CS3501 STudent Reference
CS3501 STudent Reference
REGULATION – 2021
CS3501 – COMPILER LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
TOTAL: 30 PERIODS
INDEX
S. PAGE SIGNATURE OF
DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MARK
No NO THE STAFF
1 Symbol table
8 Type Checking
11 Construction of DAG
Average Mark:
EX. NO: 1
DATE:
INTRODUCTION:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
char ch,srch,b[15],d[15],c;
//clrscr();
while((c=getchar())!='$')
b[i]=c; i++;
n=i-1;
printf("given expression:");
i=0;
while(i<=n)
printf("%c",b[i]); i++;
printf("symbol table\n");
printf("symbol\taddr\ttype\n");
while(j<=n)
c=b[j]; if(isalpha(toascii(c)))
if(j==n)
p=malloc(c); add[x]=p;
d[x]=c;
printf("%c\t%d\tidentifier\n",c,p);
else
ch=b[j+1];
if(ch=='+'||ch=='-'||ch=='*'||ch=='=')
p=malloc(c);
add[x]=p;
d[x]=c;
printf("%c\t%d\tidentifier\n",c,p);
x++;
} j++;
}
printf("the symbol is to be searched\n");
srch=getch();
for(i=0;i<=x;i++)
if(srch==d[i])
printf("symbol found\n");
printf("%c%s%d\n",srch,"@address",add[i]);
flag=1;
if(flag==0)
//getch();
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the C program to implement the symbol table was executed and the output is verified.
EX. NO:2
DATE:
DEVELOP A LEXICAL ANALYZER TO RECOGNIZE
A FEW PATTERNS IN C
AIM:
INTRODUCTION:
TOKEN
A token is a structure representing a lexeme that explicitly indicates its categorization for
the Purpose of parsing. A category of token is what in linguistics might be called a part-of- speech.
Examples of token categories may include “identifier” and “integer literal”, although the set of
Token differ in different programming languages.
The process of forming tokens from an input stream of characters is called tokenization.
ALGORITHM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fi,*fo,*fop,*fk;
int flag=0,i=1;
char c,t,a[15],ch[15],file[20];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the File Name:");
scanf("%s",&file);
fi=fopen(file,"r");
fo=fopen("inter.c","w");
fop=fopen("oper.c","r");
fk=fopen("key.c","r");
c=getc(fi);
while(!feof(fi))
{
if(isalpha(c)||isdigit(c)||(c=='['||c==']'||c=='.'==1))
fputc(c,fo);
else
{
if(c=='\n')
fprintf(fo,"\t$\t");
else fprintf(fo,"\t%c\t",c);
}
c=getc(fi);
}
fclose(fi);
fclose(fo);
fi=fopen("inter.c","r");
printf("\n Lexical Analysis");
fscanf(fi,"%s",a);
printf("\n Line: %d\n",i++);
while(!feof(fi))
{
if(strcmp(a,"$")==0)
{
printf("\n Line: %d \n",i++);
fscanf(fi,"%s",a);
}
fscanf(fop,"%s",ch);
while(!feof(fop))
{
if(strcmp(ch,a)==0)
{
fscanf(fop,"%s",ch);
printf("\t\t%s\t:\t%s\n",a,ch);
flag=1;
} fscanf(fop,"%s",ch);
}
rewind(fop);
fscanf(fk,"%s",ch);
while(!feof(fk))
{
if(strcmp(ch,a)==0)
{
fscanf(fk,"%k",ch);
printf("\t\t%s\t:\tKeyword\n",a);
flag=1;
}
fscanf(fk,"%s",ch);
}
rewind(fk);
if(flag==0)
{
if(isdigit(a[0]))
printf("\t\t%s\t:\tConstant\n",a);
else
printf("\t\t%s\t:\tIdentifier\n",a);
}
flag=0;
fscanf(fi,"%s",a); }
getch();
}
Key.C:
int
void
main
char
if
for
while
else
printf
scanf
FILE
Include
stdio.h
conio.h
iostream.h
Oper.C:
( open para
) closepara
{ openbrace
} closebrace
< lesser
> greater
" doublequote ' singlequote
: colon
; semicolon
# preprocessor
= equal
== asign
% percentage
^ bitwise
& reference
* star
+ add
- sub
\ backslash
/ slash
Input.C:
#include "stdio.h"
#include "conio.h"
void main()
{
int a=10,b,c;
a=b*c;
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the above program for developing the lexical the lexical analyzer and recognizing
the few pattern s in C is executed successfully and the output is verified.
