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Memory

The document provides an overview of memory, detailing its types (explicit, implicit, retrospective, and prospective), stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term), and processes (encoding, storage, and retrieval). It discusses key concepts from notable psychologists like Hermann Ebbinghaus and Sigmund Freud, as well as methods for improving memory. Additionally, it addresses the phenomenon of forgetting and offers strategies for enhancing memory retention.

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Tanjil Rahman
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10 views

Memory

The document provides an overview of memory, detailing its types (explicit, implicit, retrospective, and prospective), stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term), and processes (encoding, storage, and retrieval). It discusses key concepts from notable psychologists like Hermann Ebbinghaus and Sigmund Freud, as well as methods for improving memory. Additionally, it addresses the phenomenon of forgetting and offers strategies for enhancing memory retention.

Uploaded by

Tanjil Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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by Sanzeeda Munir Prova

Lecturer, Psychology
BRAC University
Table of contents:
Types of Memory

Stages of Memory

Memory Processing

Forgetting

Improving Memory
What is Memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus: Known for his
pioneering work on memory and forgetting,
Ebbinghaus defined memory in terms of
associations between elements.

Sigmund Freud: Freud approached memory as a complex


interplay of conscious and unconscious processes. He
described memory as a dynamic system where past
experiences could be stored in the unconscious and later
retrieved, though sometimes distorted by repression or other
mechanisms.
Explicit Memory
Memory that clearly and distinctly expresses
(explicates) specific information; also referred to
as declarative memory.

Contains specific information.The information


can be autobiographical or general.

Two Types:
a) Episodic b) Semantic
Episodic Memory
Memories of events experienced by a person or
that take place in the person’s presence.

Personal experiences and specific events you’ve


experienced in time and place.

Remembering your high school graduation


ceremony, including who was there and what
you wore.
Semantic Memory
General knowledge, as opposed to episodic
memory.

Knowledge of facts, meanings, concepts, and


general information about the world.

• Knowing that Paris is the capital of France.


• Remembering that water freezes at 0°C.
Implicit Memory
• Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the
things that people do but do not state clearly; also referred to as nondeclarative
memory.
• Implicit memory allows us to perform tasks without actively thinking about them.
• This is unconscious and involves learned skills or conditioned responses.
Retrospective Memory Versus
Prospective Memory
Retrospective Prospective Memory
Memory
Prospective memory involves
Retrospective memory is the A retrospective memory remembering to do things in the
recalling of information that concerns events in the future (Tasks that depend on
has been past that can be explicit or prospective memory include
previously learned. Episodic, implicit. Prospective remembering to brush your
semantic, and implicit memory involves teeth before going out, to pay
memories all involve remembering to do things your bills (yuck), to take out
remembering in the future. some cash, and to make the
things that were learned. Prospective memory list of things to do so that you
is affected by factors such won’t forget what to do!
as distraction, mood, and
age.
3 Stages of Memory

Sensory memory

Short-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
• Each sense has a sensory register that briefly holds
memory traces of stimuli in sensory memory.
• McDougall used the whole-report procedure, showing
that visual stimuli last in sensory memory only for a
fraction of a second.
• Sperling's partial-report procedure demonstrated that
people can see more objects than they can report
afterward.
• Human can remember 7 chunks of information in their
short-term memory.
Short-T e rm M e m or y
u lu s h e lp s m a in ta in it in s h o rt -t e rm
• F o c u s in g o n a s ti m
a ft e r se n s o ry tr ac e s d e c a y.
memory for about a minute -t erm
it e re te n ti o n in sh o rt
• Rehearsal enables indefin
memory. c a n
n g s h ort -t e rm m e m o ry
• New information enteri
d is p la c e o ld in fo rm a ti o n .
Long-Term Memory
• Long-term memory has no known limit on the amount of
information it can store, potentially lasting a lifetime.
• Memories in long-term storage are not perfectly accurate
and can be influenced by biases.
• Memories are often reconstructed based on
schemas—mental frameworks organizing our
experiences.
Processes of Memory: Processing Information
Processes of Memory: Processing Information
Encoding in Memory Retrieval in Memory
Encoding information means Retrieval means locating stored
transforming it so that we can information and bringing it back into
place it in memory. We commonly consciousness. Retrieval requires the
use visual, auditory, and semantic use of the proper cues (just as we need
codes to convert physical and to know the file name to retrieve
chemical stimulation into
Storage in Memory information stored on a hard drive).
• Storage means the Memory is defined as the processes by
psychological formats that can be
maintenance of information which information is encoded,
remembered.
over time. stored, and retrieved.
• The main methods of
storing information are
maintenance rehearsal (rote
repetition) and elaborative
rehearsal (relating it to
things we already know).
Forgetting

Recognition Relearning
In information
A measure of retention.
processing, the easiest
Recall Material is usually
memory task, involving
relearned more quickly
the identification of
Retrieval or than it is learned
objects or events
reconstruction of initially.
encountered before.
learned material.
Improving Memory
What! 1. Drill and Practice
2. Relate New Information to What
Is Already Known
3. Form Unusual, Exaggerated
Associations
4. Use the Method of Loci: Meat
Loaf in the Pocket
5. Use Mediation: Build a Conceptual
Bridge
6. Use Mnemonic Devices
Thank you for your
attention!
Questions?

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