Statistics and

Probability
 Lesson 1: Binomial
Probability Distribution

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

1. The learner is able to explain the concept of binomial

experiment.

2. The learner is able to understand the concept and properties

of binomial property distribution

3. The learner is able to apply the binomial distribution model

to a given problem.

Lesson Proper:
In a binomial experiment, p denotes the probability of
success and q denotes the probability of failure in a single
trial. The probability distribution of a binomial experiment is
the binomial probability distribution. The probability that
there will be exactly x success in n trials can be computed
using the binomial probability distribution formula:
P(X) = ( ncx ) (px) (qn-x) where: n = number of repeated trials.
x = number of success among n trials.
p = is the probability of success in each trial
q = is the probability of failure (1- p)
Example1: When an unbiased coin is tossed seven times,
what is the probability of obtaining exact 4 heads?
Solution:
1
The probability of getting tails in a single toss of coins is 2 or
50%
1 1
p=2;p= 2
; n=7 , n=4

P(X) = ( c ) (px) (qn-x)

n x

P (x=4) = ( ( 7−4 ) ! (4 ! ) )( 2 )4( 2 )3 = ( 128 ) = 27. 34%

7! 1 1 35

Therefore: the probability of getting exact 4 heads in tossing a

35
coin seven times is 128 or approximately 27.34%.

Example 2: When an unbiased coin is tossed seven times,

what is the probability of obtaining exact 7 heads?

Example 3: Find the probability of getting exactly three (3)

tails in tossing a coin five (5) times.

Given:
1
n=5 p= 2

1 1
x=3 p=1- 2= 2

Solution:
P(x) = ( ncx ) (px) (qn-x)
1 1
P (x=3) = 5c3 ( 3 )3 ( 2 ¿2
1 1
= 10 ( 8 ¿ ( 4 )

5
P(x = 3) = 16 or 0.3125 or 31. 25%

Going back to the binomial probability distribution table

previously discussed, the probability of getting three (3) tails
in tossing a coin five (5) times is 0.3125, which is the same
using the binomial probability formula.

Example 4: The leading brand of powdered milk in the

Philippines has a market share of 45%. A sample of 14
powdered milk customers was taken. Find the probability
that:

a. Exactly five (5) customers choose the leading brand of

powdered milk

Given:
n = 14 q = 55%
x=5
p = 45%
q = 100% - 45%

Solution:
P(X) = ( ncx ) (px) (qn-x)

P(x =5) = 14c5 (45%)(55%)

P(x = 5) = (2002) (0.01845) (0.004605)

P(x = 5) = 0.1701 or 17.01%

Analysis:
Statistics are the sets of mathematical equations that we
used to analyze the things.

Seatwork#1
1. What is statistics?
2. What is the use of statistics in real life situation?
3. What is the importance of statistics?

Quiz #1
Directions: Give at least 3 importance of studying statistics.
 Lesson 2: Measure of Central
Tendency: Mean of Group and
Ungrouped Data

Objectives:
At the end of class discussion the students should be able
to:

1. The learner is able to define mean.

2. The learner is able to find the mean of group and

ungrouped data.

Lesson Proper:
Arithmetic mean/ Mean – the most popular measure of
position also known as the average of a set of data. It is the
sum of all items or terms divided by the total number of items
or terms.

Formula for ungrouped data:

x = ∑N
x
∑ x = the sum of x

N = number of data
Formula for grouped data:
M = ∑N
fX

Where M = The mean

∑ = Sum total of scores

f = frequencies of the distribution

X = Scores
N = Total number of cases.

Given Example 1: Ungrouped Data

1. What is the mean of the number 8, 19, 13 and 18?
8+9+13+ 18 48
Solution: mean = 4 = 4 = 12

Example:

Ms. Sulit collects the data on the ages of Mathematics

teachers in Santa Rosa School, and her study yields the
following:
38, 35, 28, 36, 35, 33, 40
38+35+28+36+ 35+33+ 40
Solution: mean = 7 = 35

Given Example 2: Grouped Data

2. The following tale gives the frequency distribution of the
number of orders received each day during the past 50 days at
the office of a mail order company. Calculate the mean.
Solution:
Number f x Fx
of order

10-12 4 11 44

13-15 12 14 168

16-18 20 17 340

19-21 14 20 280

n = 50 = 832

X is the midpoint of the class. It is adding the class limits and

divide by 2.

x = ∑N =
x 832
50 = 16.64

Example:
Compute the mean of the scores of the students in a
Mathematics IV test.