EX.NO:3
DATE:
AIM:
INTRODUCTION:
THEORY:
LEX SOURCE:
ALGORITHM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
char vars[100][100];
int vcnt;
char input[1000],c;
char token[50],tlen;
int state=0,pos=0,i=0,id;
char *getAddress(char str[])
{
for(i=0;i<vcnt;i++)
if(strcmp(str,vars[i])==0)
return vars[i];
strcpy(vars[vcnt],str);
return vars[vcnt++];
}
int isrelop(char c)
{
if(c=='+'||c=='-'||c=='*'||c=='/'||c=='%'||c=='^')
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Input String:");
gets(input);
do
{
c=input[pos];
putchar(c);
switch(state)
{
case 0:
if(isspace(c))
printf("\b");
if(isalpha(c))
{
token[0]=c;
tlen=1;
state=1;
}
if(isdigit(c))
state=2;
if(isrelop(c))
state=3;
if(c==';')
printf("\t<3,3>\n");
if(c=='=')
printf("\t<4,4>\n");
break;
case 1:
if(!isalnum(c))
{
token[tlen]='\o';
printf("\b\t<1,%p>\n",getAddress(token));
state=0;
pos--;
}
else
token[tlen++]=c;
break;
case 2:
if(!isdigit(c))
{
printf("\b\t<2,%p>\n",&input[pos]);
state=0;
pos--;
}
break;
case 3:
id=input[pos-1];
if(c=='=')
printf("\t<%d,%d>\n",id*10,id*10);
else{
printf("\b\t<%d,%d>\n",id,id);
pos--;
}state=0;
break;
}
pos++;
}
while(c!=0);
getch();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
RESULT:
Thus the program for the exercise on lexical analysis using lex has been successfully
executed and output is verified.
EX.NO:4
DATE:
AIM :
To write a c program to do exercise on syntax analysis using YACC.
INTRODUCTION :
YACC (yet another compiler) is a program designed to produce designed to compile a
LALR (1) grammar and to produce the source code of the synthetically analyses of the
language produced by the grammar.
ALGORITHM :
1. Start the program.
2. Write the code for parser. l in the declaration port.
3. Write the code for the ‘y’ parser.
4. Also write the code for different arithmetical operations.
5. Write additional code to print the result of computation.
6. Execute and verify it.
7. Stop the program.
PROGRAM TO RECOGNIZE A VALID ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION THAT USES
OPERATOR +, - , * AND /.
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{ char s[5];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter any operator:");
gets(s);
switch(s[0])
{
case'>': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\n Greater than or equal");
else
printf("\n Greater than");
break;
case'<': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\n Less than or equal");
else
printf("\nLess than");
break;
case'=': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\nEqual to");
else
printf("\nAssignment");
break;
case'!': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\nNot Equal");
else
printf("\n Bit Not");
break;
case'&': if(s[1]=='&')
printf("\nLogical AND");
else
printf("\n Bitwise AND");
break;
case'|': if(s[1]=='|')
printf("\nLogical OR");
else
printf("\nBitwise OR");
break;
case'+': printf("\n Addition");
break;
case'-': printf("\nSubstraction");
break;
case'*': printf("\nMultiplication");
break;
case'/': printf("\nDivision");
break;
case'%': printf("Modulus");
break;
default: printf("\n Not a operator"); } getch(); }
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the program for the exercise on the syntax using YACC has been executed
successfully and Output is verified.
EX.NO:5
DATE:
ALGORITHM :
1. Start the program.
2. Reading an expression
3. Checking the validating of the given expression according to the rule using yacc.
4. Using expression rule print the result of the given values
5. Stop the program.
PROGRAM :
variable_test.l
%{
/* This LEX program returns the tokens for the Expression */
#include "y.tab.h"
%}
%%
"int " {return INT;}
"float" {return FLOAT;}
"double" {return DOUBLE;}
[a-zA-Z]*[0-9]*{
printf("\nIdentifier is %s",yytext);
return ID;
}
return yytext[0];
\n return 0;
int yywrap()
{
return 1;
}
variable_test.y
%{
#include
/* This YACC program is for recognising the Expression*/
%}
%token ID INT FLOAT DOUBLE
%%
D;T L
;
L:L,ID
|ID
;
T:INT
|FLOAT
|DOUBLE
;
%%
extern FILE *yyin;
main()
{
do
{
yyparse();
}while(!feof(yyin));
}
yyerror(char*s)
{
}
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the program for the exercise on the syntax using YACC has been executed
successfully and Output is verified.
