value of f(x) for x ∈ [a, b] is [m, M].
2. To Check for the injectivity of a Function A strictly monotonic function is always one-
one (injective). Hence, a function f (x) is one-one in the interval [a, b], if f ‗(x) > 0 , ∀ x
∈ [a, b] or f‘ (x) < 0 , ∀ x ∈ [a, b].
3. The points at which a function attains either the local maximum value or local minimum
values are known as the extreme points or turning points and both local maximum and
local minimum values are called the extreme values of f(x). Thus, a function attains an
extreme value at x = a, if f(a) is either a local maximum value or a local minimum value.
Consequently at an extreme point ‗a‘, f (x) — f (a) keeps the same sign for all values of
x in a deleted nbd of a.
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4. A necessary condition for (a) to be an extreme value of a function (x) is that f ‗(a) = 0 in
case it exists.
5. This condition is only a necessary condition for the point x = a to be an extreme point. It
is not sufficient. i.e., f ‗(a) = 0 does not necessarily imply that x = a is an extreme point.
There are functions for which the derivatives vanish at a point but do not have an
extreme value. e.g., the function f(x) = x3 , f ‗(0) = 0 but at x = 0 the function does not
attain an extreme value.
6. Geometrically the above condition means that the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at a point
where the ordinate is maximum or minimum is parallel to the x-axis.
7. All x,for which f ‗(x) = 0, do not give us the extreme values. The values of x for which f
‗(x) = 0 are called stationary values or critical values of x and the corresponding values
of f(x) are called stationary or turning values of f(x).

Critical Points of a Function

Points where a function f(x) is not differentiable and points where its derivative (differentiable
coefficient) is z ?,ro are called the critical points of the function f(x).

Maximum and minimum values of a function f(x) can occur only at critical points. However,
this does not mean that the function will have maximum or minimum values at all critical
points. Thus, the points where maximum or minimum value occurs are necessarily critical
Points but a function may or may not have maximum or minimum value at a critical point.

Point of Inflection

Consider function f(x) = x3. At x = 0, f ‗(x)= 0. Also, f ―(x) = 0 at x = 0. Such point is called
point of inflection, where 2nd derivative is zero. Consider another function f(x) = sin x, f ―(x)=
– sin x. Now, f ―(x)= 0 when x = nπ, then this points are called point of inflection.

At point of inflection

1. It is not necessary that 1st derivative is zero.

2. 2nd derivative must be zero or 2nd derivative changes sign in the neighbourhood of point
of inflection.

Concept of Global Maximum/Minimum

• Let y = f(x) be a given function with domain D.

• Let [a, b] ⊆ D, then global maximum/minimum of f(x) in [a, b] is basically the
greatest/least value of f(x) in [a, b].
• Global maxima/minima in [a, b] would always occur at critical points of f(x) with in [a,
b] or at end points of the interval.

Global Maximum/Minimum in [a, b]

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In order to find the global maximum and minimum of f(x) in [a, b], find out all critical points
of f(x) in [a, b] (i.e., all points at which f ‗(x)= 0) and let f(c1), f(c2) ,…, f(n) be the values of the
function at these points.

Then, M1 → Global maxima or greatest value.

and M1 → Global minima or least value.
where M1 = max { f(a), f(c1), f(c1) ,…, f(cn), f(b)}
and M1 = min { f(a), f(c1), f(c2) ,…, f(cn), f(b)}

Then, M1 is the greatest value or global maxima in [a, b] and M1 is the least value or global
minima in [a, b].
 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
OBJECTIVES

1. The approximate increase in the area of a square plane when each side
expands from 3 c m to 3.01 cm is
(1) 0.001 sq. cm (2) 0.006 sq. cm (3) 0.06 sq. cm (4) None

2. If y = log x then 8y when x = 3,8x = 0.03 is

(1) 0.0l (2) 0.009 (3) 0.0091 (4) 0.0099

3. The approximate percentage error in the volume of a sphere is equal to

(1) Percentage error in r (2) Double the percentage error in r
(3) Treble the percentage error in r (4) None

4. If y = x", then ratio of relative errors in y and x is

(1) 1:1 (2) 2 : 1 (3) 1: n (4) n : 1

5. Let P be the pressure and V the volume of a gas such that PV = constant. If
percentage error in P is k then percentage error in V is
(1) k (2) 1/k (3) -k (4) None

6. If log 4 = 1.3868 then log 4.01 =

(1) 1.3968 (2) 1.3898 (3) 1.3893 (4) None

1
7. correct to 4 decimal places is
998
(1) 0.3333 (2) 0.1667 (3) 0.1666 (4) None
8. The circumference of a circle is measured as 28 cm with an error of 0.01 cm.
The percentage error in the area is
(1) 1/14 (2) 0.01 (3) 1/7 (4) None

9. While measuring the side of an equilateral triangle an error of 0.5% is made.

Percentage error in its area is
(1) 0.5 (2) 1 (3) 10 (4) 1.5

10. If there is an error of 0.02 cm in the measurement of the diameter of a sphere,

then the percentage error in its volume when the radius = 10 cm, is
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.2 (3) 0.3 (4) 3

11. If the percentage error in the surface area of a sphere is  , then percentage
error i n the volume is
(1) (3/2)  (2) (2/3)  (3)  (4) None

12. If there is an error of 2% in measuring the length of a simple pendulum then

percentage error in its period is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

13. The radius of a closed cylinder is half of its height. If an error of 0.5% is
made in measuring the radius, the percentage error in the surface area is

14. e error in / is
15. The voltage E of a thermocouple as a function of temperature is given by
E = 6.2T +0.0002 T3 . When T changes from 100° to 101° the approximate
change in E is
(1) 12 (2) 12.1 (3) 12.12 (4) 12.2

16. In A ABC the sides b, c are given. If there is an error 8A i n measuring angle
A then a =
□ 2□
1. A 2. A 3. bc sin A.A 4. None
2a 2a

17. If the ratio of the base radius and height of a cone is 1 : 2 and percentage
error in the radius is k, then percentage error in its volume is
(1) k (2) 2k (3) 3 k (4) None

18. A circular hole of 4 mm in diameter and 12 mm deep in a metal block is

rebored to increase the diameter to 4.12 mm, and then the amount of metal
removed is approximately

(1) 2.88 mm3 (2) 3.99 mm3 (3) 3.79 mm3 (4) 3.725 mm3

19. The semi-vertical angle of a cone is 45°. If the height of the cone is 20.025, the
approximate lateral surface area is
1.401 2 2.400 2 3.401 2 4.None

20.  ABC is not right angled and is inscribed in a fixed circle. If a, A, b, B be

slightly varied keeping, c, C fixed, then
1) 2R 2)  3)0 4)None
 1 1 2
21. The focal length of a mirror is given by − = . If equal errors  are made
v u f

in measuring u and v then relative error is

2
1) 2)   1 + 1  3)  1 − 1  4) None
 u v u v
   

22. Approximate value of cos61° given that sin60° = 0.86603 and 1° = 0.001745
(1) 0.4849 (2) 0.4983 (3) 0.9969 (4) 0.5012

