Simplification analysis

• Stander stiffness
mB
• The other support is fixed mA

4EI 2EI δθ𝐴 = 1

𝑀𝐴 L L 𝛿𝐴
• =
𝑀𝐵 2EI 4EI 𝛿𝐵
L L
δθ𝐵 = 1
Stiffness mA
internal internal mB
forces factor k displacements
L
• Modified stiffness
• The other support is hinged
2EI
• MA = 2δθA + δθB
L
• if MA = 0 end simple support mA
mB
2EI
• 0= 2δθA + δθB
L
δθB δθ𝐵 = 1
• δθA = − 2
2EI
• MB = 2δθB + δθA deflected
L
2EI δθB 3EIδθB
shape
• MB = (2δθB − ) =
L 2 𝑙
• To find stiffness factor δθB = 1
3𝐸𝐼
• 𝑘𝑎 ′ = (modified stiffness factor )
𝑙

L
• EXAMPLE
• Draw the bending moment and shear force
diagram 100kN
24KN/m
•
a b c
6m 6m

-75 75 -72 72

a b c
-36 -72

a b c
-75 75 -108
0

a b c
6m 6m
• 1/ all possible external displacement
• ∆𝜃𝑏
• 2/ displacement transformation matrix
0
• 𝑎= 1
1
• 3/stiffness factor
4EI 2EI
L L ′ 3𝐸𝐼
• 𝑘𝑎 = 2EI 4EI 𝑘𝑏 = (modified stiffness factor )
𝑙
L L
• 4/ diagonal stiffness factor
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
6 6
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
• 𝑘= 6 6
3𝐸𝐼
6
• 5// structure stiffness K=𝑎𝑇 𝑘𝑎
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
6 6 0
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 7𝐸𝐼
• = 0 1 1 6 6
1 = 6
3𝐸𝐼 1
6
 −1 6
• 6/ 𝐾 =
7𝐸𝐼
6 198
• 7/ ∆= K −1 𝑃 = 33 =
7𝐸𝐼 7𝐸𝐼
• 8/R = ka∆
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
6 6 0 7.3 −75 −67.7
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 198
• = 6 6
1 = 18.86 + 75 = 93.86
7𝐸𝐼
3𝐸𝐼 1 14.14 −108 −93.86
6
0
0 198
198
• 9/δ = a∆= 1 = 7𝐸𝐼
7𝐸𝐼 198
1
7𝐸𝐼
• 10/𝑎T R = P
7.3
• = 0 1 1 18.86 = 33
14.14
 93.86
67.7

BMD
87.64
45.64

SFD
54.36
56.36

6m 6m
 Symmetrical structure

• Properties
• Deflected shape in the same position about longitudinal
axis for horizontal members ,and the same position
relative to (inside or out side ) the structure for vertical
member.
• Rotation in the opposite direction for each member on
each side of the axis of symmetry.
• Modified stiffness factor
δθ𝐴 δθ𝐵
2EI
• MA = 2δθA + δθB
L
• But from symmetryδθB = −δθ𝐴
2EI 2EIδθA
• MA = 2δθA − δθA =
L L
• To find stiffness factor put δθA = 1
′ 2𝐸𝐼
• 𝑘𝑎 =
𝑙
 • Example
• Draw the bending moment diagram and shear
force diagram using modified stiffness matrix
method
22.5kN/m
22.5kN/m -30 30
30 -30

4m

Applied
FEM force
4m
• Using modified stiffness factor for symmetric
structure take on half part of the30structure

• 1/ all possible external displacement

∆𝜃𝐵 1

• 2/ ∆𝜃𝐵 = 1
0
𝑎= 1
1
• 3/stiffness factor
4EI 2EI
L L ′ 2𝐸𝐼
• 𝑘𝑎 = 2EI 4EI
𝑘𝑏 = (modified stiffness factor )
𝑙
L L
• 4/ diagonal stiffness factor
1 0.5
• 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐼 0.5 1
0.5
• 5// structure stiffness K=𝑎𝑇 𝑘𝑎
1 0.5 0
• = 0 1 1 EI 0.5 1 1 = 1.5𝐸𝐼
0.5 1
2
• 6/𝐾 −1 =
3𝐸𝐼
 −1 2 20
• 7/ ∆= K 𝑃= 30 =
3𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
• 8/R = ka∆
1 0.5 0 10 0 10
20
• = 0.5 1 1 = 20 + 0 = 20
𝐸𝐼
0.5 1 10 −30 −20
0
0 20
20
• 9/δ = a∆= 1 = 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 20
1
𝐸𝐼
• 10/𝑎T R = P
10
• = 0 1 1 20 = 30
10
 20
• The other half part moments −20
−10

