PHYSICS-C XIII: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

Theory: 60 Lectures
Electromagnetic theory is a core course in B. Sc. (Honours) Physics curriculum. The
course covers Maxwell 's equations, propagation of electromagnetic (em) waves in
different homogeneous-isotropic as well as anisotropic unbounded and bounded media,
production and detection of diferent types of polarizedem waves, general information as
waveguides and fibre optics.

Maxwell Equations: Review of Maxwell's equations. Displacement Current. Vector and

Scalar Potentials. Gauge Transformations: Lorentz and Coulomb Gauge. Wave
Equations. Plane Waves in Dielectric Media. Poynting Theorem and Poynting Vector.
Electromagnetic (EM) Energy Density.Physical Concept of Electromagnetic ield
Energy Density. Momentum Density and Angular Momentum Density. (12 Lectures)

EM Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media: Plane EM waves through vacuum and

isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of plane EM waves, refractive index and
dielectric constant, wave impedance. Propagation through conducting media, relaxation
time, skin depth. Wave propagation through dilute plasma, electrical conductivity of
ionized gases, plasma frequency, refractive index, skin depth, application to propagation
through ionosphere. (10 Lectures)

EM Wave in Bounded Media: Boundary conditions at a plane interface between two

media. Reflection & Refraction of plane waves at plane interface between two dielectric
media-Laws of Reflection & Refraction. Fresnel's Formulae for perpendicular & parallel
polarization cases, Brewster's law.Reflection & Transmission coefficients.Total internal
reflection, evanescent waves. Metallic reflection (normal Incidence) (10 Lectures)

Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves: Description of Linear, Circular and Elliptical

Polarization. Propagation of E.M. Waves in Anisotropic Media.Symmetric Nature of
Dielectric Tensor.Fresnel's Formula. Uniaxial and Biaxial Crystals. Light Propagation in
Uniaxial Crystal. Double Refraction. Polarization by Double Refraction. Nicol Prism.
Ordinary & extraordinary refractive indices. Production & detection of Plane, Circularly
and Elliptically Polarized Light. Phase Retardation Plates: Quarter-Wave and Half-Wave
Plates. Babinet Compensator and its Uses. Analysis of Polarized Light (12 Lectures)

Rotatory Polarization: Optical Rotation. Biot's Laws for Rotatory Polarization.Fresnel's

Theory of optical rotation.Calculation of angle of rotation.Experimental verification of
Fresnel's theory. Specific rotation. Laurent's half-shade polarimeter. (5 Lectures)
Wave Guides: Planar optical wave guides. Planar dielectric wave guide. Condit ion of
continuity at interface. Phase shift on total reflection. Eigenvalue equations. Phase and
group velocity of guided waves. Field energy and Power transmission. (8 Lectures)

Optical Fibres: Numerical Aperture. Step and Graded Indices (Definitions Only). Single
and Multiple Mode Fibres. (3 Lectures)
Reference Books:
Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Grifiths, 3rd Ed., 1998, Benjamin Cummings.
Electromagnetic Field and Waves, P. Lorrain and D. Corson, 2d Ed., 2003, CBS
Publisher.
Elements of Electromagnetics, M.N.O. Sadiku, 2001, Oxford University Press.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics, M.A.W. Miah, 1982, Tata McGraw Hill
Electromagnetic field Theory, R.S. Kshetrimayun, 2012, Cengage Learning
Engineering Electromagnetic, Willian H. Hayt, 8th Edition, 2012, McGraw Hill.
Electromagnetics, J.A. Edminster, Schaum Series, 2006, Tata McGraw Hill.
Electromagnetic field theory fundamentals, B.Guru and H.Hiziroglu, 2015,
Cambridge University Press
Classical Electrodynamics, J.D. Jackson, 3rd Edn., 2010, Wiley
Principle of Optics, M. Born and E. Wolf., 6 Edn., 1980, Pergamon Press
Optics, A. Ghatak, 5h Edn., 2012, Tata McGraw Hill Education.
PHYSICS PRACTICAL-C XIII LAB
60 Periods
The laboratory content compliments the theoretical knowledge of Electromagnetic
Theory and gives hands-on experience. Also, it provides the observational understanding
of the subject. It enhances the qualitative and quantitative skills of the students.