23. A stone moving vertically upwards has its equation of motion s = 490t − 4.9t 2 .

The maximum height reached by the stone is

(a) 12250 (b) 1225
(c) 36750 (d) None of these

24. A particle moves in a straight line so that its velocity at any point is given by
v2 = a + bx , where a, b  0 are constants. The acceleration is

(a) Zero (b) Uniform

(c) Non-uniform (d) Indeterminate

25. The maximum height is reached in 5 seconds by a stone thrown vertically

upwards and moving under the equation 10s = 10ut – 49 t2, where s is in metre
and t is in second. The value of u is
(a) 4.9m / sec (b) 49m / sec
(c) 98 m / sec (d) None of these

26. A stone is falling freely and describes a distance s in t seconds given by equation
1
s = g t2 . The acceleration of the stone is
2

(a) Uniform (b) Zero (c) Non-uniform (d) Indeterminate

27. A 10cm long rod AB moves with its ends on two mutually perpendicular
straight lines OX and OY. If the end A be moving at the rate of 2cm / sec , then
when the distance of A from O is 8cm , the rate at which the end B is moving, is
8 4
(a) cm / sec (b) cm / sec
3 3

2
(c) cm / sec (d) None of these
9

28. If the radius of a circle increases from 3 cm to 3.2 cm, then the increase in the
area of the circle is
(a) 1.2 cm 2 (b) 12 cm 2
(c) 6 cm 2 (d) None of these

29. The equation of motion of a particle is given by s = 2t 3 − 9 t 2 + 12 t + 1 ,where s and t

are measured in cm and sec. The time when the particle stops momentarily is
(a) 1 sec (b) 2 sec
(c) 1, 2 sec (d) None of these

30. A particle is moving in a straight line according as s = 45 t + 11 t 2 − t 3 then the time

when it will come to rest, is
(a) – 9 seconds (b) 5 seconds
3

(c) 9 seconds (d) − 5 seconds

3

31. A ladder 5 m in length is resting against vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder
is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate of 1.5 m / sec . The length
of the highest point of the ladder when the foot of the ladder 4.0 m away from
the wall decreases at the rate of
(a) 2 m/sec (b) 3 m/sec
(c) 2.5 m/sec (d) 1.5 m/sec
32. The equation of motion of a particle moving along a straight line is s=2

t 3 − 9 t 2 + 12 t , where the units of s and t are cm and sec. The acceleration of the
particle will be zero after
3 2
(a) sec (b) sec
2 3
1
(c) sec (d) Never
2

33. A particle is moving on a straight line, where its position s (in metre) is a
function of time t (in seconds) given by s = at 2 + bt + 6, t  0 . If it is known that the
particle comes to rest after 4 seconds at a distance of 16 metre from the starting
position (t = 0) , then the retardation in its motion is

5
(a) − 1m / sec 2 (b) m / sec 2
4
1 5
(c) − m / sec 2 (d) − m / sec 2
2 4

1
34. If the law of motion in a straight line is s= v t, then acceleration is
2

(a) Constant (b)Proportional to t

(c) Proportional to v (d)Proportional to s

35. If the distance travelled by a point in time t is s = 180 t − 16 t 2 , then the rate of
change in velocity is
(a) – 16 unit (b) 48 unit
(c) – 32 unit (d) None of these

36. The edge of a cube is increasing at the rate of 5cm / sec . How fast is the volume of
the cube increasing when the edge is 12cm long
(a) 432 cm 3 / sec (b) 2160 cm 3 / sec

(c) 180 cm 3 / sec (d) None of these

37. A body moves according to the formula v = 1 + t 2 , where v is the velocity at time t.
The acceleration after 3 sec will be (v in cm/sec)
(a) 24 cm / sec 2 (b) 12 cm / sec 2
(c) 6 cm / sec 2 (d) None of these

38. A point moves in a straight line during the time t=0 to t = 3 according to the law
s = 15 t − 2t 2 . The average velocity is
(a) 3 (b) 9
(c) 15 (d) 27

39. A man 2metre high walks at a uniform speed 5 metre/hour away from a lamp
post 6 metre high. The rate at which the length of his shadow increases is
(a) 5 m/h (b) 5 m/h
2
5 5
(c) m/h (d) m/h
3 4

40. If the path of a moving point is the curve x = at , y = b sin at , then its acceleration at
any instant
(a) Is constant
(b) Varies as the distance from the axis of x
(c) Varies as the distance from the axis of y
(d) Varies as the distance of the point from the origin

41. The rate of change of the surface area of a sphere of radius r when the radius is
increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec is proportional
1 1
(a) (b)
r r2

(c) r (d) r2
42. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform
thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm,
then the rate at which the thickness of ice decreases, is
1 5
(a) cm/min (b) cm/min
54 6

1 1
(c) cm/min (d) cm/min
36 18

43. A ladder is resting with the wall at an angle of 30 o . A man is ascending the
ladder at the rate of 3 ft/sec. His rate of approaching the wall is
(a) 3 ft/sec (b) 3 ft/sec
2
3 3
(c) ft/sec (d) ft/sec
4 2

44. Gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the rate of 30 ft3/min. Then the
rate at which the radius increases when it reaches the value 15 ft is
1 1 1 1
(a) ft/ min . (b) ft/ min . (c) ft/ min . (d) ft/ min .
30 15 20 25

45. A ladder 10 m long rests against a vertical wall with the lower end on the
horizontal ground. The lower end of the ladder is pulled along the ground away
from the wall at the rate of 3 cm/sec. The height of the upper end while it is
descending at the rate of 4 cm/sec is
(a) 4 3 m (b) 5 3 m (c) 52m (d) 8 m

46. The speed v of a particle moving along a straight line is given by a + bv 2 = x 2

(where x is its distance from the origin). The acceleration of the particle is
(a) bx (b) x / a (c) x/b (d) x / ab
47. If the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 900cm3persec,
then the rate of change of radius of balloon at instant when radius is 15cm [in
cm/sec]
22 7
(a) (b)22 (c) (d) None of these
7 22

48. A spherical balloon is being inflated at the rate of 35 cc/min. The rate of
increase of the surface area of the balloon when its diameter is 14 cm is
(a) 7 sq. cm/min (b) 10 sq. cm/min (c)17.5 sq. cm/min (d)28 sq. cm/min

49. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The
rate at which the area increases, when the side is 10 cm is
10 sq. unit/sec
(a) 3 sq. unit/sec (b) 10 sq. unit/sec (c) 10 3 sq. unit/sec (d)
3

50. A point on the parabola y 2 = 18 x at which the ordinate increases at twice the rate
of the abscissa is
(a)  9 , 9  (b) (2, – 4) (c)  −9 , 9  (d) (2, 4)
   
 8 2  8 2

51. The position of a point in time ‘t’ is given by x = a + bt − ct 2 , y = at + bt 2 . Its

acceleration at time ‘t’ is
(a) b −c (b) b + c

(c) 2b − 2c (d) 2 b2+c2

52. A particle moves in a straight line so that s=t, then its acceleration is
proportional to
(a) Velocity (b) (Velocity)3/2 (c)(Velocity) 3 (d) (Velocity)2
53. If x + y = 10 , then the maximum value of xy is
(a) 5 (b) 20
(c) 25 (d) None of these