-20 20 45

20 -20 45

4m
4m

7.5 7.5
10 -10
4m
4m

BMD SFD
• B. Skew symmetrical structures

Properties
• Deflected shape in the opposite position about the longitudinal axis
for the horizontal member ,and in opposite position relative to
inside and out side the structure for vertical member.
• Rotation in the same direction for each member on each side of the
axis of anti symmetry
•
• Modified stiffness factor
δθ𝐴
2EI
• MA = 2δθA + δθB δθ𝐵
L
• But from anti symmetryδθB = δθ𝐴
2EI 6EIδθA
• MA = 2δθA + δθA =
L L
• To find stiffness factor put δθA = 1
′ 6𝐸𝐼
• 𝑘𝑎 =
𝑙
• Example
• Draw the bending moment and shear force
diagram for the following frame suing
modified stiffness method

21kN

4m

4m
10.5
10.5 10.5
• Using modified stiffness factor for anti symmetric structure take on
half part of the structure
• 1/ All possible external displacements
• ∆𝜃𝐵 , ∆𝑥𝐵
• 2/ Displacement transformation matrix
∆𝜃𝐵 =1 ∆𝑥𝐵 =1

0 −1/4
• 𝑎 = 1 −1/4
1 0
• 3/stiffness factor
4EI 2EI
6𝐸𝐼
• 𝑘𝑎 = L
2EI
L
4EI 𝑘𝑏 ′ = (modified stiffness factor )
𝑙
L L
• 4/ diagonal stiffness factor
1 0.5
• 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐼 0.5 1
1.5
• 5// structure stiffness K=𝑎𝑇 𝑘𝑎
1 0.5 0 −1/4
0 1 1
• = EI 0.5 1 1 −1/4
−1/4 −1/4 0
1.5 1 0
• 6/𝐾 −1
 0 1 12
• ∆= K −1 𝑃 = =
10.5 𝐸𝐼 80
• 8/R = ka∆
1 0.5 0 −1/4 −24
1 12
• = 𝐸𝐼 0.5 1 1 −1/4 = −18
𝐸𝐼 80
1.5 1 0 18
0 −1/4 −20
1 12 1
• 9/δ = a∆= 1 −1/4 = −8
EI 80 EI
1 0 12
• 10/𝑎T R = P

0 1 1 −24 0
• = −18 =
−1/4 −1/4 0 10.5
18
 18
• The other half part moments −18
−24

10.5 10.5
18
-18
9 9
-18
18
4m
4m

10.5 10.5
-24
-24 4m
4m
SFD
• Direct method
• We consider each member speratly to find it’s
K ,so total structure stiffness
• K=Ka+Kb+Kc+…………..
• a,b,c members
• Example
• Draw the bending moment and shear force
diagram for the following frame suing direct
method
21kN

4m

4m
• 1/all possible external displacement
• ∆𝑥𝐵 , ∆𝜃𝐵 , ∆𝜃𝐶
• 2/ displacement transformation matrix a

−1/4 0 0
−1/4 1 0
0 1 0
• a=
0 0 1
−1/4 0 1
−1/4 0 0
• For member a
4𝐸𝐼/4 2𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 0 0
• 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 =
2𝐸𝐼/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 1 0
• 𝐾 𝑎 =𝑎𝑇 𝑘𝑎
−1/4 −1/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 2𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 3 −6 0
0 0 𝐸𝐼
• 0 1 = −6 16 0
2𝐸𝐼/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 1 0 16
0 0 0 0 0
• For member b
4𝐸𝐼/4 2𝐸𝐼/4 0 1 0
• 𝑘𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 =
2𝐸𝐼/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 0 0 1
• 𝐾 𝑏 =𝑎𝑇 𝑘𝑎
0 0 4𝐸𝐼/4 2𝐸𝐼/4 0
0 0 0
1 0 𝐸𝐼
• 1 0 2𝐸𝐼/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 0
= 0 16 8
0 1 16
0 1 0 8 16
 4𝐸𝐼/4 2𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 0 1
• 𝑘𝑐 = 𝑎𝑐 =
2𝐸𝐼/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 0 0
• 𝐾 𝐶 =𝑎𝑇 𝑘𝑎
−1/4 −1/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 2𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 𝐸𝐼 3 0 −6
0 1
0 0 = 0 0 0
2𝐸𝐼/4 4𝐸𝐼/4 −1/4 0 0 16
1 0 −6 0 16
𝑇 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
• 𝐾 =𝐾 +𝐾 +𝐾
6 −6 −6
𝐸𝐼
• = −6 32 8
16
−6 8 32
• Example
• Find the internal forces and draw the bending
moment diagram for the frame shown below
using( modified) stiffness method EI constant.
100kN
150kN

5m 5m
• Example
• Find the internal forces and draw the bending moment
diagram for the frame shown below using( modified + direct)
stiffness method EI constant.