EX.NO.6
DATE:
AIM :
To write a c program to do exercise on syntax analysis using LEX and YACC.
INTRODUCTION :
YACC (yet another compiler) is a program designed to produce designed to compile a
LALR (1) grammar and to produce the source code of the synthetically analyses of the
language produced by the grammar.
ALGORITHM :
1. A Yacc source program has three parts as follows: Declarations %% translation rules
%% supporting C routines
2. Declarations Section: This section contains entries that:
%{
#include<stdio.h>
int op=0,i;
float a,b;
%}
dig[0-9]+|([0-9]*)"."([0-9]+)
add "+"
sub "-"
mul"*"
div "/"
pow "^"
ln \n
%%
{dig}{digi();}
{add}{op=1;}
{sub}{op=2;}
{mul}{op=3;}
{div}{op=4;}
{pow}{op=5;}
%%
digi()
if(op==0)
a=atof(yytext);
else
b=atof(yytext);
switch(op)
case 1:a=a+b;
break;
case 2:a=a-b;
break;
case 3:a=a*b;
break;
case 4:a=a/b;
break;
case 5:for(i=a;b>1;b--)
a=a*i;
break;
op=0;
yylex();
yywrap()
return 1;
}
OUTPUT:
Lex cal.l
Cc lex.yy.c-ll
a.out
4*8
The result=32
RESULT:
Thus the program for the exercise on the syntax using YACC has been executed
INTRODUCTION:
The type analysis and type checking is an important activity done in the semantic
analysis phase. The need for type checking is
1. To detect the errors arising in the expression due to incompatible operand.
2. To generate intermediate code for expressions due to incompatible operand
ALGORITHM:
1. Start a program.
2. Include all the header files.
3. Initialize all the functions and variables.
4. Get the expression from the user and separate into the tokens.
5. After separation, specify the identifiers, operators and number.
6. Print the output.
7. Stop the program.
#include<stdio.h>
char str[50],opstr[75];
int f[2][9]={2,3,4,4,4,0,6,6,0,1,1,3,3,5,5,0,5,0};
int col,col1,col2;
char c;
swt()
{
switch(c)
{
case'+':col=0;break;
case'-':col=1;break;
case'*':col=2;break;
case'/':col=3;break;
case'^':col=4;break;
case'(':col=5;break;
case')':col=6;break;
case'd':col=7;break;
case'$':col=8;break;
default:printf("\nTERMINAL MISSMATCH\n");
exit(1);
}
// return 0;
}
main()
{
int i=0,j=0,col1,cn,k=0;
int t1=0,foundg=0;
char temp[20];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter arithmetic expression:");
scanf("%s",&str);
while(str[i]!='\0')
i++;
str[i]='$';
str[++i]='\0';
printf("%s\n",str);
come:
i=0;
opstr[0]='$';
j=1;
c='$';
swt();
col1=col;
c=str[i];
swt();
col2=col;
if(f[1][col1]>f[2][col2])
{
opstr[j]='>';
j++;
}
else if(f[1][col1]<f[2][col2])
{
opstr[j]='<';
j++;
}
else
{
opstr[j]='=';j++;
}
while(str[i]!='$')
{
c=str[i];
swt();
col1=col;
c=str[++i];
swt();
col2=col;
opstr[j]=str[--i];
j++;
if(f[0][col1]>f[1][col2])
{
opstr[j]='>';
j++;
}
else if(f[0][col1]<f[1][col2])
{
opstr[j]='<';
j++;
}
else
{
opstr[j]='=';j++;
}
i++;
}
opstr[j]='$';
opstr[++j]='\0';
printf("\nPrecedence Input:%s\n",opstr);
i=0;
j=0;
while(opstr[i]!='\0')
{
foundg=0;
while(foundg!=1)
{
if(opstr[i]=='\0')goto redone;
if(opstr[i]=='>')foundg=1;
t1=i;
i++;
}
if(foundg==1)
for(i=t1;i>0;i--)
if(opstr[i]=='<')break;
if(i==0){printf("\nERROR\n");exit(1);}
cn=i;
j=0;
i=t1+1;
while(opstr[i]!='\0')
{
temp[j]=opstr[i];
j++;i++;
}
temp[j]='\0';
opstr[cn]='E';
opstr[++cn]='\0';
strcat(opstr,temp);
printf("\n%s",opstr);
i=1;
}
redone:k=0;
while(opstr[k]!='\0')
{
k++;
if(opstr[k]=='<')
{
Printf("\nError");
exit(1);
}
}
if((opstr[0]=='$')&&(opstr[2]=='$'))goto sue;
i=1
while(opstr[i]!='\0')
{
c=opstr[i];
if(c=='+'||c=='*'||c=='/'||c=='$')
{
temp[j]=c;j++;}
i++;
}
temp[j]='\0';
strcpy(str,temp);
goto come;
sue:
printf("\n success");
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and Output is verified.