54. The necessary condition to be maximum or minimum for the function is

(a) f '(x) = 0 and itis sufficient (b) f "(x ) = 0 and it is sufficient
(c) f ' (x ) = 0 but it is not sufficient (d) f ' (x ) = 0 and f "(x ) = −ve

55. The value of a so that the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
x 2 − (a − 2)x − a + 1 = 0 assume the least value, is
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 0

56. If f(x) = 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 12 x + 5 and x [−2, 4] , then the maximum value of function is at the
following value of x
(a) 2 (b) –1
(c) – 2 (d) 4

57. If x + y = 16 and x2+y2 is minimum, then the values of x and y are

(a) 3, 13 (b) 4, 12
(c) 6, 10 (d) 8, 8

 te dt is
2
−t
58. A minimum value of x
0

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 0
59. If two sides of a triangle be given, then the area of the triangle will be maximum
if the angle between the given sides be

(a) (b) 
3 4


(c) (d) 
6 2

60. The sufficient conditions for the function f:R→R is to be maximum at x=a, will
be
(a) f ' (a)  0 and f "(a)  0 (b) f ' (a) = 0 and f "(a) = 0
(c) f ' (a) = 0 and f "(a)  0 (d) f ' (a)  0 and f "(a)  0

61. The maximum value of 2 x 3 − 24 x + 107 in the interval [–3, 3] is

(a) 75 (b) 89
(c) 125 (d) 139

62. If for a function f(x), f ' (a) = 0, f "(a) = 0 , f (a)  0 , then at x = a , f (x )

(a) Minimum (b) Maximum

(c) Not an extreme point (d) Extreme point

63. The area of a rectangle will be maximum for the given perimeter, when
rectangle is a
(a) Parallelogram (b) Trapezium
(c) Square (d) None of these

64. x and y be two variables such that x0 and xy = 1 . Then the minimum value of
x + y is

(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 0
65. If from a wire of length 36 metre a rectangle of greatest area is made, then its
two adjacent sides in metre are
(a) 6, 12 (b) 9, 9
(c) 10, 8 (d) 13, 5

log x
66. The minimum value of in the interval [2, ) is
x

log 2
(a) 2 (b) Zero
1
(c) (d) Does not exist
e

2
67. The minimum value of x + 3 y, when xy = 6, is

(a) 12 (b) 9
(c) 8 (d) 6

2
x y2
68. Area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse + = is
1
a2 b2

a
(a) ab (b)
b

(c) 2ab (d) ab

69. If y = a log x + bx 2 + x has its extremum value at x = 1 and x = 2, then (a, b) =

 1
(a)  1,  (b)  1 , 2 
 2 2 
(c)  2, −1  (d)  −2 , −1 
   
 2   3 6 

70. A cone of maximum volume is inscribed in a given sphere, then ratio of the
height of the cone to diameter of the sphere is
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/4
(c) 1/3 (d) ¼
71. If xy = c 2 , then minimum value of ax + by is

(a) c ab (b) 2c ab

(c) − c ab (d) − 2c ab


72. If A+B= , the maximum value of cos A cos B is
2

1 3
(a) (b)
2 4

4
(c) 1 (d)
3

73. The minimum value of 4 e 2 x + 9 e −2 x is

(a) 11 (b) 12
(c) 10 (d) 14

74. If PQ and PR are the two sides of a triangle, then the angle between them
which gives maximum area of the triangle is
(a)  (b)  / 3
(c)  / 4 (d)  / 2

75. If a2 x 4 + b 2 y 4 = c6 , then maximum value of xy is

c2 c3
(a) (b)
ab ab

c3 c3
(c) (d)
2ab 2ab

2
− 2 x +1) sin 2 x
76. The minimum value of e (2x is
(a) e (b) 1/e
(c) 1 (d) 0
 x 2 − x +1
77. If x is real, then greatest and least values of are
x 2 + x +1
(a) 3, − 1 (b) 3, 1
2 3

(c) − 3, − 1 (d) None of these

3

78. The ratio of height of cone of maximum volume inscribed in a sphere to its
radius is
3 4 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 3

79. The maximum value of sin x (1 + cos x) will be at the

 (b) 
(a) x = x =
2 6

(c) x = (d) x =
3

80. The perimeter of a sector is p. The area of the sector is maximum when its
radius is
1
(a) p (b)
p

p p
(c) (d)
2 4

81. The function y = a(1 − cos x) is maximum when x =

(a)  (b)  / 2
(c) − / 2 (d) − / 6

82. If P = (1, 1) , Q = (3, 2) and R is a point on x-axis then the value of PR + RQ will be
minimum at
(a)  5 , 0  (b)  1 , 0 
   
3  3 

(c) (3, 0) (d) (1, 0)

83. The function sin x − bx + c will be increasing in the interval (−, ) , if
(a) b 1 (b) b  0
(c) b  −1 (d) b  0

84. The function f defined by f(x) = (x + 2)e −x is

(a) Decreasing for all x

(b) Decreasing in (−, − 1) and increasing in (−1, )
(c) Increasing for all x
(d) Decreasing in (−1, ) and increasing in (−, − 1)

K sin x + 2 cos x
85. If the function f(x) = is increasing for all values of x, then
sin x + cos x

(a) K 1 (b) K  1

(c) K  2 (d) K 2

86. The interval for which the given function f(x) = 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 36 x + 7 is decreasing, is
(a) (– 2, 3) (b) (2, 3)
(c) (2,– 3) (d) None of these

87. f(x) = x 3 − 27 x + 5 is an increasing function, when

(a) x  −3 (b) | x | 3

(c) x  −3 (d) | x |  3

88. If f(x) = kx 3 − 9 x 2 + 9 x + 3 is monotonically increasing in each interval,

(a) k 3 (b) k  3
(c) k 3 (d) None of these
  sin x + 6 cos x
89. Function f(x) = is monotonic increasing, if
2 sin x + 3 cos x

(a)  1 (b)  1

(c)  4 (d)   4

90. The values of ‘a’ for which the function (a + 2)x 3 − 3ax 2 + 9ax − 1 decreases
monotonically throughout for all real x, are
(a) a  −2 (b) a  −2

(c) −3  a  0 (d) −  a  −3

a sin x + b cos x
91. The function is decreasing, if
c sin x + d cos x

(a) ad − bc  0 (b) ad − bc  0
(c) ab − cd  0 (d) ab − cd  0

1
92. The function is decreasing in the interval
1 + x2

(a) (−, − 1] (b) (−, 0]

(c) [1, ) (d) (0, )

93. The least value of k for which the function x 2 + kx + 1 is an increasing function in
the interval 1  x  2 is
(a) – 4 (b) – 3
(c) – 1 (d) – 2

94. If f(x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 3 be a decreasing function, then x lies in

(a) (−,−1) (3, ) (b) (1, 3)
(c) (3, ) (d) None of these
95. The function f(x) = tan −1(sin x + cos x) , x0 is always an increasing function on the
interval
(a) (0,  ) (b) (0,  / 2)
(c) (0,  / 4) (d) (0, 3 / 4)

