Computer: A computer is a machine that can store and process

information. Most computers rely on a binary system, which

uses two variables, 0 and 1, to complete tasks such as storing
data, calculating algorithms, and displaying information.
Data: Data is a collection of raw facts or figures.
Information: Information is processed data.
Every computer mainly consists of three things
 Hardware
 Software
 User
The user interacts with the software, and the software makes
the computer hardware parts to work for the user.
Characteristics of computer:
1. Speed
Executing mathematical calculation, a computer works faster
and more accurately than human. Computers have the ability
to process so many millions (1,000,000) of instructions per
second. Computer operations are performed in micro and nano
seconds.
2.Diligence
A computer can consistently and accurately do millions of jobs
or calculations. There is no weariness or lack of concentration.
3.Versatality:
Computer performs different types of tasks with the same
accuracy and efficiency. A computer can perform multiple
tasks at the same time this is known as versatility. For
example, while listening to music, we may develop our project
using PowerPoint .
4. Memory:
A computer can store millions of records. these records may be
accessed with complete precision. Computer memory
storage capacity is measured in Bytes, Kilobytes(KB),
Megabytes(MB), Gigabytes(GB), and Terabytes(TB). A
computer has built-in memory known as primary memory.
5.Accuracy:
When a computer performs a computation or operation, the
chances of errors occurring are low. Errors in a computer are
caused by human’s submitting incorrect data. A computer can
do a variety of operations and calculations fast and accurately.
6.Automation:
Computers are automatable devices that can perform a task
without any user intervention. The user just needs to assign
the task to the computer.
7.Storage capacity:
A computer can store millions of records. Computer’s
memory is measured in Bytes, Kilobytes(KB), Megabytes(MB),
Gigabytes(GB), and Terabytes(TB). A computer has built-in
memory known as primary memory. Computers can store
different kind of data like text, pictures, sound, videos.
History of computer(Evaluation of computers):
 Abacus is the first mechanical calculating device , which
was developed by Egyptians in 10 th century B.C
 Charles Babbage is called the “Father of computer”. The
first mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage
was called “Analytical Engine”.
Operating system
Operating system acts as an interface between user of the
computer and computer hardware. Without installing the
operating system we can do nothing with the computer.
Operating system is a program that controls everything
on your computer, laptop, phone. Ex: Windows, Dos,
Android(in phones)

DOS( Disk operating system):

It is a standard operating system developed for IBM-PC
which were developed in 1981.
To open DOS: press windows +R it will open a dialogue box in
that type cmd. It will open DOS.
Commands in DOS:
1. DIR: This command is used to show the content of a
current directory.
Syntax: D:\sun> DIR (press enter)
This will list all the files which are present in sun directory.
2. CD: This command will take you to another directory
where you want to work.
Ex: D:\sun> CD moon
It will take you to moon directory.
D:\moon>
3. RD:This command will simply removes the directory, you
can not remove the directory when you are in that so in
order to come out of it we nee give cd.. command.
Ex: D:\> RD sun
This will remove sun directory.
4. COPY CON: To create a file in a particular directory.
D:\sun> copy con star
The sun is self burning star
Ctrl+z (for saving)
5. DEL: This command deletes a particular file.
Ex: D:\> Del Priyanka
This will delete file priyanka
6. COPY: This command copies the content of one file to
another file.
Ex: D:\>copy Priyanka swapna
The content of Priyanka will be copied to swapna.
7. MOVE: To move a file from one directory to another. For
that we need to give the path of the file and the path of
the directory to which you want to move.
Ex: D:\sun>move D:\>sun\raj D:\>moon
 Raj file from sun directory will be moved to moon
directory.
8. REN: Renames a file
Ex: D:\sun>ren star xyz
This renames the star file as xyz.
9. TYPE: This command opens a file and displays its content.
Ex: D:\sun> type xyz
This will open the file xyz

10. MD: To create a directory with in a directory.

Ex: D:\md ram
This creates a directory in D drive

11. DATE: To display the current date which is saved in

your computer.
Ex: D:\date
Date will be displayed like 15/02/25
12. TIME: To display the current time which is saved in
your computer.
Ex: D:\time
time will be displayed like 09:24
13. EDIT: This command is used to change the content
of a file.
Ex: D:\sun> xyz
This will enable you to change the content of xyz file .
after changing goto file press save
goto file exit.

