Statistics

Statistics – involves the collection, organization, summarization, presentation, and interpretation of

data.
Descriptive Statistics – involves the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data.
Inferential Statistics – interprets and draws conclusions from the data.

Measures of Central Tendency (AVERAGES)

• Arithmetic Mean
• Median
• Mode

Mean – the most commonly used of measure of central tendency.

The mean of n numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by n.
Σ𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛
Example:
Find a Mean
Six friends in a biology class of 20 students received test grades of
92 84 65 76 88 and 90
Find the mean of these test scores.

Solution:
Σ𝑥 92+84+65+76+88+90 495
𝑥̅ = = = = 82.5
𝑛 6 6
Therefore the mean of these test scores is 82.5

Median – the middle number or the mean of the two middle numbers in a list of numbers that have
been arranged in numerical order from smallest to largest or largest to smallest.

Example:
Find the Median of the data in the following lists.
a. 4 8 1 14 9 21 12
b. 46 23 92 89 77 108

Solution:
a. Ranking the numbers from smallest to largest. (ODD)
1 4 8 9 12 14 21
The middle number is 9. Thus 9 is the median.

b. Ranking the numbers from smallest to largest. (EVEN)

23 46 77 89 92 108
The two middle numbers are 77 and 89. The mean of 77 and 89 is 83. Thus 83 is the median of
the data.

Mode – a list of numbers is the number that occurs most frequently.

Example:
a. 18 15 21 16 15 14 15 21

Therefore 15 is the mode.

Measures of Dispersion

The Range – a set of data values is the difference between the greatest data value and the least data
value.

Example:
Find the range of the list of numbers given. 4 8 16 12 24 46 31

Solution:
The greatest number of the list is 46 and the least is 4. The range of the numbers is 46 – 4 = 42.
Standard Deviation
- A measure of dispersion that is less sensitive to extreme values
- A set of numerical data makes use of the amount by which each individual data value
deviates from the mean.

Example:
The following numbers were obtained by sampling population.
2 4 7 12 15
Find the standard deviation of the sample.

Solution:
Step 1: The mean of the numbers is.
2+4+7+12+15 40
𝑥̅ = = =8
5 5
Step 2: For each number, calculate the deviation between the number and the mean.

𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
2 2 − 8 = −6
4 4 − 8 = −4
7 7 − 8 = −1
12 12 − 8 = 4
15 15 − 8 = 7

Step 3: Calculate the square of each deviation in Step 2, and find the sum of these squared
deviations.

𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
2 2 − 8 = −6 (−6)2 = 36
4 4 − 8 = −4 (−4)2 = 16
7 7 − 8 = −1 (−1)2 = 1
12 12 − 8 = 4 (−8)2 = 64
15 15 − 8 = 7 (−7)2 = 49

Step 4: Because we have a sample of n = 5 values, divide the sum 118 by n – 1, which is 4.

118
= 29.5
4

Step 5: The standard deviation of the sample is 𝑠 = √29.5 . to the nearest hundredth, the
standard deviation is 𝑠 = 5.43

The Variance – a statistic known as the variance is also used as a measure of dispersion. The Variance
for a given set of data is the square of the standard deviation of the data.

Example:
Find the variance for the sample given which is 𝑠 = √29.5

Solution:
We found 𝑠 = √29.5 . The variance is the square of the standard deviation. Thus the
variance is 𝑠2 = (√29.5)2 = 29.5.

Measures of Relative Position

Z-scores
- For a given data value x is the number of standard deviations that x is above or below the
mean of the data. The following formulas show how to calculate the z-score for a data value
x in a population and in a sample.
𝑥−𝑢 𝑥−𝑥̅
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑍𝑥 = 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑍𝑥 =
𝜎 𝑠

Example:
Raul has taken two tests in his chemistry class. He scored 72 on the first test, for which the
mean of all scores was 65 and the standard deviation was 8. He received a 60 on a second test, for
which the mean of all scores was 45 and the standard deviation was 12. In comparison to the other
students, did Raul do better on the first test or the second test?
Solution:
Find the z-score for each test.

72−65 60−45
Population: 𝑍72 = = 0.875 Sample: 𝑍60 = = 1.25
8 12

Raul scored 0.875 standard deviation above the mean on the first test and 1.25 standard deviations
above the mean on the second test. These z-scores indicate that , in comparison to his classmates, Raul
scored better on the second test than he did on the first test.

Percentile
- A value x is called the pth percentile of a data set provided p% of the data values are less
than x.

Percentile for a given data value

Given a set of data and a data value x,

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑥

Percentile of score x = 𝑥 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

Example:
On a reading examination given to 900 students, Elaine’s score of 602 was higher than the
scores of 576 of the students who took the examination. What is the percentile for Elaine’s score?

Solution:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
Percentile = 𝑥 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

576
= 𝑥 100
900

576
= 𝑥 100
900

= 64
Therefore Elaine’s score of 602 places her at the 64th percentile.

Quartiles
The three numbers Q1, Q2, and Q3 that partition a ranked data set into four (approximately)
equal groups are called the quartiles of the data. For instance, for the data set below, the values Q1 = 11,
Q2 = 29m and Q3 = 104 are the quartiles of the data.

2, 5, 5, 8, 11, 12, 19, 22, 23, 29, 31, 45, 83, 91, 104, 159, 181, 312, 354

Q1 Q2 Q3

The quartile 1 is called the first quartile. The quartile 2 is called the second quartile. It is the median of
the data. The quartile 3 is called the third quartile. The following method of finding the quartiles makes
use of medians.
ASSESSMENT

1. Find the mean, median, and mode for the following data. Round to the nearest tenth.
3 7 11 12 7 9 15

2. Find the range, standard deviation, and variance for the following sample data.

7 11 12 15 31 22

3. A sample data set has a mean of 65 and standard deviation of 10.2. find the z-scores for each of the
following. Round to the nearest hundredth.

a. x = 77 b. x = 60

4. a survey was given to 18 students. One question is asked about the distance the one-way distance the
student had to travel to attend college. The results, in miles, are shown in the following table. Use the
median procedure for finding quartiles to find the first, second and third quartiles for the data.

12 18 4 5 26 41 1 8 10

10 3 28 32 10 85 7 5 15

Note: pls pass this on Friday (sa balay lang) Salamat.