96. Let f(x) = x 3 + bx 2 + cx + d,0  b 2  c . Then f

(a) Is bounded (b) Has a local maxima
(c) Has a local minima (d) Is strictly increasing

97. The function f(x) = x1 / x is

(a) Increasing in (1, ) (b) Decreasing in (1, )

(c) Increasing in (1, e), decreasing in (e, ) (d) Decreasing in (1,e), increasing in (e, )

98. For all x (0, 1)

(a) e x  1 +x (b) loge (1 + x)  x

(c) sin x  x (d) loge x  x

 e 2x −1 
99. Given function   e 2x i+fs(1x) =
 

(a) Increasing (b) Decreasing

(c) Even (d) None of these

100. If f(x) = 2 x + cot −1

x + log( 1 + x 2 − x) , then f ( x)
(a) Increases in [0 ,  ) (b) Decreases in [0 , )
(c) Neither increases nor decreases in (0, ) (d) Increases in (–  , )
101. Rolle's theorem is not applicable to the function f(x) =| x | defined on [–1, 1] because
(a) f is not continuous on [ –1, 1] (b) f is not differentiable on (–1,1)
(c) f(−1)  f(1) (d) f (−1) = f(1)  0

1
102. From mean value theorem f (b) − f(a) = (b − a)f '(x1 ); a  x1  b if f(x) = , then x1 =
x

(a) ab (b) a + b
2

(c) a 2ab
+b (d) b − a
b+a

103. The function f(x) = x(x + 3)e −(1 / 2)x satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's theorem in [–3,
0]. The value of c is
(a) 0 (b) –1
(c) – 2 (d) – 3

104. The function f(x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + ax + b satisfy the conditions of Rolle's theorem in [1,
3]. The values of a and b are
(a) 11, – 6 (b) – 6, 11
(c) –11, 6 (d) 6, –11

f(b) − f(a) 1
105. In the Mean-Value theorem = f ' (c), if a = 0, b = and f(x ) = x (x − 1)(x − 2), the
b−a 2

value of c is
(a) 1 − 15 (b) (c) 1 − 21
1 + 15 (d) 1 + 21
6 6
f(b) − f(a)
106. If from mean value theorem, f '(x ) = , then
b−a
1

(a) a  x 1 b (b) a  x 1 b

(c) a  x 1 b (d) a  x 1 b
107. If f (x ) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem in [1, 2] and f (x ) is continuous in

 f '(x)dx is equal to
2
[1, 2] then
1

(a) 3 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 2

108. Let f (x ) satisfy all the conditions of mean value theorem in [0, 2]. If f (0) = 0 and
1
| f ' (x)|  for all x, in [0, 2] then
2

(a) f(x )  2 (b) | f(x)|  1

(c) f(x ) = 2 x (d) f(x ) = 3 for at least one x in [0, 2]

109. If the function f(x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + ax + b satisfies Rolle’s theorem in the interval [1, 3]
 23+1
and f '  = 0 , then
 3 


(a) a = −11 (b) a = −6

(c) a = 6 (d) a = 11

110. The radius of the cylinder of maximum volume, which can be inscribed in a
sphere of radius R is
2 2
(a) R (b) R
3 3

3 3
(c) R (d) R
4 4

x  lnx, x  0 
111. Let = , Rolle’s theorem is applicable to f for  , if  =
f(x)   x [0,1]
0, x = 0

(a) – 2 (b) – 1
1
(c) 0 (d)
2
 x

112. The function has a local minimum at x =

f (x) =
t(e
−1
t
− 1)(t − 1)(t − 2)3 (t − 3)5dt

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

113. If the function f(x) = x 3 − 6ax 2 + 5 x satisfies the conditions of Lagrange's mean value
7
theorem for the interval [1, 2] and the tangent to the curve y = f(x ) at x= is
4

parallel to the chord that joins the points of intersection of the curve with the
ordinates x=1 and x=2. Then the value of a is
35
(a) (b) 35 (c) 7
(d) 5
16 48 16 16

114. If f(x) = x 2 + 2bx + 2c 2 and g(x) = −x 2 − 2cx + b 2 such that min f (x )  max g(x ) , then the
relation between b and c is
(a) No real value of b and c (b) 0cb 2

(c) | c | | b | 2 (d) | c | | b | 2

115. Let h(x) = f(x) − ( f(x))2 + ( f(x))3 for every real number x. Then
(a) h is increasing whenever f is increasing
(b) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing
(c) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing
(d) Nothing can be said in general
ln( + x)
116. The function f(x) = is
ln(e + x)

(a) Increasing on 0, )

(b) Decreasing on 0, )
(c) Decreasing on 0,   and increasing on  
 ,
e 
e  
(d) Increasing on 0,   and decreasing on  , 
 e 
e  
117. In [0, 1] Lagrange's mean value theorem is NOT applicable to
1
2 − x,
1

x 2 (b) f(x) =  sin x ,
x0
(a) f(x) =  1
 − x  ,2x  
x
 1 , x = 0
1
2 2
 


(c) f(x) = x | x | (d) f(x) =| x |

118. On the interval [0, 1], the function x 25 (1 − x)75 takes its maximum value at the
point
(a) 0 (b) 1/2
(c) 1/3 (d) 1/4
 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (3)

Let side = x and area = A then A = x2.

dA
A = dx = 2 3 0.01 = 0.06
dx

2. (1)

dy 1
y = x =  0.03 = 0.01
dx 3

3. (3)
4
For a sphere of radius = r and volume = V, we have V = r3
3
4
 log V = log + 3log r
3
V 3r
 =0+
V r
V 3r
 100 = 100
V r

4. (4)

y = xn  log y = n log x
y x
 = n  n :1
y x

5. (4)

PV = Constant
  log P + log V = log C
P V
 100 + 100 = 0.
P V

6. (3)

Take f(x) = log x so that f(x) = 1/x.

We have x = 4 and x = 0.01

f (x + x) = f (x) + f (x) x

1
= 1.3868 + (0.01) = 1.3893
4

7. (1)
1
Consider f (x) = = x−1/ 3 so that
3x

f (x) = (−1/ 3)x−4 / 3 = −(1/ 3)(x−1/ 3 )4

Take x = 1000, x = –2
1 1
Then f(x) = 0.1 and f (x) = − 
3 104
1
f (x + x) 0.1− (−2)
3104
= 0.1− (0.6666)10−4

8. (1)

If r is radius then C = 2r and A = r2

C2
A =
4

By log differentiation
A C (0.01) 1
100 = 2 100 = 2 100 =
A C 28 14
9. (2)

Let x = side and A = area for the equilateral triangle.

3
Then A = x2
4

3
 log A = log + 2 log x
4
A
 100 = 2(0.5)
A

10. (3)

Let d = diameter and V = volume for a sphere.

1
Then, V = d
3

6

 log V = log + 3log d
6
V d
 100 = 3 100
V d
3(0.02)
= 100 = 0.3
20

11. (1)

Let radius = r, surface area = S and volume = V for a sphere.

