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r ...
2 x7X 10-2 x cos 0°
2P 2x4 x 105 /12) A drop of mercury of radius 0.2 cm .

si
10-4 x 1000 x 9.8 is broken into 8 droplets of the same T= dW 2.T-dA
= 8X 102 = 800
1000
14 x 10-2 x 1 1.4 =
0.1428
size, Find the work done if the surface . aw
dA
= 2T(A,- A)
= y800 9.8 x 10-1 9.8 tension of mercury is 435.5 dynelcm. = x x
2x3x 10-2 (9 10-4 -4x 10-4)
Ans.
.y = 28.28 m/s h= Ans. .:.
0.1428 m = 14.28 cm Cal. Given: Radius of mercury drop
=R=0.2 cm = 2x 10-3 m,
= 6X 10-2 x
(9-4) × 10-4
The pressure of water inside the closed *(10) An air bubble ofradius 0.2 mm is situatod
=
*(8)
Number of droplets = N= 8,
6x5x 10-2 x 10-4
pipe is 3 x 105 Nm². This
pressure just below the water surface. Calculate :. dW = 30 × 10-6 J
the gauge pressure. Surface tension of Surface tension of mercury
reduces to 2 x 105 Nlm²on opening the Ans. .:. dW = 3x 10-5J

e
= T=435.5 dyne/cm = 435.5 x 10-3
value of the pipe. Calculate the speed water = 7.2 x 10-2 Nlm. N/m, (15) glassplate of length6 cm, breadth cm
A

of water flowing through the pipe. sol. Given: To find: Work done = W=?
and thickness 0.2 cm is held vertical with
(Density of water = 1000 kg/m). Radius of air bubble =r=0.2 mm=2x 10-4 m. dW = 4r R'T(N_) its longest side just touching the surface
Surface tension =T=7.2x 10-2 N/m. of water. Calculate the magnitude of

al
Sol. Given: = 4x3.142 x (2 x 10-3)2
= x 105 N/m?, surface tension acting on the plate.
Pressure lower end P, =3
at To find: Gauze pressure = AP=? x 435.5 x 10-9 (8/3 – 1)
Pressure at upper =
end P, 2 x 105 N/m?, By Laplace's formula: (Surface tension of water =0.07 N/m and
= 4x 3.142 x 4X 10-6 angle of contact = 0)
Density of water =p= 1000 kg/m, 4T - 4x7.2 10-2
x
x 435.5 x 10-3 x (2- 1) Sol. Given: Total length of plate in contact with
Initial velocity of water at lower end =v, =0 AP
2x 10-4 = 16 x 3.142 x 435.5 x 10-9 x 1 the surface of water = 6+6+0.2 + 0.2
To find: = 2x7.2 x 102 = 12.4 cm = 12.4 × 102 m,
= 21893.5 x 10-9J
Final velocity of water at upper end = v, =? = 14.4 x 100
r Ans. . dW = 2.189 x 10-5J T= 0.07 N/m
Ans. .:.
AP = 1440 Ním². To
find:F=?
P,-P, (13) How much work is required to form
*(11) Twenty seven droplets of water, each a bubble of 2 cm radius from the soap F
pa
2(P,-P) T=
=
v,-0 = v? of radius 0.1 mm coalesce into a single solution having surfacetension 0.07Nm. :. F= T! = 0.07 x 12.4 x 10-2
drop. Find the change in surface energy. Sol. Given: Radius of bubble ..
2(3 x 105-2x 109) Surface tension of water is 0.072 N/m. = cm = x m, Ans. F= 8.68 x 10-3 N
Sol. Given:Number of droplets = N= 27, R=2 2 10-2 (16) Find the work done in blowing a soap
1000 Surface tension of soap solution =T=0.07 N/m
2x1x 105 Radius of each drop =r=0.l mm=1x 10-4 m, bubble of radius 5 cm. Surface tension
=
2x 102 = 200
Surface tension = T=0.072 N/m, To find: Work done = dW=? of soap solution is =25 dynelcm.
1000
= 200 To find: Change in surface energy = dW=? T=
dW
:. dW = 2-T-dA Sol. Given: r=5cm, T 25 dynelcm.
Let R be the radius of single drop. dA To find: W=?
V200
dW = 2TX4 Surface area of a sphere = 4xr2
.:. V, = 14.14
Volume of 27 droplets
Ans. m/s = Volume of single drop. =
2x 0.07 x 4 x 3.142 x (2 x 10-)2 .
But the bubble has 2 free surfaces.
Increase in surface area =2A=2 x 4nr2
nt