EX.NO:8
DATE:
AIM:
INTRODUCTION:
BNF-Backus Naur form is formal notationfor encoding grammars intended for human
ALGORITHM:
<int.l>
%{
#include"y.tab.h"
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int LineNo=1;
% }
%%
if return IF;
int |
char |
{identifier} {strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return VAR;}
{number} {strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return NUM;}
\< |
\> |
\>= |
\<= |
== {strcpy(yylval.var,yytext);
return RELOP;}
[ \t] ;
\n LineNo++;
return yytext[0];
%%
<int.y>
%{
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
struct quad
char op[5];
char arg1[10];
char arg2[10];
char result[10];
}QUAD[30];
struct stack
int items[100];
int top;
}stk;
int Index=0,tIndex=0,StNo,Ind,tInd;
%}
%union
char var[10];
%%
CODE: BLOCK
| STATEMENT CODE
| STATEMENT
| ASSIGNMENT ';'
| CONDST
| WHILEST
| VAR
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"=");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,$1);
strcpy($$,QUAD[Index++].result);
| VAR
| NUM
CONDST: IFST{
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
| IFST ELSEST
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"==");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"FALSE");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"- 1");
push(Index);
Index++;
BLOCK {
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"GOTO");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"- 1");
push(Index);
Index++;
};
ELSEST: ELSE{
tInd=pop();
Ind=pop();
push(tInd);
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
BLOCK{
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
};
StNo=Index- 1;
| VAR
| NUM
WHILEST: WHILELOOP{
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",StNo);
Ind=pop();
sprintf(QUAD[Ind].result,"%d",Index);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"==");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,$3);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"FALSE");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"- 1");
push(Index);
Index++;
BLOCK {
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,"GOTO");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,"");
strcpy(QUAD[Index].result,"- 1");
push(Index);
Index++;
%%
FILE *fp;
int i;
if(argc>1)
fp=fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(!fp)
exit(0);
yyin=fp;
yyparse();
printf("\n\n\t\t ""\n\t\t
Pos Operator Arg1 Arg2 Result" "\n\t\t --------------------
");
for(i=0;i<Index;i++)
%s",i,QUAD[i].op,QUAD[i].arg1,QUAD[i].arg2,QUAD[i].result);
printf("\n\t\t ");
printf("\n\n");
return 0;
stk.top++;
if(stk.top==100)
exit(0);
stk.items[stk.top]=data;
int pop()
int data;
if(stk.top==- 1)
exit(0);
}
data=stk.items[stk.top--];
return data;
strcpy(QUAD[Index].op,op);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg1,arg1);
strcpy(QUAD[Index].arg2,arg2);
sprintf(QUAD[Index].result,"t%d",tIndex++);
strcpy(result,QUAD[Index++].result);
yyerror()
Input:
$vi test.c
main()
int a,b,c;
if(a<b)
a=a+b;
while(a<b)
{ a=a+b;
if(a<=b)
{ c=a- b;
}
else
{ c=a+b;
OUTPUT:
$ lex int.l
$ yacc –d int.y
$ ./a.out test.c
RESULT:
Thus the program for the exercise on the syntax using YACC has been executed
successfully and output is verified.
EX.NO:9
DATE:
AIM:
INTRODUCTION:
Data flow analysis is a technique for gathering information about the possible set of
value calculated at various points in a computer program.
Control flow analysis can be represent by basic blocks. It depicts how th program
control is being passed among the blocks.