4
Then S = 4r2 and V = r3
3
4  S 3 / 2
V=  
3  4 
3
 log V = log(constant) + log S
2
V 3 S
 100 = 100
V 2 S
12. (1)

l
T = 2
g
1 1
 log T = log 2 + − log g
log
2 2
T 1 1
 100 = 100 = (2) = 1.
T 2 □2
13. (2)

Let r = radius and S = surface area.

Given height = 2r

S = 2r(2r) + 2r2 = 6r2

S r
 100 = 2 100 = 2(0.5) = 1.
S r

14. (1)

T = 2
g
1 1
 log T = log 2 + log − log g
2 2
T 1 
 =
T 2

15. (4)
dE
= 6.2 + 0.0006T2
dT

Take T = 100°, T = 1°

E = [6.2 + (0.0006)(100)2 ]1 = 12.2

16. (2)

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bccos A
 2a a = 0 + 0 − 2bc(−sin A)A
bcsin A 2
 a = A = A
a a

17. (3)

Let r = radius, h = height and V = volume of a cone.

Given that r : h = 1 : 2  h = 2r
1 2
V = r2 (2r) = r3
3 3
V r
 100 = 3 100 =3k
V r

18. (1)

Let r = radius and h = depth.

Then r = 2, r = 0.06 and h = 12.

Volume V = r2h = 12r2

dV
V  r = 24r r = 24 2 0.06
dr

19. (1)

Semi vertical angle = 45°

 r = h and = h 2

Take h = 20 and h = 0.025

Let S = lateral surface area.

Then, S = h(h 2) =  2h2

S + S =  2(20)2 + 2 2(20)(0.025)
= 401 2
20. (3)

We have

a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C.

a = 2R cos AA, b = 2R cos B B, c = 0

a + b = 2R(A + B)

cos A cos B
= 2R(A + B + C) = 2R() = 0

21. (2)

1 1 2
− =
v u f
1 1 2
 − v + u = − f
v2 u2 f2
f f  1 1 1 1
 = −  =  + 



 2
f 2 v2 u  v u

22. (1)

Let f(x) = cos x so that f(x) = –sin x.

Take x = 60° and x = 1°

Then cos 60° = 0.5, sin 60° = 0.86603

cos 61cos 60 + (−sin 60) 1(0.001745)
= 0.5 − 0.0151 = 0.4849
23. (a) Here u = 490, g = 9.8 (downward)
u2
Therefore, S = = 12250 .
2g

24. (b) v 2 = a + bx  2v dv = b dx  2v dv = bv  dv = b
dt dt dt dt 2

Hence acceleration is constant or uniform.

25. (b) Given equation is10 s = 10 ut − 49 t 2 or s = ut − 4.9 t 2

 ds = u − 9.8 t = v
dt
 When stone reached the maximum height, then v = 0
 u − 9.8 t = 0  u = 9.8 t
But time t = 5 sec
So the value of u = 9.8  5 = 49.0 m/sec
Hence initial velocity = 49 m/sec.
26. (a) Given s = 1 gt 2  ds = ; Again d 2 s
gt =g
2 dt dt 2

27. (a) By figure, x 2 + y 2 = 100 .....................................(i)

dx dy
2x + 2y = 0 ..................................................(ii)
dt dt

Y
x =8
B
Therefore by (i) and (ii),
10 cm
dy 16 8 y
=− =− cm / sec .
dt 6 3 A
O x X
8
= cm / sec .
3

28. (a) We know that area of a circle is A = R2

dA dR
 = 2R = 1.2cm 2 .
dt dt

ds
29. (c) = 6 t2 − 18 t + 12 = velocity = 0
dt

(when particle stopped)

 6 t 2 − 18 t + 12 = 0  (t − 1)(t − 2) = 0
Hence time 1, 2 sec.
ds
30. (c) = velocity = 45 + 22 t − 3t 2
dt

When particle will come to rest, then v = 0

 5
 3t 2 − 22 t − 45 = 0  t = 9,  since t  −  .
 3

31. (a) According to fig. x 2 + y 2 = 25 ..................................... (i)

Differentiate (i) w.r.t .t, we get

 dx dy
2x + 2y = 0 …..(ii)
dt dt
dx
Here x=4 and = 1.5
dt Y
B
From (i), 4 + y = 25  y = 3
2 2

y 5m
dy
 From (ii), 2(4)(1.5) + 2(3) =0 X
dt O x
A
dy
So, = −2m / sec
dt

Hence, length of the highest point decreases at the rate of 2m/sec.

ds
32. (a) = 6 t 2 − 18 t + 12
dt
2
s
Again d = 12 t − 18 = acceleration
dt 2

If acceleration becomes zero, then 0 = 12t − 18

 t = 3 sec . Hence acceleration will be zero after 3

sec.
2 2

33. (b) Given equation s = at 2 + bt + 6 ……(i)

Differentiating w.r.t. time, we get
Velocity (v) = 2at + b ……(ii)
After 4sec, v = 0 and distance s = 16 metres

 0 = 2a  4 + b  8a + b = 0 …..(iii)
and 16 = 16 a + 4b + 6  16 = 16 a + 4(−8 a) + 6
5
a=−
8
−5
But retardation in its motion is, 2a = m / sec 2
4
5
Retardation = m / s 2 (Retardation itself means –ve).
4

34. (a) s = 1 vt  2s = vt  2 ds = v + t. dv
2 dt dt

2 d
2 2
s dv d v dv
= + t. +
2 dt 2 dt
dt dt
dv
But = acceleration (a)
dt
  2a = a + t. da + a  da = 0 or t = 0
dt dt

da = 0 i.e.,a is constant.
But for whole notation t = 0 is impossible so that
dt

35. (c) d2s

=−
32 unit.
dt 2

36. (b) Let velocity v = 5 cm / sec

(Increasing the rate/sec is called the velocity)
da
=5 .... (i)
dt

Where a is distance and t is time.

But if a is edge of a cube, then V=a3

Differentiating w.r.t. time t, so

dV da
= 3a2 = 3a2.5 = 15 a2 = 15 (12)2
dt dt

= 2160 cm 3 / sec (□edge a = 12 cm) .

dv
37. (c) Acceleration f= = 2t, then acceleration after 3 second = 2  3 = 6cm / sec 2 .
dt

38. (b) Motion of a particle s = 15 t − 2t 2

ds
Therefore, velocity = 15 − 4 t
dt
 ds 
 dtds = 15 and
 
=3

t =0  dt t = 3

15 + 3
Therefore, average = =9.
2

39. (b) dy = 5, dx
=?
dt dt
x x+y 1
From figure, =  4 x = 2y  x = y
2 6 2

6
2

y x
 dx 1 dy 5
Hence = = metre / hour .
dt 2 dt 2

dx d 2x
40. (c) =v = = 0 = ax
x
dt dt

ax is acceleration in x-axis
d 2y 2
= −ba sin at  ay = −a2y
dt 2

Hence, ay changes as y changes.

41. (c) □Surface area s = 4r2 and dr

=2
dt

 ds = 4  2r dr = 8r  2 = 16r  ds  r .
dt dt dt

42. (d) V = 4  (x + 10)3 wherex is thickness of ice.