*(9) Calculate the rise of water inside a clean

glass capillary tube of radius 0.1 mm, 27 x =
=
0.07 x 3.142 x 4 × 10-4
8x
= 32 x 0.07 × 3.142 x 10-4
. Work done = W

when immersed in water of surface = 7.038 x 10-4 J T× increase in surface area

tension7x 10-2N/m. The angle of contact
.:.
. 27 x = R3
Ans. . dW = 0.7038 x 10-3 J Ans. . Work done =
= 25 x 2 x 4 x 3.14 x (5)2
15700 erg
between water and glass is zero, density R = 3r
of water = 1000 kg/m', g=9.8 m/s². Change in surface energy = Work done
= d "14) A rectangular wire frame of size(17) Calculate the work done in increasingthe
Sol. Given: . dW = 4nR2T(N?3. 3-1)
2cm x 2 cm, is dipped in a soap solution
and taken out. A Soap fAlm is formed,
radius of soap bubble in air from 1 cm to
2 cm. The surface tension of soap bubble
ha

Radius capillary =r=0.1 mm = 10-4 m,

of

if the size of the ilm is changed to

Surface tension = T = 7x 10-2 N/m, 4n(31)2T
(27-) 3 cm x 3 cm,
calculate the work done inSol.
is 30 dynelcm.
Given :T=30 dyne/cm.
Angle of contact = 0 = 0°, = 4nx9r2T(3- 1) the process. The surface tension of soap To find: Work done =?
Density of water =p = 1000 kg/m, film is 3× 10-2 N/m
= Work done = 2T dA
g=9.8 m/s.
36 2Tx2 Sol, Given: ..
To find: Rise of water = h=? 72x 3.142 x (1 x 10-4)2 x 0.072
= Work done =Tx2x4n(r,-r)
rhpg = 72 x3.142 x 10-8 x 0.072
Initial area = A, = 2 cm x2 cm = 4 x 10 m², =Tx 8r (4 - 1)
T= Final area = A, =3 cm x 3 cmn =9x 10 m, = 241T
Ans. . dW = 1.628 x 10-7J Surface tension of soapflm=T=3x 10-2 N/m,
2cos0 = 24 x 3.14 × 30
as

2T cos To find: Work done = dW=? .. Work done = 2260.8 erg.

|Ans,
rpg
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r ...
cm in a (21) Calculate the critical velocity of liguia Calculate the amount of energy evolved
(18) Aliquid rises to a height of 5.5 of density 1380 kglm³ flowing through ehen 343 droplets of mercury each h= 2x 435.5 X cos 140°
mm.
glass capillary tube of radius 0.1 0.5 × 13.6 × 980

si
a tube of diameter 1.5 m. The coefficient of radius 0.05 mm, combine to form one
What will be the rise of liquid column in of viscosity of liquid is 250 Ns/m² and drop. The surface tension of mercury is 2x 435.5 x cos(90 +50)°
a glass capillary of radius 0.2 mm?
Reynold's number is 1000. 50 x 10-2 N/m. 0.5 x 13.6 x 980
,
Sol. Given: h, = 5.5 cm, =0.2 mm, r=0.1 mm.
Sol. Given: D = 1.5 m, n = 250 Ns/m², N= 1000 Sol. Given: R=radius of big drop. 2x 435.5 x(- sin 50)°
To find :h, =? 0.5 x 13.6 x 980
p=1380 kg/m. r=radius of small drop.
Tofind: Critical velocity =v,=? T= 50 x 10-2 Nm, 2x 435.5 x(-
sin50)°
0.5 × 13.6 × 980
r=0.05 x 10- m.

e
pd To find: Energy=? h = 2x 435.5 x (0.7660)
1000 x 250 Volume of one drop 0.5 × 13.6 × 980
..
1380 × 1.5 = Volume of 343 droplets Ans. h=-0.1001 cm
:. Depression in mercury i.e. error in the height
Ans. :. v,= 120.8

al
m/s
R = 343 x
5.5 = is + 0.1001 cm = 1.001 mm.
= 5.5 2.75 THREE MARKS NUMERICAL
2 .. = 343 (25) Mercury is filled in a circular flask
(22) A drop of mercury, mm in diameter, 3
2 R