ALGORITHM:
#include<conio.h>
struct stack
{
int no;
struct stack *next;
}
*start=null
typedef struct stack st;
voidpush();
int pop();
voiddisplay();
voidmain()
{
char ch;
int choice, item;
do
{
clrscr();
printf(“\n1:push”);
printf(“\n2:pop”);
printf(“\n3:display”);
printf(“\n enter your choice”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case1:push();
break;
case2:item=pop();
printf(“the delete element in %d”,item);
break;
case3:display();
break;
default:printf(“\nwrong choice”);
};
printf(“\n do you want to continue(y/n”);
fflush(stdin);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
}
while(ch==’y’||ch==’y’);
}
voidpush()
{
st*node;
node=(st*)malloc(sizeof(st));
printf(“\n enter the number to be insert”);
scanf(“%d”,&node->no);
node->next=start;
start=node;
}
intpop();
{
st*temp;
temp=start;
if(start==null)
{
printf(“stack is already empty”);
getch();
exit();
}
else
{
start=start->next;
free(temp);
}
return(temp->no);
}
void display()
{
st*temp;
temp=start;
while(temp->next!=null)
{
printf(“\nno=%d”,temp->no);
temp=temp->next;
}
printf(“\nno=%d”,temp->no);
}
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the C program to implement data flow and control flow analysis was
executed successfully.
EX.NO:10
DATE:
IMPLEMENT ANY ONE STORAGE ALLOCATION STRATEGIES
(HEAP,STACK,STATIC)
AIM:
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct node
int label;
struct node *next;
};
void main()
int ch = 0;
int k;
head->next = NULL;
while(1)
printf("1->Push ");
printf("2->Pop ");
printf("3->View");
printf("4->Exit \n");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
case 1:
scanf("%d", &temp->label);
h = head;
temp->next = h->next;
h->next = temp;
break;
case 2:
h = head->next;
head->next = h->next;
free(h);
break;
case 3:
h = head;
while(h->next != NULL)
h = h->next;
printf("NULL \n");
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
}}
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the program for implement storage allocation to use dynamic process for stack
has been successfully executed
EX.NO:11
DATE:
CONSTRUCTION OF DAG
AIM:
INTRODUCTION:
The code optimization is required to produce an efficient target code. These are two important
issues that used to be considered while applying the techniques for code optimization.
They are:
The semantics equivalences of the source program must not be changed.
The improvement over the program efficiency must be achieved without changing the
algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
struct da
int ptr,left,right;
char label;
}dag[25];
int ptr,l,j,change,n=0,i=0,state=1,x,y,k;
char store,*input1,input[25],var;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<25;i++)
{
dag[i].ptr=NULL;
dag[i].left=NULL;
dag[i].right=NULL;
dag[i].label=NULL;
}
printf("\n\nENTER THE EXPRESSION\n\n");
scanf("%s",input1);
for(i=0;i<25;i++)
input[i]=NULL;
l=strlen(input1);
a:
for(i=0;input1[i]!=')';i++);
for(j=i;input1[j]!='(';j--);
for(x=j+1;x<i;x++)
if(isalpha(input1[x]))
input[n++]=input1[x];
else
if(input1[x]!='0')
store=input1[x];
input[n++]=store;
for(x=j;x<=i;x++)
input1[x]='0';
if(input1[0]!='0')goto a;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
dag[i].label=input[i];
dag[i].ptr=i;
if(!isalpha(input[i])&&!isdigit(input[i]))
{
dag[i].right=i-1;
ptr=i;
var=input[i-1];
if(isalpha(var))
ptr=ptr-2;
else
ptr=i-1;
b:
if(!isalpha(var)&&!isdigit(var))
ptr=dag[ptr].left;
var=input[ptr];
goto b;
}
else
ptr=ptr-1;
dag[i].left=ptr;
}
}
printf("\n SYNTAX TREE FOR GIVEN EXPRESSION\n\n");
printf("\n\n PTR \t\t LEFT PTR \t\t RIGHT PTR \t\t LABEL
\n\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)/* draw the syntax tree for the following
output with pointer value*/
printf("\n
%d\t%d\t%d\t%c\n",dag[i].ptr,dag[i].left,dag[i].right,dag[i].la
bel);
getch();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
if((dag[i].label==dag[j].label&&dag[i].left==dag[j].left)&&dag[
i].right==dag[j].right)
{
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
if(dag[k].left==dag[j].ptr)dag[k].left=dag[i].ptr;
if(dag[k].right==dag[j].ptr)dag[k].right=dag[i].ptr;
}
dag[j].ptr=dag[i].ptr;
printf("\n %d
\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%c\n",dag[i].ptr,dag[i].left,dag[i].right,dag[i
].label);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the program for implementation of DAG has been successfully executed and
output is verified.