Class Frequency X fX
46-50 1 48 48
41-45 5 43 215
36-40 11 38 418
31-35 12 33 396
26-30 11 28 308
21-25 5 23 115
16-20 2 18 36
11-15 1 13 13
f = 48 fx = 1549
1,549
Mean = 48 =32.27

Analysis:
The mean is the average of the numbers. It is easy to
calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many
numbers there are. In other words it is the sum divided by the
count.

Seatwork#2
1. What is mean?
2. What is the purpose of mean?
3. What is the difference of grouped to ungrouped data?

Quiz#2
Find the mean of the following data.
1. A booklet has 12 pages with the following numbers of
words: 271, 354, 296, 301, 333, 326, 285, 298, 327, 316, 287
and 314. What is the mean number of words per page?

2. The grades in Chemistry of 10 students are 87, 84, 85, 85,

86, 90, 79, 82, 78, 76. What is the mean grade of the 10
students?

3. Compute the mean of the scores diagnostic test of Grade 9

Narra students.

Class Interval f xm fxm

36-40 1
31-35 10
26-30 10
21-25 16
16-20 9
11-15 4

4. Find the mean of each grouped data.

Scores of Periodic Test of IV- Molave Students

Score Frequency
46-50 2
41-45 9
36-40 13
31-35 11
 26-30 10
21-25 5

5. Ages of Seniro Factory Employees

Age Frequency
21-25 8
26-30 18
31-35 11
36-40 16
41-45 12
46-50 10
51-55 2
56-60 2
61-65 1
Lesson 3: Measures of Central
Tendency: Median of Group
and Ungrouped Data

Objectives:
At the end of class discussion the students will be able to:

1. The learner is able to define median.

2. The learner is able to find grouped and ungrouped median.

Lesson Proper:
The median denoted Md, is the middle value of the
sample when the data are ranked in order according to size.

Formula: Md = [ ]
n+ 1
2 Where: n = number of cases
Md = location of the median
Median for Odd Sample:
The median is the middle number when the data are
arranged in order.

Median for Even Sample:

When there are even samples, the median is the mean of
the two middle numbers.
Example 1: The number of books borrowed in the library
from Monday to Friday last week were 58, 60, 54, 35, and 97
respectively. Find the median.

Solution: Arrange the number of books borrowed in

increasing order.
35, 54, 58, 60, 97
The median is 58.

Example 2: Cora’s quizzes for the second quarter are 8, 7,

6, 10, 9, 5, 9, 6, 10 and 7. Find the median.

5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10

Since the number of measures is even, then the median is the

average of the two middle scores.
7+8
Md = 2 =7.5
Example 3: In a survey of a small businesses in Tondo. 10
bakeries report the following numbers of employees:

15, 14, 12, 19, 13, 14, 15, 18, 13, 19.
Median of Grouped Data
In computing for the median of grouped data, the
following formula is used:
 Median = lbmc + [ ]
∑ f −cf
2
fmc
i

Where: lbmc is the lower boundary of the median class

f is the frequency of each class
cf is the cumulative frequency of the lower class next
to the median class
fmc is the frequency of the median class
i is the class interval

Example 1: Compute the median of the scores of the

students in a Mathematics IV test.