3
dV dx
 = 4 (10 + x)2
dt dt

43. (b)

44. (a) Given that dV / dt = 30 ft 3 / min and r = 15 ft

4 dV dr
V= r3 ; = 4r 2
3 dt dt
1
dr d V / dt
= =
30 = ft/min
dt 4r 2 4   15  15 30

45. (b) We have x 2 + y 2 = 10 2

B
10
y

X
O x A
  2x
dx
+ 2y
dy
=0  x .3 + y.(−4) = 0
dt dt
4 42
x = y. Thus,  y  + y 2 = 10 2  y = 6 m.
3 3 
46. (c) a + bv 2 = x 2  0 +  dv  dx
b 2v. =2 x .
 dt  dt

 v.b
dv
=x.
dx
 dv = x , □
dx 
= v .
dt dt dt b  dt 

47. (c) V = 4 r3

3

Differentiate with respect to t,

=  3r2 . 
dV 4 dr dr 1 dV
= .
dt 3 dt dt 4r 2 dt
dr 1 dr 1 7
=  900  = = .
dt 4  15  15 dt  22

48. (b) Volume = V = 4 r 3  dV = 4r 2 . dr , at r = 7 cm

3 dt dt

35 cc/min = 4 (7)2 dr  dr = 5
dt dt 28

Surface area, S = 4r2

dS dr 8 .7.5 2
= 8r = = 10 cm /min.
dt dt 28

49. (c) If x is the length of each side of an equilateral triangle and A is its area, then
3 dA
A= x2 = 3
2x
dx
4 dt 4 dt

dx
Here, x = 10 cm and = 2 cm / sec
dt

50. (a) y 2 = 18 x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t.t
2 y  = 18  
dy dx
 dt   dt 

 2y 2 dx  = 18  dx  , □ dy = 2 dx 
dt   dt   dt dt 
  4y = 18 or y = 9 and x=
y2
=
9
2 18 8
Hence the required point is 9 9
, .
 
8 2
2
d x
51. (d) Acceleration in direction of x-axis = = −2c and acceleration in direction of
dt 2

d 2y
y-axis = = 2b
dt 2

Resultant acceleration is
= (−2c)2 + (2b)2 = 2 b2+c2

ds 1
52. (a) Given s = t. Now v= =
dt 2t
−1
Also a=
dv
=  a  1 or a  v 3 .
dt 2  2(t) 3/ 2
tt

53. (c) x + y = 10 ;  y = 10 − x …..(i)

Now f(x) = xy = x(10 − x) = 10 x − x 2

 f '(x ) = 10 − 2 x

For maximum value of f(x), f' (x) = 0

 x = 5 and y = 5

So maximum value of xy = 5  5 = 25 .

54. (c) The necessary condition to be maximum or minimum for function f (x ) = 0 and for
maximum f(x ) = −ve and for minimum f (x ) = +ve .

Hence f '(x ) = 0 , but it is not sufficient.

55. (b) Let ,  be the roots of the equation

56. (d) f '(x) = 6 x 2 − 6 x − 12
f '(x) = 0  (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0  x = −1, 2

Here f (4) = 128 − 48 − 48 + 5 = 37

f (−1) = −2 − 3 + 12 + 5 = 12
 f (2) = 16 − 12 − 24 + 5 = −15

f (−2) = −16 − 12 + 24 + 5 = 1

Therefore the maximum value of function is 37 at x=4.

57. (d) x + y = 16  y = 16 − x  x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + (16 − x)2

Let z = x 2 + (16 − x)2  z' = 4 x − 32

To be minimum of z, z' '  0 , and it is.

Therefore 4 x − 32 = 0  x = 8  y = 8


2 2
58. (d) f(x) = te −t
dt  f ' (x) = xe −x = 0  x = 0
0

2
f (x) = e − x (1 − 2x 2 ); f (0) = 1  0

 Minimum value f (0) = 0 .

1 dA 1
59. (d) Let a and b are given, then area A= ab sin C  = ab cos C
2 dC 2
dA
Hence Ais maximum, when = 0  C = 90  .
dC

60. (c) Given function f:R→R is to be maximum, if f (a) = 0 and f (a)  0 .

61. (d) Let f(x) = 2 x 3 − 24 x + 107

At x = −3, f(−3) = 2(−3)3 − 24 (−3) + 107 = 125

At x = 3, f(3) = 2(3)3 − 24 (3) + 107 = 89

For maxima or minima, f (x ) = 6 x 2 − 24 = 0

 x = 2, − 2

So at x = 2, f(2) = 2(2)3 − 24 (2) + 107 = 75

At x = −2, f(−2) = 2(−2)3 − 24 (−2) + 107 = 139

Thus the maximum value of the given function in [– 3, 3] is 139.

62. (c) It is a fundamental property.
63. (c) We know that perimeter of a rectangle S = 2(x +y) , where x and y are adjacent
sides
 S − 2x
 y= . Now area of rectangle,
2
x 1
A = xy = (S − 2 x) = (Sx − 2 x 2 )
2 2

1
64. (a) xy = 1  y = and let z = x + y
x
1 dz 1
z=x+  =1−
x dx x2

65. (b) Given 2(a + b) = 36 , a + b = 18

Area of rectangle = ab = a(18 − a)

dA
A = 18 a − a2 ,  = 18 − 2a
da
1
x. − log x
1 − log x
66. (d) Let y=
log x
 dy = 
x =
x dx x2 x2

Put dy 1 − log x
=0 =0
dx x2

1 −logx = 0  = and
d 2y
=
− 3 x + 2 x log x
xe
dx 2 x4

At =, d 2y 1 
x e = 0
dx 2
−e 3

 In [2, ) the function log x

will be maximum and minimum value does not
x

exist.
67. (a) f(x ) = 2 x + 3 y when xy = 6

18
f(x) = 2 x + 3y = 2 x +
x
18
f (x) = 2 − =0
x2

 x = 3 and f (x) = 36  f (3)  0

x3

Putting x = +3 , we get the minimum value to be 12.

68. (c) Concept

  dy 
69. (d) dy + 2bx + 1   = a + 2b + 1 = 0  a = −2b −1
a
= 
dx
dx x   x =1
a
and  dy  = + 4b + 1 = 0
 dx  x = 2 2

 −2b − 1 + 4b + 1 = 0  − b + 4b +
1
=0
2 2
−1 −1 −2
 3b =  b= and a=
1
−1= .
2 6 3 3

70. (a) Standard Problem

71. (b) xy = c 2  y =
c
 f(x) = ax + by = ax
+ bc 2
x
x

bc 2
Differentiate with respect to x f (x) = a −
x2

Put f (x ) = 0  ax 2 − bc 2 = 0
2
 2 = bc  =
x x c b/a
a

At x = + c b / a, ax + by will be minimum.
  bc 2
The minimum value f  c a  = a.c a + . b
 b  b c a

ab . = 2c
 
72. (a) Let f(A) = cos A cos B = cos A cos  − A = cos A sin A
2 

 f (A) = cos 2 A − sin 2 A = cos 2 A

Now, f (A) = 0  cos 2 A = 0  2A=A=
2 4


Now f (A) = −2 sin 2 A = −2 sin = −2 (−ve )
2

73. (b) Let f(x) = 4 e 2 x + 9e −2 x

 f (x) = 8e 2 x
− 18 e −2 x

Put f (x) = 0  8 e 2 x
− 18 e −2 x = 0

e 2 x = 3 / 2  x = log(3 / 2)1 / 2
 Again f (x) = 16 e 2 x + 36 e −2 x
0

1/2 1/2
Now f(log(3 / 2)1 / 2 ) = 4e 2.(log(3 / 2) )+ 9e −2(log(3 / 2) )

= 4  3 + 9  2 = 6 + 6 = 12
2 3

Hence minimum value = 12.