Ans. h, = 2.75 cm .. R= having sectional area 2 m² upto a height

is broken up into 10® small spherical 7r
(19) A capillary tube of radius 0.5 mm is of 80 cm. If the atmospheric pressure is
droplets, all of same size. Calculate the Energy evolved 1 atmosphere, find the force exerted by
dipped vertically in a liquid of surface work done in this process, if the surface = Surface tension x Change in area mercury on the bottom.
tension 0.04 Nim and relative density
0.8 glcc. Calculate the height of capillary tension of mercury is 0.5 N/m.
r = T-dA (Given: g=9.8 m/s?,
ol Given:
R=2 mm = 2 X 10- m, n = 10°, =
Tx (343 × 4nr2– 4n R²] density of mercury = 13600 kg/m)
rise, if angle of contact is l0°.
(Given: g=9.8 m/s?) rradius: of droplet,T = 0.5 N/m, =
Tx [343 x 4n2- 4t (7r)] Sol. Given:P,=1atmosphere= 1.013x 105 N/m²,
pa
g=9.8 m/s, h= 80 cm = 0.8 m, A=2 m²,
Sol. Given: r= 0.5 mm = 0.5 x 10-3 m,
To find W=? = Tx 4nr² [343 - 49] p= 13600 kg/m®.
Volume of big spherical drop =
p 0.8 glcc = 0.8 x 10-3 kg/10-6 m3,
=

= Volume of 10® spherical droplets Tx 4rr2 x 294 To find: Force = F=?

= x 103 kg/m3,
0.8 = 50 x 10-2 x 4n (O.05 x 10-3) 2 x 294
= Pressure due to liquid
T =
0.04 N/m, 0 = 10, g= 9.8 m/s². 50 x 10-2 x 4n x 2.5 x 10x 10-6 x 294 = Pgh
To find:h=? = 200 x 10-2 x x 294 x 25 x 104 >x 10-6
= 105 x 3 = 13600 x 9.8 × 0.8
2T cos0
= 2X T X 25 x 294 x 102-2 -4-6 = 105 N/m?
h = = l066x
rpg 50 x 3.14 × 294 × 10-10
= 46158 × 10-10
.:.
Total pressure
cos 10º
2x 0.04 X
R P= P,tpgh
0.5 × 10-3 x 0.8 x 108 x 9.8 Ans. .:.
Energy evolved 4.6158 x 10-6J =
(1.013 x 105) + (1.066 × 105)
nt

100
2x 0.04 x 0.9848 Surface area of the drop = 4nR?
(24) The tube of a mercury barometer is l cm .P= 2.079 x 105 N/m?
= 0.02009 m
0.5 x 0.8 x 9.8 Surface area of 10 droplets = 106 x
in diameter. What correction due to Force
42 capillarity is to be applied to barometer
Ans. :. h
=
0.02009 m R F = PA = 2.079 x 105 x 2
= 10° x = 106 x 4n R reading if surface tension of mercury is
(20) A liquid rises to a height of 5 cm in a 4n00 104 435.5 dyne/cm and angle of contact of
Ans. :. F=4.158 x 105 N
glass capillary of radius 0.02 cm. What = 10 x 4nR? mercury with glass is 140°? (26) Find the terminal velocity of a liquid
will be the height of the same liquid ina (density of mercury = 13600 Kg/m') drop having radius 0.2 mm, when it falls
.:.
Increase in surface area:
ha

glass capillary of radius 0.04 cm? = 102 x 4rR?-4nR2 Sol. Given: through air. The coefficient of viscosity
dA d= lcm, .:.r=0.5 cm, of air is 3 x 10-5 Ns/m'. The density of
Sol. Given: h, = 5 cm, r, =0.02 cm, r, = 0.04 cm = 99 x 4TR? T=435.5 dynelcm,
To find:h, =? =140°, liquid is 600 kg/m³. Neglect the density
=
99 x 4r (10-3)2 p=13600 kg/m³ = 13.6 g/cm of air.
dA = 99 × 4 xX 10-6
To find : Error in height =? Sol, Given: r 0.2 mm =0.2 x 10-8 m,
.:.
Work done = T dA T rhpg Viscosity of liquid =n=3x 10-5 Ns/m?,
= 0.5 x 99 X 4 X TX 10-6 2 cos0
Density of air = p = 600 kg/m°, a = 0.
0.02) 5 2.5 = 49.5 x 4 x 3.14 x 10-5 :: h 2T cos To find: Terminal velocity = y =?
0.04
as