At least 06 experiments from the following

1. To verify the law of Malus for plane polarized light.
2. To determine the specific rotation of sugar solution using Polarimeter.
3. To analyze elliptically polarized Light by using a Babinet's compensator.
4. To study dependence of radiation on angle fora simple Dipole antenna.
5. To determine the wavelength and velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid (Kerosene
Oil, Xylene, etc.) by studying the diffraction through ultrasonic grating.
6. To study the reflection, refraction of microwaves
7. To study Polarization and double slit interference in microwaves.
8. To determine the refractive index of liquid by total internal reflection using
Wollaston's air-film.

9. To determine the refractive Index of (1) glass and (2) a liquid by total internal
reflection using a Gaussian eyepiece.

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10. To study the polarization of light by reflection and determine the polarizing angle
for air-glass interface.
11. To verify the Stefan's law of radiationand to determine Stefan's constant.
12. To determine Boltzmann constant using V-I characteristics of PN junction diode.

13. To find Numerical Aperture of an Optical Fibre.

14. To verify Brewster's Law and to find the Brewster's angle.
PHYSICS-C XIV: STATISTICAL MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
The Statistical Mechanics deals with the derivation of the nacroscopic parameters
(internal energy, pressure, specific heat etc.) of a physical system consisting of large
number of particles (solid, liquid or gas) from knowledge of the underlying microscopic
behavior of atoms and molecues that comprises it. The main objective of this course work
is to introduce the techniques of Statistical Mechanics which has applications in various
fields including Astrophysics, Semiconductors, Plasma Physics, Bio-Physics, Chemistry
and in many other directions.
Unit I : Classical Statistics
Macrostate and Microstate, Phase Space, Elementary Concept of Ensemble, Entropy and
Thermodynamic Probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law, Partition Function,
Thermodynamic Functions of an Ideal Gas, Classical Entropy Expression, Gibbs
Paradox, Sackur-Tetrode equation, Law of Equipartition of Energy (with proof)
Applications to Specific Heat and its Limitations, Thermodynamic Functions of a Two
Energy Levels System, Negative Temperature. (18 Lectures)

Unit II:Bose-Einstein Statistics:

B-E distribution law, Thermodynamic functions of a strongly Degenerate Bose Gas, Bose
Einstein condensation, properties of liquid He (qualitative description), Radiation as a
photon gas and Thermodynamic functions of photon gas. Bose derivation of Planck's
law. (13 Lectures)

Unit II:Fermi-Dirac Statistics:

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Fermi-Dirac Distribution Law, Thermodynamic functions of a Completely and strongly

Degenerate Fermi Gas, Fermi Energy, Electron gas in a Metal, Specific Heat of Metals,
Relativistic Fermi gas, White Dwarf Stars, Chandrasekhar Mass Limit. (15 Lectures)

Unit IV :Theory of Radiation

Properties of Thermal Radiation. Blackbody Radiation. Pure temperature dependence.
Radiation Presure. Kirchhoff's law. Stefan-Boltzmann law: Thermodynamic proof.
Wien's Displacement law. Wien's Distribution Law. Saha's lonization Formula.
Rayleigh-Jean's Law. Ultraviolet Catastrophe. Spectral Distribution of Black Body
Radiation. Planck's Quantum Postulates. Planck's Law of Blackbody Radiation:
Experimental Verification. Deduction of (1)) Wien's Distribution Law, (2) Rayleigh-Jeans
Law, (3) Stefan-Boltzmann Lavw, (4) Wien's Displacement law from Planck's law.
(14 Lectures)
PHYSICSPRACTICAL-C XIVLAB
60 Periods
Use C/C**/Scilablother numerical simulations for solving he problems based on
Statistical Mechanics like

