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Coding of Data For Easier Computation

The document discusses the coding of original data for easier computation, detailing additive, multiplicative, and combination coding methods. It explains the procedures for decoding means and variances after coding, emphasizing that only multiplicative coding affects the spread of data. Additionally, it provides examples of frequency distributions and calculations for mean and variance using coded data.

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39 views3 pages

Coding of Data For Easier Computation

The document discusses the coding of original data for easier computation, detailing additive, multiplicative, and combination coding methods. It explains the procedures for decoding means and variances after coding, emphasizing that only multiplicative coding affects the spread of data. Additionally, it provides examples of frequency distributions and calculations for mean and variance using coded data.

Uploaded by

adedejiogunjinmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOT 202: BIOMETRY

CODING OF DATA FOR EASIER COMPUTATION

An important procedure to learn is Coding of original data.

Coding can be done by the addition or subtraction of a constant number to the original data,
and/or the multiplication or division of these original data by a constant number.

(i) Additive Coding: This is achieved by the addition or subtraction of a constant


number (since subtraction is only addition of a negative number).
(ii) Multiplicative Coding: This is achieved by the multiplication or division of a
constant number (since division is only multiplication by the reciprocal of the
divisor).
(iii) Combination Coding: This is achieved by the application of both Additive and
multiplicative coding to the same set of data.

Coding Procedure
Mean
(i) When a constant has been added to each variate, the coded mean is decoded
by subtracting the constant.
(ii) When variates have been coded by being multiplied by a constant, the mean
can be decoded by being divided by the same constant.
(iii) Similarly, when variates have been coded by division, the mean is decoded by
multiplication by the same constant
(iv) Mean coded by combination coding can be decoded by performing the
inverse operation, in reverse sequence.

Frequency and Distributions

Implied Limits Class Mark (Y) Frequency (F)


3.25 – 3.55 3.40 2
3.55 – 3.85 3.70 8
3.85 –4.15 4.00 5
4.15 – 4.45 4.30 8
4.45 – 4.75 4.60 2

1
Class Mark (Y) Frequency (F) Y2 FY FY2
3.40 2 11.56 6.8 23.12
3.70 8 13.69 29.6 109.52
4.00 5 16.00 20.0 80.00
4.30 8 18.49 34.4 147. 92
4.60 2 21.16 9.2 42.32
∑f= 25 100.0 402.88

 Sample variance (S2) = ∑fY2 – (∑fY)2


∑f
∑f-1
= 402.88 – (100)2
25
25-1 = 0.12

Standard deviation (S) = √S2


= √0.12 = 0.3394

Easier estimation of tedious data c=code

YC = [ Y – 3.3] x 10

(Y) (F) YC Y2c FYc FY2C


3.40 2 1 1 2 2
3.70 8 4 16 32 128
4.00 5 7 49 35 245
4.30 8 10 100 80 800
4.60 2 13 169 26 338
∑f= 25 175 1513

YC = [ Y – 3.3] x 10
From each variate (Y) remove 3.3 and (to remove the decimal place) you
multiply the result 10.
Note: Subtraction and Addition are Additive when you multiply the variate
(Y) is Multiplicative Coding.

 Coded Variance = (S2C) = ∑fY2C – (∑fYC)2


∑f______
2
∑f-1

S2C = 1513 – (175)2


25______ = 1513—1225 = 12
25-1 24

Original Variance

This coded variance (


S2C) de coded to get the original variance (S).
The additive code does not affect the spread, additive code will not be considered
because additive code does not affect the standard deviation and variance only the
multiplicative code can affect the spread. As a result, multiplicative code will be
considered.
The variance is squared deviation. Since the variates (Y) were squared in variance, the
constant will be squared when carrying out the decoding operation.
Therefore, the 3.3 that was removed from each variate (Y) as additive coding will not be
considered when decoding because it does not affect the spread.
Coding: Y-3.3; x 10:

Decoding: Y ÷ 10; + 3.3; but the additive code will be ignored

S2 = 12 ÷ 10; but the 10 will be squared = 12÷102 = 0.12

MEAN

Coded Mean= ∑fYC = 175 = 7


∑f 25

When the Mean is being decoded, both the Additive and the Multiplicative code will be
considered because both of them affect Mean.

Decoding:
Original Mean (Y) = 7÷ 10; + 3.3 = 4.0

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