windows
The windows operating system is a graphical user interface
(GUI) wherw as DOS is a console user interface(CUI). Windows
operating system allows users to run programs view files, play
games and watch videos on their computer. Microsoft
developed windows and released the first version in 1985.
Features of windows:
1. File management: Users can store and view files.
 2. Software execution: users can run software
appliocations
3. Internet connectivity: Users can connect to the
internet.
4. Hardware installation: Some versions of windows like
windows 95, have plug -and -play features to make
hardware installation easier.
5. Security: Some versions of windows like windows vista ,
have security features to protect user’s data.
Word processor:
A word processor is a software program capable of
creating, storing, and printing text documents. It allows users to
write and modify text, display it on a screen, save it
electronically, and print it out.
Ex: MS-word , Google docs.
Features of word processor:
Text manipulation

The main feature of any word processor is the ability to

manipulate text within a document, such as the ability to insert,
cut and paste, and copy text. The ability to quickly type, edit,
and move text is what makes the word processing programs
such valuable tools for any computer user.

Font specifications

Another standard feature of word processors is the ability to

change the look of fonts within a document. Most programs
give users the ability to bold, italicize, and underline text, as
well as change the font size.

Spelling and grammar assistance

Most word processing programs feature built-in spell checking

as well as basic grammar checking. Some processors, however,
have a more robust editing capability. For example, Microsoft
Editor not only checks for spelling and grammar mistakes, but
it also suggests areas that could use more clarity, checks online
sources for similarities, and rates document readability.
Page layout

Most word processing software allows users to change the

layout of the document they are creating. This could include
changing the page size, margins, and indentations, and adding
columns. It could also include the option to create headers and
footers, and page numbers.

Graphics

Basic word processors may give users the ability to add simple
tables, graphs, or numbered lists, but those with more
advanced capabilities offer greater options when it comes to
adding visual elements

Collaboration tools

Browser-based word processors make it easy for multiple

people to collaborate on the same document.

Micrisoft word:

 MS-word is a software package that enables its users to

create, edit, print and save documents for future
reference.

 The key advantage of using a word processor is that it

allows the users to make changes to a document without
retyping the entire document

 Users can create a variety of documents such as letters,

memos resumes, forms, or any documents that can be
typed and printed.

 Change the font size and type. It also facilitataes users to

install new fonts.

 Check the spellings and correct them automatically if they

are not correct

 Insert tables in the text.

 Cut , copy and paste portions of the text from one location
in the document to another.
  Insert graphs, pictures and charts in the documents.

Ms – excel:
A spreadsheet is a tool that is used to store, manipulate and
analyze data. Data in a spreadsheet is organized in a series of
rows and columns and can be searched, sorted, calculated and
used in a variety of charts and graphs.
Some advantages of Excel Spreadsheets are:
 Easy number processing for maintaining budgets or
performing calculations.
 Text manipulation is easier.
 We can search any piece of data, no matter how small, by
using the Find function and defining the word or using a
keyword.
 Words can be easily replaced by using the Replace
function.
 Less time-consuming and uncomplicated mistake
correction in the data.
 Storing data in tabular format makes it highly organised.
 Time-saving.
 If a correction needs to be made at multiple locations, it
can be done all at once.
 It is one of the most popular methods of storing data
electronically; this is almost universally accepted, thus
sharing and transferring data is also easy.

Machine learning:
It is an application of AI which gives the devices to
learn from their experiences and improve their self without
doing any coding.
Machine learning (ML) allows computers to learn and
make decisions without being explicitly programmed. It
involves feeding data into algorithms to identify
patterns and make predictions on new data. Machine
learning is used in various applications, including image and
speech recognition, natural language processing, and
recommender systems.
Traditional programming:
DATA
PROGRAM COMPUTER OUTPUT

Machine learning:

DATA
COMPUTER
OUTPUT
PROGRAM

Types of Machine Learning

1. Supervised learning
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where a
model is trained on labeled data—meaning each input is
paired with the correct output. The model learns by comparing
its predictions with the actual answers provided in the training
data.
Both classification and regression problems are supervised
learning problems.
Example: Consider the following data regarding patients
entering a clinic. The data consists of the gender and age of
the patients and each patient is labeled as “healthy” or “sick”.

Gend Ag
er e Label

M 48 sick

M 67 sick

health
F 53
y

M 49 sick
Gend Ag
er e Label

health
F 32
y

health
M 34
y

health
M 21
y

In this example, supervised learning is to use this labeled data

to train a model that can predict the label (“healthy” or “sick”)
for new patients based on their gender and age. For instance,
if a new patient (e.g., Male, 50 years old) visits the clinic, the
model can classify whether the patient is “healthy” or “sick”
based on the patterns it learned during training.
Advantages of Supervised learning: High accuracy as they are
trained on labelled data.
Disadvantages of Supervised learning: it has limitations in
knowing the patterns and may struggle with the unseen or
unexpected patterns, that are not present in the training data.
2. Unsupervised machine learning:
In this an algorithm discovers patterns and relationships using
unlabeled data. The goal of USML is often to discover hidden
patterns and similarities or clusters within the data.
Ex: consider that you have a dataset that contains information
about the purchase you made from the shop. Through
clustering , the algorithm can group the same purchasing
behavior among you and other customers , which reveals
potential customers. This type of information can help
businesses to get target customers.
Advantages of unsupervised model: It helps to discover hidden
patterns and various relationships between the data.
Disadvantages of unsupervised model:Withput using labels it
may be difficult to predict the quality of the models output.
Reinforcement machine learning: It is a feedback based
machine learning approach here an agent interacts with the
surrounding and learns. For each correct action the agent gets
+ve feedback (reward) and for each incorrect action the agent
gets _ve feedback( penalty). This model learns from the
feedback.

Artificial intelligence:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technologies that
enable computers to perform a variety of advanced functions,
including the ability to see, understand and translate spoken
and written language, analyze data, make recommendations,
and more.

How Artificial Intelligence (AI) Works

Artificial intelligence commonly brought to mind the
implementation of robots. As technology evolved, previous
benchmarks that define artificial intelligence became outdated.
Technologies that enable Artificial Intelligence include:1

 Computer vision enables computers to identify objects

and people in pictures and photos.
 Natural language processing (NLP) allows computers to
understand human language.
 Graphical processing units are computer chips that help
computers form graphics and images through
mathematical calculations.
 The Internet of Things is the network of physical devices,
vehicles, and other objects embedded with sensors,
software, and network connectivity, that collect and share
data.
 Application programming allows two or more computer
programs or components to communicate with each other.
Applications of AI::
Health Care: There are many AI applications in health
institutions that can
provide various routine tasks. For example AI machines can
―read
personalized medicine data and X-ray readings of patients for
various
diseases (e.g. breast mammograms, data obtained by
radiomics and biopsy
slides, and lung cancer low-dose computed tomography scans
). Also, AI can
act as a personal health care assistant. For example. AI can act
as life coach
(e.g. reminding patients to take their pills), remind people to
take exercise and
for how long, or to propose to eat healthy food for reducing
obesity.
b. Retail industry.: Artificial Intelligence computers can
provide virtual
shopping capabilities that offer personalized
recommendations and discuss
purchase options with the consumer. Companies with stock
management and
organizational problems (clothes, tools, equipment, etc) and
site layout
technologies will also can be improved with the help of AI.
c. Manufacturing: AI can analyze factory Internet of Things
(IoT) data. The
Internet of Things (IoT) is growing exponentially, but security
for IoT projects
and deployments remains an obstacle for many
organizations. One
fundamental IoT security component is making sure
devices and services
have trusted identities that can interact within secure
ecosystems.
d. Life sciences. From ensuring drug safety to getting new
therapies to
market faster, AI technologies can unleash the full potential of
data to solve
the greatest health challenges facing humanity today and in
the future.
e. Banking. Artificial Intelligence enhances the speed,
precision and
effectiveness of human efforts in financial institutions. AI
techniques can be
used to identify which banking transactions are likely to be
fraudulent.
f. Public sector. Artificial Intelligence can make smart cities
smarter. It can
support national defense with mission readiness and predictive
maintenance.
Europe has spent up to €700 million on robotics and
public–private
partnerships in the context of AI. Consequently, many AI-based
applications
AI in microbiology:
It enables rapid and accurate pathogen detection, early
detection of antibiotic resistance, and improved diagnostic
techniques. Additionally, AI is essential for early diagnosis of
diseases, drug development, personalized treatment, and
outbreak.