1. Computational analysis of the behavior of a collection of particles in a box that

satisfy Newtonian mechanics and interact via the Lennard-Jones potential,
varying the total number of particles N and the initial conditions:
a) Study of local number density in the equilibrium state (i) average; (ii)
fluctuations
b) Study of transient behavior of the system (approach to equilibrium)
c) Relationship of large N and the arrow of time
d) Computation of the velocity distribution of particles for the system and
comparison with the Maxwell velocity distribution
e) Computation and study of mean molecular speed and its dependence on
particle mass
) Computation of fraction of molecules in an ideal gas having speed near
the most probable speed

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2. Computation of the partition function Z(B) for examples of systems with a finite
number of single particle levels (e.g., 2 level, 3 level, etc.) and a finite number of
non-interacting particles N under Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose
Einstein statistics:
a) Study of how Z(B), average energy <E>, energy fluctuation AE, Crs
depend upon the temperature, total number of particles N and the spectrum
of single particle states.
b) Ratios of occupation numbers of various states for the systems considered
above
c) Computation of physical quantities at large and small temperature T and
comparison of various statistics at large and small temperature T.

3. Plot Planck's law for Black Body radiation and compare it with Raleigh-Jeans
Law at large and small wavelength for a given temperature.

4. Plot Specific Heat of Solids (a) Dulong-Petit law, (b) Einstein distribution
function, (c) Debye distribution function for high temperature and low
temperature and compare them for these two cases.

5. Plot the following functions with energy at different temperatures

a) Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
b) Fermi-Dirac distribution
c) Bose-Einstein distribution

6. Plot the distribution of particles w.r.t. energy (dN/de versus [) for

a) Relativistic and non-relativistic bosons both at high and low temperature.
b) Relativistic and non-relativistic fermions both at high and low
temperature.
PHYSICS- DSE 1C: COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
This paper ains to describe the concepts of electronics in communication.
Communication techniques based on Analog Modulation, Analog and digital Pulse
Modulation including PAM, PWM, PPM, ASK, PSK, FSK are described in detail.
Communication and Navigation systems such as GPS and mobile telephony system are
introduced.

Electronic communication: Introduction to communication means and mnodes.

Needfor modulation. Block diagram of an electronic communication system. Brief idea
of frequency allocation for radio communication system in India (TRAI).
Electromagnetic communication spectrum, band designations and usage. Channels and
base-band signals. (4 Lectures)

Analog Modulation: Amplitude Modulation, modulation index and frequency

spectrum. Generation of AM (Emitter Modulation), Amplitude Demodulation (diode
detector), Concept of Single side band generation and detection. Frequency Modulation
(FM) and Phase Modulation (PM), modulation index and frequency spectrum,
equivalence between FM and PM, Generation of FM using VC0, FM detector (slope
detector),Qualitative idea of Super heterodyne receiver. (12 Lectures)

Analog Pulse Modulation: Channel capacity, Sampling theorem, Basic Principles-PAM,

PWM,PPM, modulation and detection technique for PAM only, Multiplexing.
(9 Lectures)

Digital Pulse Modulation: Need for digital transmission, Pulse Code Modulation, Digital
Carrier Modulation Techniques, Sampling, Quantization and Encoding. Concept of
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift
Keying(PSK), and Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). (10 Lectures)

Introduction to Communication and Navigation systems:Satellite Communication

Introduction, need, Geosynchronous satellite orbits,geostationary satellite advantages of
geostationary satellites. Satellite visibility, transponders (C - Band), path loss, ground
station, simplified block diagram of earthstation. Uplink and downlink. (10 Lectures)
Mobile Telephony System -Basic concept of mobile communication, frequency bands
used in mobile communication, concept of cell sectoring and cell splitting, SIM number,
IMEI number, need for data encryption, architecture (block diagram) of mobile
communication network, idea of GSM, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA technologies,
simplified block diagram of mobile phone handset, 2G, 3G and 4G concepts (qualitative
only), GPS navigation system (qualitative idea only). (15 Lectures)
Reference Books:
Electronic Communications, D. Roddy and J. Coolen, Pearson Education India.
Advanced Electronics Communication Systems- Tomasi, 6h edition, Prentice Hall.
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, B.P. Lathi, 4h Edition, 2011,
Oxford University Press.
Electronic Communication systems, G. Kennedy, 3rd Edn., 1999, Tata McGraw Hill.
Principles of Electronic communication systems - Frenzel, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill
Communication Systems, S. Haykin, 2006, Wiley India
Electronic Communication system, Blake, Cengage, S edition.
Wireless communications, Andrea Goldsmith, 2015, Cambridge University Press

PHYSICSS LAB-DSE LAB: COMMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB

60 Periods

AT LEAST 05 EXPERIMENTS FROM THE FOLLOWING

1. To design an Amplitude Modulator using Transistor
2. To study envelope detector for demodulation of AM signal
3. To study FM - Generator and Detector circuit
4. To study AM Transmitter and Receiver
5. To study FM Transmitter and Receiver
6. To study Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
7. To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
8. To study Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
9. To study Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
10. To study ASK, PSK and FSK modulators

Reference Books:
Electronic Communication systems, G. Kennedy, 1999, Tata McGraw Hill.
Electronic Communication system, Blake, Cengage, S" edition.
PHYSICS-DSE: CLASSICAL DYNAMICS
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures
This course begins with the review of Newton's Laws of Motion and ends with the Special
Theory of Relativity by 4-vectoer approach and fluids. Students will also appreciate the
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics. The emnphasis of this course is to enhance the
understanding of Classical Mechanics (Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Approach). By the
end of this cOurse, students should be able to solve the seen or
unseenproblems/numericals in classical mechanics.
Classical Mechanics of Point Particles: Review of Newtonian Mechanics; Application
to the motion of a charge particle in external electric and magnetic fields- motion in
uniform electric field, magnetic field- gyroradius and gyrofrequency, motion in crossed
electric and magnetic fields. Degrees of freedom of a system, Generalized coordinates
and velocities. Hamilton's Principle, Lagrangian and Lagrange's equations of motion of
one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillators, falling body in uniform gravity. Cyclic
coordinates. Canonical momenta & Hamiltonian. Hamilton's equations of motion.
Comparison of Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. Applications of
Hamiltonian mechanics: Hamiltonian for a simple harmonic oscillator, solution of
Hamilton's equations for simple harmonic oscillations (1-D), particle in a central force
field - conservation of angular momentum and energy. (25 Lectures)

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Small Amplitude Oscillations: Minima of potential energy and points of stable

equilibrium, small amplitude oscillations about the minimum, normal modes of
longitudinal simple harmonic oscillations (maximum 3 masses connected by 4 springs).
Kinetic energy (T) and potential energy (V) in terms of normal co-ordinates. T and V
matrices: finding eigen-frequencies and eigen-vectors using these matrices.(10 Lectures)

Special Theory of Relativity: Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity. Lorentz

Transformations. Minkowski space. The invariant interval, light cone and world lines.
Space-time diagrams. Time-dilation, length contraction, simultaneity Four-vectors:
space-like, time-like and light-like. Four-displacement [X = (ct, r)], 4-velocity [U=y(c,
u)], 4-acceleration (A"). Metric tensor (g or guv) and alternating tensor (end or Eabol
) and their properties. Four-momentum [P = (Elc, p)] and energy-momentum relation.
Concept of four-force (F). Transformation Laws of Four-force.Norms : X*X UU,
AA, F"F, Orthogonal relations:U"A, = 0, P'F, = 0.Conservation of four-momentum.
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a relativistic free particle. (35 Lectures)

Fluid Dynamics: Density p and pressure P in a fluid, an element of fluid and its velocity,
continuity equation and mass conservation, stream-lined motion, laminar flow,
Poiseuille's equation for flow of a liquid through a pipe. (5 Lectures)