Analog Modulation : Part V
Satyajit Thakor
IIT Mandi
Example
I Suppose that the message signal is given as
m(t) = 10 + 4 cos 2⇡t + 8 cos 4⇡t + 10 cos 20⇡t.
Specify both the frequency-response characteristics of a VSB
filter that passes the upper sideband and the first frequency
component of the lower sideband.
I Solution:
ma
T.EE EIa
M t 10 8 t 2 8 t 1 8 H
8 2
4 S f 2
5 8 t 10 8 10
Example
Kct Mlt cos 211ft
8 cos 4Th 10 COS 20 It cos 217ft
lot 4 cos 27ft
10 as 27ft 2 cos 217 fc 1 t 2 cos 2T titi t
4Cos 2 IT te 2 t t 4 cos 2 H f t2 t
5 cos 2H f 10 5 Cos 2H fetto t
Example
k f 5 S f f S THC
S t fati 8 f to 1
8 f fc 1 8 f fati
2 s t fatz 8 to 2
2 S f te 2 8 t fetz
2.5 S f tetro s t c to
25 8 f te 10 78 ftt 10
Ak t
ITII1 fi I mf
Example
1
111 11
1 7
The VSB filter with the following gain is suitable
Unity gain for 2 If to 10
gain at f tc f tc
gain at t tcH fol
f fc 1 f titi
gain at
0 gain for fitz to 2 te 711 0 8 to 11
Note
I The remaining content of this lecture is optional to study.
Multiplexing
a i.FI 1Te
I Combining separate message signals into a composite signal for
transmission over a common channel is called multiplexing.
I Time-division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division
multiplexing (FDM), quadrature-carrier multiplexing
Them
I FDM is widely used in radio and telephone communications.
I Each voice-message signal occupies bandwidth of 4 kHz.
I Message signal is single-sideband modulated for
bandwidth-efficient transmission.
I Signals are stacked in frequency, with a frequency separation of
4 kHz between adjacent carriers.
Frequency-division multiplexing
Quadrature-carrier multiplexing
I Multiplexing uses two quadrature carriers, Ac cos 2⇡fc t and
Ac sin 2⇡fc t.
u(t) = Ac m1 (t) cos 2⇡fc t + Ac m2 (t) sin 2⇡fc t
AM radio broadcasting
I AM radio broadcasting frequency band: 535-1605 kHz
I Carrier-frequency allocations range from 540-1600 kHz with 10
kHz spacing
I Conventional AM used for signal transmission to reduce receiver
design cost.
I m(t) is limited to a bandwidth of approximately 4 to 5 kHz
Superheterodyne receiver
I AM radio signal is converted to a common intermediate
frequency of fIF = 455 kHz.
I Thus, a single-tuned IF amplifier is sufficient for signals from
any radio station.
I The IF amplifier is designed to have a bandwidth of 10 kHz.
I Shifting of signals in frequency (e.g., by mixer) is called
heterodyning. (super for supersonic)
Superheterodyne receiver
I Frequency conversion to IF is performed by the combination of
the RF amplifier and the mixer (multiplier).
I The frequency of the local oscillator is fLO = fc + fIF .
I Tuning range of the local oscillator is 995-2055 kHz.
I By mixing modulated signal with fLO , we obtain two signal
components - one centered at fIF , and the second centered at
2fc + fIF .
I Only the first component is passed by the IF amplifier.
Superheterodyne receiver
I By limiting the bandwidth of the RF amplifier to the range
Bc < BRF < 2fIF , where Bc is the bandwidth of the AM radio
signal (10 kHz), we can reject the radio signal transmitted at
the so-called image frequency fc0 = fLO + fIF .
I That is, When we mix the local oscillator output cos 2⇡fLO t
with the received signals
r1 (t) = Ac [1 + m1 (t)] cos 2⇡fc t, fc = fLO fIF
r2 (t) = Ac [1 + m2 (t)] cos 2⇡fc0 t, fc0 = fLO + fIF
I mixer output:
y1 (t) = Ac [1 + m1 (t)] cos 2⇡fIF t + double-frequency term,
y2 (t) = Ac [1 + m2 (t)] cos 2⇡fIF t + double-frequency term,
I To prevent r2 (t) from interfering with the demodulation of r1 (t),
the RF-amplifier bandwidth is sufficiently narrow: BRF < 2fIF
Superheterodyne receiver
I The output of the IF amplifier is passed through an envelope
detector, which produces the desired audio message m(t).
I The output of the envelope detector is amplified, and this
amplified signal drives a loudspeaker.
I Automatic volume control (AVC) is provided by a
feedback-control loop, which adjusts the gain of the IF amplifier
based on the power level of the signal at the envelope detector.
