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Lecture7 AnalogModulationPart III

The document discusses the power content of conventional AM signals, highlighting the differences in power allocation between carrier and sideband components, and the efficiency of AM compared to DSB-SC AM. It also covers demodulation techniques, including the use of envelope detectors and the advantages of single-sideband AM, as well as the Hilbert transform's role in signal processing. Finally, it presents alternative methods for eliminating sidebands in transmission to optimize bandwidth usage.

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4 views

Lecture7 AnalogModulationPart III

The document discusses the power content of conventional AM signals, highlighting the differences in power allocation between carrier and sideband components, and the efficiency of AM compared to DSB-SC AM. It also covers demodulation techniques, including the use of envelope detectors and the advantages of single-sideband AM, as well as the Hilbert transform's role in signal processing. Finally, it presents alternative methods for eliminating sidebands in transmission to optimize bandwidth usage.

Uploaded by

thomaskarthik4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Modulation : Part III

Satyajit Thakor
IIT Mandi
Power content of conventional AM signals

I For conventional AM signal Ac [1 + amn (t)] cos(2⇡fc t), the


message signal is [1 + amn (t)]. Hence,
Z T /2
1
Pm = lim [1 + amn (t)]2 dt
T !1 T T /2
Z T /2
1
= lim [1 + a2 m2n (t) + 2amn (t)]dt
T !1 T T /2
= 1 + a2 Pmn Assumption: the average of mn (t) is zero.

I Thus,
A2c Pm A2c A2c 2
Pu = = + a Pmn
2 2 2
Power content of conventional AM signals

I where,

does not carry message


A2c
is the power in the carrier component
2
A2c 2
a Pmn is the power in the sideband components
2

I Power efficiency is less compared to DSB-SC AM. Why?

i a 1 ii 1 Mucts and for muct with


Pm 1
large dynamic range

Thus the majority of power is allocated to the carrier


component
Example

I The signal
m(t) = 3 cos(200⇡t) + sin(600⇡t)
is used to modulate the carrier

c(t) = cos(2 ⇥ 105 t).

The modulation index is a = 0.85. Determine the power in the


carrier component and in the sideband components of the
modulated signal.
Example

Conventional AM signal
Uct Ac it a muct cos 217ft

need to find
whfat
we
To find muct

max mct

Note that max ma 3

Equate first derivative to zero

3 sin 200Mt 2001T


Mct
cos 60017 6001T

O
Example

cos 600 It sin 200 it

cos 12 200Mt

sin 0 as 12 0

To
costs
4600 3 as mg
3 9238 9238

II.ES axima31
Example

III i.ve msiEIi EI


stationary values
a.tt
are 1.4 1.5
ti t Emiii
Thesecannot be inaI
wax met 1

Hence 3 6955 max met

Malt 30 160017
3 2
811895200ft 27061119rad
Example
Pm Put
iÉ
T.ae It
and solve the expression
einca n

12181742297
HomelasticoscantottOT
0.3661 Pr A

The power in the carrier component


AE 5

The power in the sidebands AE a Pmn

8512C 3661

0 1323
Demodulation (overview)

I Demodulation of conventional AM is cheap (hardware) and easy


(processing complexity).
I No need for synchronous demodulator (i.e., knowing the phase
of the carrier signal). e g half wave rectifier
I Envelope detector contains rectifier and lowpass filter.
I Rectifier eliminates the negative values of the received signal.
I Bandwidth of the lowpass filter matches the message signal.
I Transformer or filter to eliminate DC component

envelope
detector
refitted output
Single-sideband AM

I DSB-SC AM and conventional DSC AM require channel


bandwidth double the bandwidth of the message signal.
I But, transmission of either sideband is sufficient to demodulate
and reconstruct the message signal.
I One simple way is to use a bandpass filter to select either of the
sidebands.

I Filters with very sharp cut-o↵ are difficult to design/implement


in practice.
Single-sideband AM

I Is there another way to eliminate a sideband?

I Yes

I First, we discuss Hilbert transform...


Hilbert transform

I Hilbert transform of a signal x(t) is a signal x̂(t) whose


frequency components lag the frequency components of x(t) by
90 .
I Example: x(t) = A cos(2⇡f0 t + ✓)
⇡
) x̂(t) = A cos(2⇡f0 t + ✓ ) = A sin(2⇡f0 t + ✓)
2
I Hilbert transform is not a transform. Why? no domainchange
The resultingsignal
I Hilbert transform of ej2⇡f t : is not equivalentto
j(2⇡f t ⇡
) j2⇡f t ⇡ ⇡ the originalsignal
e 2 =e (cos j sin )
2 2
jej2⇡f t
=
Jting anticlockwise
I i.e., at positive frequencies, the spectrum of the signal is
multiplied by j (corresponding to phase change of ⇡/2).
Hilbert transform
consider atsb
AIM phase
change

a.fi
Re
a b ia 2

I Hilbert transform of e j2⇡f t : angle is 0 112

⇡
j(2⇡f t )
e = je j2⇡f t
2

clockwise
rotating
I i.e., at negative frequencies, the spectrum of the signal is
multiplied by j (corresponding to phase change of ⇡/2).
consider a tib

III
angle is 0 112
2
Hilbert transform
I That is, spectrum of x(t) is multiplied by jsgn(f )

F[x̂(t)] = jsgn(f )X(f )

jsgnet

Here we assume that selt is real and


has no DC component
Hilbert transform

F[x̂(t)] = jsgn(f )X(f )


1
) x̂(t) = F [ jsgn(f )] ? F 1 [X(f )]
j
= j ? x(t)
⇡t Z 1
1 1 x(⌧ )
= ? x(t) = d⌧
⇡t ⇡ 1t ⌧

I i.e., Hilbert transform is an LTI system with impulse response


1
h(t) =
⇡t
and frequency response
8
>
< j, f > 0
H(f ) = j, f < 0
>
:
0, f = 0.
Recall: Single-sideband AM

I DSB-SC AM and conventional DSC AM require channel


bandwidth double the bandwidth of the message signal.
I But, transmission of either sideband is sufficient to demodulate
and reconstruct the message signal.
I One simple way is to use a bandpass filter to select either of the
sidebands.

I Filters with very sharp cut-o↵ are difficult to design/implement


in practice.
Alternative method

I There is an another way to eliminate a sideband before


transmission.
I Mathematics will tell us what can be done...
I Suppose we eliminate the lower sideband of the DSB-AM signal,

uDSB (t) = 2Ac m(t) cos 2⇡fc t,

by passing it through a highpass filter with


(
1 |f | > fc
H(f ) =
0 otherwise

I This can be written in terms of unit step function:

H(f ) = u 1 (f fc ) + u 1( f fc )

um delayTdbyte Fused advanced by


References

I Chapter 3 of J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Fundamentals of


Communication Systems
I Chapter 4 of B. P. Lathi and Z. Ding, Modern Digital and
Analog Communication Systems

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