EX.NO.12
DATE:
IMPLEMENT THE BACK END OF THE COMPILER
AIM:
To implement the back end of the compiler which takes the three address code and producesthe
8086 assembly language instructions that can be assembled and run using a 8086 assembler.
The target assembly instructions can be simple move, add, sub, jump. Also simple addressing
modes are used.
INTRODUCTION:
A compiler is a computer program that implements a programming language specification to
“translate” programs, usually as a set of files which constitute the source code written in source
language, into their equivalent machine readable instructions(the target language, often having a
binary form known as object code). This translation process is called compilation.
BACK END:
Some local optimization
Register allocation
Peep-hole optimization
Code generation
Instruction scheduling
The main phases of the back end include the following:
Analysis: This is the gathering of program information from the intermediate
representation derived from the input; data-flow analysis is used to build use-define chains,
together with dependence analysis, alias analysis, pointer analysis, escape analysis etc.
Optimization: The intermediate language representation is transformed into functionally
equivalent but faster (or smaller) forms. Popular optimizations are expansion, dead,
constant, propagation, loop transformation, register allocation and even automatic
parallelization.
Code generation: The transformed language is translated into the output language, usually
the native machine language of the system. This involves resource and storage decisions,
such as deciding which variables to fit into registers and memory and the selection and
scheduling of appropriate machine instructions along with their associated modes.
Debug data may also need to be generated to facilitate debugging.
ALGORITHM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
//#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
char icode[10][30],str[20],opr[10];
int i=0;
//clrscr();
do
scanf("%s",icode[i]);
} while(strcmp(icode[i++],"exit")!=0);
i=0;
do
strcpy(str,icode[i]);
switch(str[3])
case '+':
strcpy(opr,"ADD");
break;
case '-':
strcpy(opr,"SUB");
break;
case '*':
strcpy(opr,"MUL");
break;
case '/':
strcpy(opr,"DIV");
break;
printf("\n\tMov %c,R%d",str[2],i);
printf("\n\t%s%c,R%d",opr,str[4],i);
printf("\n\tMov R%d,%c",i,str[0]);
}while(strcmp(icode[++i],"exit")!=0);
//getch();
}
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the program was implemented to the TAC has been successfully executed.
EX.NO:13
DATE:
INTRODUCTION:
Optimization is a program transformation technique, which tries to improve the code by making
it consume less resource (i.e. CPU, memory) and deliver high speed.
In optimization, high-level general programming constructs are replaced by very efficient low
level programming codes. A code optimizing process must follow the three rules given below:
The output code must not, in any way, change the meaning of the program.
Optimization should increase the speed of the program and if possible, the program
should demand less number of resources.
Optimization should itself be fast and fast and should not delay the overall compiling
process.
Efforts for an optimized code can be made at various levels of compiling the process.
At the beginning, users can change/rearrange the code or use better algorithms to write
the code.
After generating intermediate code, the compiler can modify the intermediate code by
address calculations and improving loops.
While producing the target machine code, the compiler can make use of memoryhierarchy
and cpu registers.
Optimization can be categorized broadly into two types: Machine independent and Machine
dependent.
In this optimization, the compiler takes in the intermediate code and transforms a part of the code
that does not involve any CPU registers and/or absolute memory locations.
For Example:
do
item=10;
value=value+item;
}while(value<100);
This code involves repeated assignment of the identifier item, which if we put this way:
item=10;
do
value=value+item;
}while(value<100);
Should not only save the cpu cycles, but can be used on any processor.
Machine dependent optimization is done after the target code has been generated and when
the code is transformed according to the target machine architecture. It involves CPU registers
and may have absolute memory references rather than relative references. Machine- dependent
optimizers put efforts to take maximum advantage of memory hierarchy.
ALGORITHM:
Before:
Using for :
#include<iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
int i, n;
int fact=1;
for(i=n;i>=1;i--)
fact=fact *i;
getch();
return 0;
OUTPUT:
After: (SIMPLE CODE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE)
Using do-while:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
clrscr();
int n,f;
f=1;
cin>>n;
do
f=f*n;
n--;
}while(n>0);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
RESULT: