Scribd
Upload
8 views

Lecture9-AnalogModulation_Part-V

The document discusses analog modulation, focusing on VSB filters and multiplexing techniques such as time-division and frequency-division multiplexing. It also covers AM radio broadcasting, detailing the superheterodyne receiver's operation, including frequency conversion and the use of an envelope detector. Key concepts include bandwidth management and the role of automatic volume control in signal processing.

Uploaded by

thomaskarthik4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Lecture9-AnalogModulation_Part-V

The document discusses analog modulation, focusing on VSB filters and multiplexing techniques such as time-division and frequency-division multiplexing. It also covers AM radio broadcasting, detailing the superheterodyne receiver's operation, including frequency conversion and the use of an envelope detector. Key concepts include bandwidth management and the role of automatic volume control in signal processing.

Uploaded by

thomaskarthik4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Analog Modulation : Part V

Satyajit Thakor
IIT Mandi
Example
I Suppose that the message signal is given as

m(t) = 10 + 4 cos 2⇡t + 8 cos 4⇡t + 10 cos 20⇡t.

Specify both the frequency-response characteristics of a VSB


filter that passes the upper sideband and the first frequency
component of the lower sideband.
I Solution:

ma
T.EE EIa
M t 10 8 t 2 8 t 1 8 H

8 2
4 S f 2

5 8 t 10 8 10
Example

Kct Mlt cos 211ft


8 cos 4Th 10 COS 20 It cos 217ft
lot 4 cos 27ft

10 as 27ft 2 cos 217 fc 1 t 2 cos 2T titi t

4Cos 2 IT te 2 t t 4 cos 2 H f t2 t

5 cos 2H f 10 5 Cos 2H fetto t


Example
k f 5 S f f S THC
S t fati 8 f to 1
8 f fc 1 8 f fati
2 s t fatz 8 to 2

2 S f te 2 8 t fetz
2.5 S f tetro s t c to
25 8 f te 10 78 ftt 10

Ak t

ITII1 fi I mf
Example

1
111 11
1 7

The VSB filter with the following gain is suitable

Unity gain for 2 If to 10

gain at f tc f tc
gain at t tcH fol
f fc 1 f titi
gain at
0 gain for fitz to 2 te 711 0 8 to 11
Note

I The remaining content of this lecture is optional to study.


Multiplexing
a i.FI 1Te
I Combining separate message signals into a composite signal for
transmission over a common channel is called multiplexing.
I Time-division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division
multiplexing (FDM), quadrature-carrier multiplexing

Them
I FDM is widely used in radio and telephone communications.
I Each voice-message signal occupies bandwidth of 4 kHz.
I Message signal is single-sideband modulated for
bandwidth-efficient transmission.
I Signals are stacked in frequency, with a frequency separation of
4 kHz between adjacent carriers.
Frequency-division multiplexing
Quadrature-carrier multiplexing
I Multiplexing uses two quadrature carriers, Ac cos 2⇡fc t and
Ac sin 2⇡fc t.
u(t) = Ac m1 (t) cos 2⇡fc t + Ac m2 (t) sin 2⇡fc t
AM radio broadcasting

I AM radio broadcasting frequency band: 535-1605 kHz


I Carrier-frequency allocations range from 540-1600 kHz with 10
kHz spacing
I Conventional AM used for signal transmission to reduce receiver
design cost.
I m(t) is limited to a bandwidth of approximately 4 to 5 kHz
Superheterodyne receiver

I AM radio signal is converted to a common intermediate


frequency of fIF = 455 kHz.
I Thus, a single-tuned IF amplifier is sufficient for signals from
any radio station.
I The IF amplifier is designed to have a bandwidth of 10 kHz.
I Shifting of signals in frequency (e.g., by mixer) is called
heterodyning. (super for supersonic)
Superheterodyne receiver

I Frequency conversion to IF is performed by the combination of


the RF amplifier and the mixer (multiplier).
I The frequency of the local oscillator is fLO = fc + fIF .
I Tuning range of the local oscillator is 995-2055 kHz.
I By mixing modulated signal with fLO , we obtain two signal
components - one centered at fIF , and the second centered at
2fc + fIF .
I Only the first component is passed by the IF amplifier.
Superheterodyne receiver
I By limiting the bandwidth of the RF amplifier to the range
Bc < BRF < 2fIF , where Bc is the bandwidth of the AM radio
signal (10 kHz), we can reject the radio signal transmitted at
the so-called image frequency fc0 = fLO + fIF .
I That is, When we mix the local oscillator output cos 2⇡fLO t
with the received signals

r1 (t) = Ac [1 + m1 (t)] cos 2⇡fc t, fc = fLO fIF


r2 (t) = Ac [1 + m2 (t)] cos 2⇡fc0 t, fc0 = fLO + fIF

I mixer output:

y1 (t) = Ac [1 + m1 (t)] cos 2⇡fIF t + double-frequency term,


y2 (t) = Ac [1 + m2 (t)] cos 2⇡fIF t + double-frequency term,

I To prevent r2 (t) from interfering with the demodulation of r1 (t),


the RF-amplifier bandwidth is sufficiently narrow: BRF < 2fIF
Superheterodyne receiver

I The output of the IF amplifier is passed through an envelope


detector, which produces the desired audio message m(t).
I The output of the envelope detector is amplified, and this
amplified signal drives a loudspeaker.
I Automatic volume control (AVC) is provided by a
feedback-control loop, which adjusts the gain of the IF amplifier
based on the power level of the signal at the envelope detector.

You might also like