1
74. (d) Let PQ = a and PR = b , then = ab sin
2

□ −1  sin  1

Since, area is maximum when sin = 1  = .
2

75. (c) a2 x 4 + b 2 y 4 = c6  y =  c6−

1 /4
2 4 a
 b2 
 

6 2 4 1/ 4
Hence f(x) = xy = x  c− a x 
 b2 
 
1/4
 c6 x 4 − a2 x 8 
f(x) =  
  
 b2 

Differentiate f (x ) with respect to x, then

−3 / 4
1  c6 x 4 − a2 x 8   4 x 3c6 8 x 7 a2 
f (x) =    − 

  2 2 
4 b2   b b 
Put  =,
4 x 3c6
−
8 x 7 a2
=
f (x ) 0 0
b2 b2

c6 c3 / 2
x x=
4
=
2a2 21 / 4 a

3/2
c
At x= the f (x ) will be maximum
21 / 4 a

2
−2 x +1)sin 2 x
76. (c) Given y = e(2 x

dy
For minima or maxima, =0
dx
2
− 2 x +1)sin 2 x
 e(2 x [(4 x − 2) sin2 x + 2(2 x 2 − 2x + 1) sin x cos x] = 0

[(4 x − 2) sin2 x + 2(2x 2 − 2 x + 1) sin x cos x] = 0

  2 sin x[(2 x − 1) sin x + (2 x 2 − 2 x + 1)cos x] = 0
 sin x = 0
 y is minimum for sin x = 0
x 2
− x +1
77. (b) Let y=
x 2 + x +1

+ x + 1)(2x − 1) − (x 2 − x + 1)(2x + 1)
 dy = (x
2

dx (x 2 + x +1)2
dy 2x 2 − 2
 =_____________= 0  2 x 2− 2 = 0  x = −1, + 1
dx (x 2 + x + 1)2

d 2y 4 (−x 3 + 3 x + 1)
=
dx 2 x 2 + x +1

78. (b) Standard Problem

1
79. (c) y = sin x (1 + cos x ) = sin x + sin 2 x
2
2
y
 dy = cos x + cos 2 x and d = − sin x − 2 sin 2 x
dx dx 2

dy
On putting = 0 , cos x + cos 2x = 0
dx

 cos x = − cos 2 x = cos( − 2 x )  x =  − 2 x

  d 2y  1 2
 x= ;   = − sin   − 2 sin  
3  dx 2  3 

3
 x = / 3

3 33
= −3 − 2. = − , which is negative.
2 2 2

80. (d) Standard Problem

81. (a) Standard Problem

82. (a) Standard Problem

83. (c) Let f(x) = sin x − bx + c

 f ' (x ) = cos x − b  0 or cos x  b or b  −1 .

84. (d) f(x) = (x + 2)e −x

f '(x) = e −x
− e −x (x + 2)

K sin x + 2 cos x
85. (d) Since f(x) = is increasing for all x, therefore f ' (x )  0 for all x
sin x + cos x

K−2
  0 for all x
(sin x + cos x)2

 K−20K2.
86. (a) f(x) = 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 36 x + 7

 f ' (x) = 6 x 2 − 6 x − 36 but for decreasing f '(x )  0

 x 2 − x − 6  0  (x − 3)(x + 2)  0  −2  x  3
Hence the required interval is (–2, 3).
87. (b) To be increasing f '(x) = 3 x 2 − 27  0

 x 2  9 | x |  3 .
88. (c) f'(x) = 3kx 2 − 18 x + 9 = 3 [kx 2 − 6 x + 3]  0, x  R

  = b 2 − 4 ac  0 , k  0 i.e., 36 − 12k  0 or k  3 .

89. (d) The function is monotonic increasing, if f (x )  0

cos x)( cos x − 6 sin x) ( sin x + 6 cos x)(2 cos x − 3 sin x)

 (2 sin x +(23sin x + 3 cos x)2
−
(2 sin x + 3 cos x)2
0

 3(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) − 12(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)  0

 3 − 12  0    4.
90. (d) If f(x) = (a + 2)x 3 − 3ax 2 + 9ax − 1 decreases monotonically for all x  R, then f ' (x )  0 for

all xR

 3(a + 2)x 2 − 6ax + 9a  0 for all xR

(a + 2)x 2 − 2ax + 3a  0 for all xR

 a + 2  0 and Discriminant  0
 a  −2 , − 8 a 2 − 24 a  0  a  −2 and a(a + 3)  0
 a  −2 , a  −3 or a  0  a  −3  −  a  −3
 a sin x + b cos x
91. (b) Let y=
c sin x + d cos x

dy
The function will be decreasing, when 0 .
dx
(c sin x + d cos x)(a cos x − b sin x) − (a sin x + b cos x)(c cos x − d sin x)
0
(c sin x + d cos x)2

 ac sin x cos x − bc sin 2 x + ad cos 2 x

− bd sin x cos x − ac sin x cos x + ad sin 2 x − bc cos 2 x + bd sin x cos x  0

 ad(sin2 x + cos 2 x) − bc(sin2 x + cos 2 x)  0

(ad − bc )  0 .

92. (d) y = 1
 dy = − 2x
1+x 2
dx (1 + x 2 )2

To be decreasing, −
2x
0  x  0  x  (0, ) .
(1 + x 2 )2

d
93. (d) To be increasing, (x 2 + kx +1)  0  2 x + k  0
dx

For x (1, 2) , the least value of k is –2.

94. (b) f(x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 3 , For decreasing f (x )  0

 3 x 2 − 12 x + 9  0  x 2 − 4 x + 3  0
(x − 3) (x − 1)  0 ,  x  (1, 3) .
 −1   
95. (c) f(x) = y = tan 2 sin x + 4 
  
  2 dy
 tan y = +  sec y =  

2 sinx  

 +
2 co s x 
 4 dx  4
dy    
0  +  0 .  x  0, .
cos x   
dx  4  4

96. (d) Given f(x) = x 3 + bx 2 + cx + d

 f ' (x) = 3 x 2 + 2bx + c

Now its discriminant = 4(b 2 − 3c)

 4(b 2 − c) − 8c  0, asb 2 c and c0

Therefore, f ' (x )  0 for all xR

 Hence f is strictly increasing.
97. (c) Let y=x 1/ x
 log y = 1 log x
x

 1 dy = 1 − log x = 1 − log x  dy = x 1 / x  1 − log x  

y dx x2 x2 x2 dx  x2 

1 − log x 1 − log x
Now, x 1 / x  0 for all x and 0 in (1, e) and 0 in (e, )
x2 x2

 f (x ) is increasing in (1, e) and decreasing in (e, ).