Class Interval f <cf

46-50 1 48
41-45 5 47
36-40 11 42
MC 31-35 12 31
26-30 11 19
21-25 5 8
16-20 2 3
11-15 1 1
i=5 ∑ f =48

Median Class: lbmc = 31 – 0.5 = 30.5

48
2
=24 th ∑ f =48
cf = 19
 fmc = 12
i=5
∑ f −cf
Median = lbmc + ⌊ 2
⌋ i
fmc

48
−19
Median = 30.5 + ⌊
2
12
⌋ (5)

Median = 30.5 + 2.08

Median = 32.58

Example 2:

Solve for the median of Scores of Diagnostic Test of IV-

Narra Students

Class Interval F < cf

36-40 1 50
31-35 10 49
26-30 10 39
MC 21-25 16 29
16-20 9 13
11-15 4 4

i=5 ∑ f =50

50
Median = 2
=25 lbmc = 20.5
 ∑ f =50
cf = 13
fmc = 16
50
−13
Median = 20.5 + ⌊
2
16
⌋ (5)

Median = 20.5 + 3.75

Median = 24.25

Seatwork#3
Compute the following.
1. The random savings of 2nd year high school students reveal
the following current balances in their bank accounts:
340, 350, 450, 500, 360, 760, 800, 740

2. The following are the lifetime of 9 light bulbs in thousands

of hours.
1.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.1, 1.4, .9, .2, 1.2, 1.7

3. Scores of Periodic Test of IV- Molaves Students

Score Frequency
46-50 2
41-45 9
36-40 13
31-35 11
26-30 10
21-25 5

4. Weight of First Year Students

Weight in kg Frequency
93-99 1
86-92 4
79-85 10
72-78 14
65-71 21
58-64 15
51-57 14
44-50 1
 Lesson 4: Computing the Mean
of a Discrete Probability
Distribution
Objectives:
At the end of class discussion the students should be able
to:

1. Illustrate and calculate the mean of a discrete random

variable;

2. Interpret the mean of a discrete random variable; and

3. Solve problems involving mean of probability distributions.

Lesson Proper:
Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

The mean of a random variable with a discrete probability

distribution is:

μ=¿ X1∙P(X1) + X2 ∙ P(X2) + X3 ∙ P(X3) +…, + Xn ∙ P(Xn) or

μ = ∑ X ∙ P(X)
Where:
X1, X2, X3 …, Xn are the values of the random variable X;
and

P(X1), P(X2) , P(X3), …, P(Xn) are the corresponding

possibilities

Example 1:
Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of
spots that would appear? The following activity will help you
answer this question.

Step1. Construct the probability distribution for the random

variable X representing the number of spots that would
appear.

Step2. Multiply the value random variable X by the

corresponding probability.

Step3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.

Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability Number of Probability
distribution for the random Spots X P(X)
variable X representing the
1
number of spots that would 6
appear. 1
1
6
2
1
6
3
1
6
4
1
6
5
1
6
6

2. Multiply the value of the Number Probability X ∙ P(X)

random variable X by the of Spots P(X)
corresponding probability. X
1 1
1 6 6
 1 2
2 6 6

1 3
3 6 6

1 4
4 6 6

1 5
5 6 6

1 6
6 6 6

3. Add the results obtained Number Probability X ∙ P(X)

in Step 2. of Spots P(X)
X
1 1
1 6 6

1 2
2 6 6

1 3
3 6 6

1 4
4 6 6

1 5
5 6 6

1 6
6 6 6

21
∑ X∙ P(X) = 6
=3.5
Example 2:

The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5

3 1 1 2 3
items in a grocery store are 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , and 10 , respectively.
What is the average number of items that a customer will buy?

Example 3:

The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3, 4, 5, 6, or

7 patients in any day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30,
respectively. Find the average number of patients that a
surgeon operates on a day.

Quiz#3
A. Complete the table below and find the mean of the
following probability distribution.

1.
X P(X) X∙ P(X)
1
7
 1
1
7
6
3
7
11
1
7
16
1
7
21

2.
X P(X) X∙ P(X)
3
10
1
1
10
2
2
10
3
2
10
4
2
10
5
3.
X P(X) X∙ P(X)
3 0.15
6 0.35
8 0.40
10 0.10

B. Do the following.
4. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random
variable X, which can take only the values 1, 2, and 3, given
10 1 12
that P(1) = 33 , P(2) = 3 , and P(3) = 33 .

5. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random

variable X, which can take only the values 3, 5, and 7, given
7 1 13
that P(3) = 30 , P(5) = 3 , and P(3) = 30 .

Lesson 5: Computing the

Variance of Discrete Probability
Distribution
Objectives:
 At the end of the class discussion the students should be
able to:

1. Illustrate and calculate the variance of a discrete random

variable;

2. Interpret the variance of a discrete random variable; and

3. Solve problems involving variance of probability

distributions.

Lesson Proper:
Steps in Finding the Variance and Standard
Deviation
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable

X.

3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.

4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the

corresponding probability.

5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4.

Example 1:

Number of Cars Sold

 The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership,
along with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the
succeeding table. Compute the variance and the standard
deviation of the probability distribution by the following the
given steps.

Number of Cars Sold X Probability P(X)

1
0 10

2
1 10

3
2 10

2
3 10

2
4 10

Solution:

Steps Solution
Number of Probability X• P(X)
1. Find the mean Cars Sold X P(X)
of the probability
distribution using
2
the formula 0 10
0
μ=∑ X 2 2
• P(X) 1 10 10

3 6
2 10 10

2 6
3 10 10

2 8
4 10 10

22
μ=∑ X • P ( X )= =2.2
10

2. Subtract the X P(X) X•P(X) X- μ

mean from each
value of the
random variable X.
1
0 10
0 0-2.2= -2.2

2 2
1 10 10
1-2.2= -1.2

3 6
2 10 10
2-2.2= -0.2

2 6
3 10 10
3-2.2= 0.8

2 8
4 10 10
4-2.2= 1.8

X P(X) X•P(X) X-μ (X-μ)2

3. Square the
results obtained 1 1
10 10
in Step 2.
0 -2.2 4.84
2 2
10 10

1 -1.2 1.44
3 6
10 10

2 -0.2 0.04
2 6
10 10

3 0.8 0.64
2 8
10 10

4 1.8 3.24
4. Multiply X P(X) X•P(X) X- μ (X- μ)2 (X- μ)2•P(X)
the results
1 1
obtained in 10 10
Step 3 by the 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
2 2
corresponding 10 10
probability 1 -1.2 1.44 0.288
3 6
10 10
2 -0.2 0.04 0.012
2 6
10 10
3 0.8 0.64 0.128
2 8
10 10
4 1.8 3.24 0.648
5. Get the X P(X) X•P(X) X- μ (X- μ)2 (X- μ)2•P(X)
sum of the
results
obtained in
Step 4. The
1 1
result is the 0 10 10
value of the -2.2 4.84 0.484
variance.
So, the 2 2
formula for 1 10 10
the variance -1.2 1.44 0.288
is:
σ 2=∑ ¿¿ )2•P(
3 6
X) 2 10 10
-0.2 0.04 0.012

2 6
3 10 10
0.8 0.64 0.128

2 8
4 10 10
1.8 3.24 0.648

σ2=∑ ¿¿)2•P(X) = 1.56

6. Get the square root of the The variance of the probability

variance to get standard distribution is 1.56. The
deviation. standard is σ =√ 1.56 = 1.25.
 Formula for the Variance and Standard
Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution

The variance of a discrete probability distribution is

given by the formula:
σ 2=∑ ¿¿ )2•P(X)

The standard deviation of a discrete probability

distribution is given by the formula:
σ =√ ∑ ( X−μ¿)2• P (X )¿

Where:
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability of the random variable X
μ=¿ mean of the probability distribution
 Lesson 6: Understanding the
Normal Curve Distribution

Objectives:
At the end of class discussion the students should be able
to:

1. Understand the concept of the normal curve distribution;

2. State and illustrate the properties of a normal curve

distribution;

Lesson Proper:
Four-Step Process in finding the Areas Under the Normal
Curve Given a z- Value
Step1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit from.

Step2. Using the z-table, find the first two digits on the left
column.

Step3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on

the right.

Step4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the

row and the column. This is the required area.
Examples:
1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.
Finding the area that corresponds to is the same as
finding the area between z = 0 and z = 1.

2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.36.