1
98. (b) Both e x and 1+x are increasing and e1+ , because e = 1.65 nearly. so the
2

answer (a) is not correct. Since sin    because 1


22
. So, (c) is not correct.
6 6 2 42
1 1 1
log  because log is negative.
2 2 2

e 2 x −1
99. (a) f(x) =
e 2x + 1

(i) − =
e −2 x − 1
=
1−e2x e2x−1
f( x)
e −2x
+1 1 + e 2x f(x) = − = − f(x)
e 2x+ 1

f (x ) is an odd function.
e 2 x
−1 4e 2 x
Again f(x) =  f (x) = 0nR
e2x+1 (1 + e 2x )2

 f (x ) is an increasing function

100. (d) We have f(x) = 2x + cot −1 x + log( 1 + x 2 − x)

1 1  x 
 f '(x) = 2 − +   − 1
 
1−x2 1 + x 2 − x  1 −x
2


1+2x2 − 1
= 1+2x −
2 (1 + x 2 )
=
1+x 2
1+x2 1+x 2
1+x2

x 2 + 1 + x 2 ( 1 + x 2 − 1)  0 for all x
=
1+x2

Hence f(x) is an increasing function on (−, ) and in particularon [0, ).

101. (b) f (x) = −x, when –1  x  0

 x, when 0  x  1
Clearly f(−1) =| −1| = 1 = f(1)

But f(0 + h) − f(0) | h | = lim h = 1

Rf '(0) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

f(0 − h) − f(0) | −h | = lim h = −1

Lf '(0) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 − h h →0 − h

 Rf '(0)  Lf '(0)

Hence it is not differentiable on (−1, 1).

−1
102. (a) f '(x ) =
1
x12
1 1
1 − 1
− = b a = −  x = ab .
x 12 b−a ab 1

103. (c) To determine 'c' in Rolle's theorem, f '(c) = 0 .

Here f '(x) = (x 2 + 3 x)e −(1 / 2)x. − 1 + (2 x + 3)e −(1 / 2)x
 2
 1 
= e −(1 / 2)x − (x 2 + 3 x) + 2 x + 3
 
2
 

1 −(x / 2) 2
=− e {x − x − 6}
2

 f '(c) = 0  c 2 − c − 6 = 0  c = 3, − 2,

But c = 3 [−3, 0].

104. (a) f(1) = f(3)  a + b − 5 = 3a + b − 27  a = 11 , which is given in option (a) only.

f(b) − f(a)
105. (c) From mean value theorem f (c) =
b−a

a = 0, f(a) = 0  b = , f(b) =
1 3
2 8

f (x ) = (x − 1)(x − 2) + x (x − 2) + x (x − 1)

f (c) = (c − 1)(c − 2) + c(c − 2) + c(c − 1)

= c 2 − 3 c + 2 + c 2 − 2c + c 2 − c
 f (c) = 3c 2 − 6c + 2

f(b) − f(a)
According to mean value theorem, f (c) =
b−a

 3c 2 − 6c + 2 = (3 / 8) − 0 = 3 3c 2 − 6c +
5
=0
(1 / 2)− 0 4 4

6 36 − 15 6  21 21
c= = =1 .
23 6 6

106. (c) According to mean value theorem,

In interval [a, b] for f (x)
f(b) − f(a)
= f '(c) , where a  c  b
b−a

 a  x1  b .


2
107. (b) f (x )dx = [ f(x )]2 = f (2) − f(1) = 0
1
1

f (2) = f (1)] )

108. (b)
109. (d) f(x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + ax + b

 f (x) = 3 x 2 − 12 x + a

 f (c) = 0  f  2 + 1 
=0
 3
2
 1   1
3  2 +  − 12 2 + +a=0
 3  3
 1 4   1 
 3 4 + 3 + 3  − 122 + 3 +a=0
   

12 + 1 + 4 3 − 24 − 4 3 + a = 0  a = 11 .

110. (b) Standard Problem

111. (d) For Rolle’s theorem to be applicable to f, for x [0,1] , we should have (i) f (1) = f (0) ,

(ii) f is continuous for x [0,1] and f is differentiable for x  (0,1)

 From (i), f (1) = 0 , which is true.
From (ii), 0 = f(0) = f(0 + ) = lim x ln x
x →0 +

Which is true only for positive values of  , thus (d) is correct

f(x) =  −1t(e t − 1)(t − 1)(t − 2)3 (t − 3)5dt

x
112. (b,d)

 f '(x) = x(e x − 1)(x − 1)(x − 2)3 (x − 3)5

113. (b) f(b) = f(2) = 8 − 24 a + 10 = 18 − 24 a

f(a) = f(1) = 1 − 6 a + 5 = 6 − 6 a

f '(x) = 3 x 2 − 12ax + 5

From Lagrange's mean value theorem,

f(b) − f(a) 18 − 24 a − 6 + 6a
f '(x) = =
b−a 2 −1

 f ' (x ) = 12 − 18 a

At x = 7 , 3  49 − 12a  7 + 5 = 12 − 18 a
4 16 4

 3a = 147 − 7  3a =
35
 a = 35 .
16 16 48

114. (d) f(x) = (x + b)2 + 2c2 − b 2 is minimum at x = −b and g(x) = b 2 + c2 − (x + c)2 is maximum at
x = −c

 2c2 − b2  b2 + c2 | c |  2|b|.

115. (a,c) h(x) = f(x) − [ f(x)]2 + [ f(x)]3

h'(x) = f '(x) − 2 f(x)f '(x) + 3[ f(x)]2 f '(x)

= f '(x)[1 − 2 f(x) + 3[ f(x)]2 ]

 1
2
2 
= 3 f '(x) f(x) −  + 
3 9
  

 h'(x ) and f ' (x ) have same sign.

 ln( + x)
116. (b) Let f(x) =
ln(e + x)
1 1
ln(e + x)  − ln( + x)
 f '(x) =  +x e+x
ln2 (e + x)

(e + x) ln(e + x) − ( + x) ln( + x)
=
ln2 (e + x)  (e + x)( + x)

 f '(x )  0 for all x  0 , {□  e}

Hence f (x ) is decreasing in [0, ) .

1
117. (a) The function defined in option (a) is not differentiable at x= .
2

118. (d) f(x) = x 25 (1 − x)75

f '(x) = x 25
(75)(1 − x)74 (−1) + 25 x 24
(1 − x)75

For maxima and minima,

− 75 x 25
(1 − x)74 + 25 x 24
(1 − x)75 = 0

 25 x 24 (1 − x)74 [(1 − x) − 3 x] = 0

 Either
1
x = 0 or x = 1 or x =
4
At x = , f ' − h  0 and f ' + h   0
1 1  1
4 4  4 

1
 f(x ) is maximum at x= .
4