= 621.72 x 10-6 rpg 2 p-o)g

= V
Ans. h, = 2.5 cm
:
Ans. Work done = 6.217 x 10-4 J 9
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r ...
2 x (0.2 x 10-3)2 x 9.8 x (600-0) MARKS NUMERICAL
BFOUR Tofind: Terminal velocity =y=? After opening the valve, pressure,
9x3x 10-6 (29) A drop of nercury, 1 mm in diameter 2 p-o)e P,=5x 105N/m²,

si
2 x (2 x 10-4)2 x 9.8 x 600 breaks into 10° small spherical droplets To find: Velocity of water after opening the
27x 10-5 all of same size. Calculate the work 2 (1.5 x 10-3)2 × (7000 - 1430) × 9.8 valve = v, =?
9.8 x 600
10-8 x done. Applying Bernoulli's principle for horizontal
2x 4x = m, 0.745
27 x 10-5 Sol. Given: R=1 mm 10- N= 106, flow
2.25 × 10-6 x 5570 x 9.8
r=radius of small droplets
Ans. v = 1.74 m/s To find: Work done =?
0.745
= 36630 × 10-6
(27) Calculate the horizontal force required Volume of big drop

e
to move a flat glass plate witha velocity
of 4 cm/s over a layer of a liquid 0.8 mm
= Volume of 10° droplets = 3.663 x 10-2 m/s :: 5x +x
105
1
1000 x v,?
Ans, y = 3.663 cm/s
thick. The coefficient of viscosity of the
liquid is 32 poise. The plate has length
4
(31) Find the pressure energy per kg,
=
6x +x 1000
103 x (0)2

where, density of water = p= 1000 kg/m,

al
12 cm and breadth 8 cm. R3 = 10®x3 K.E. per kg, potential energy per kg
Sol. Given:l= 12 cm, of water which flows through a tube, 1000 v,2 =
(6-5) x 105 x 2
=8cm,
b
p3 where pressure is 2.5 x 105 N/m² at a
=lxb= 12 x 8=96 cm2=96 × 10- 1000 v? = 2x 105
A m2, 106
point where velocity is 15 cm/s and
dr 0.8 mm =0.8 x 10-8 n, = 2% 102 = 200
=
R R height is 20 cm above the ground level.
dv= 4 cm/s = 4 x 10- m/s, 102 100 Also find total energy per kg. = 200
Sol. Given: P=2.5 x 105 N/m?. = y200
=
n=32 poise 3.2 N-s/m2 = T-dA ..
To find: Force = F=? T(10° x 4nr
r
-4nR v= 15 cm/s = l5 × 10-2 m/s .
V

Ans. V, = 14.14 m/s

According to Newton's formula, R? h= 20 cm = 0.2 m
dy To find: Pressure energy per kg =?, PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
pa
F=n4.d 104
106 R2- 104 R2
K.E. per kg=?, P.E. per kg =? (1) A swimmer is swimming 10 m below the
= 3.2 x 96 x 10-4
x 10-2
x. 4
T4
Total energy per kg=? surface of a lake. Calculate the pressure on
104
0.8× 10-3 i) Pressure energy per kg him. (g=9.8 m/s?)
4nTX 104 R²[100-1]
(Hint: Atmospheric pressure= 1.01 x 105 Pa)
3.2 x 96x 4 x 10-3 P 2.5 x 105 =
104 250 J/kg (Ans. 1.99 × 105 Pa)
0.8 = 4n 1000
.:. Tx 99 R2 (2) In a hydraulic lift, the input piston has
Ans. F=l.536 N
= 4n X 0.5x 99 x (10-3)2 x 10-92 surface area 10 cm². The output piston has
(28) In a hydraulic press, a piston of 150 cm? = x 99 x 10-6
(ii) K.E. per kg =
2
Ve=x(15
2 surface area of 3000 cm². If a force of 100 N
2
is used to exerta force of 200N on water. = 198 x 3.14 × 10-4J 225 x is applied to the input piston, it raises the
= 112.5 x 10-4
What cross sectional area of the other = 621.7× 10-6 10-4 output piston by 2 m. Calculate the work
nt

2
piston is required to support a car of = 1.125 × 10-2 J/kg done. (Ans. 60 kJ)
mass 1200 kg? Ans. .:. W = 6.217 × 104J
= 0.01125 J/kg (3) A metal plate has area of 0.02 m². Itis kept on
Sol. Given: F, = 200 N, (30) Find the terminal velocity of a metal ball a liquid layer of thickness 1 mm and viscosity
A, = 150 cm²= 150x 10-4 m'= 1.5 x 10-2 m2, ofa diameter 0.3 cm when it falls through (iii) Potential energy per kg
is 20 decapoise. Calculate the horizontal
F,= 1200 x 9.8 N = 11760N, tube flled with a liquid. = gh = 9.8 x 0.2 = 1.96 J/kg
force required to move the plate with a speed
(Given: g=9.8 m/s', (iv) Total energy per
To find:A, =? kg of 0.025 m/s. (Ans. 10 N)
density of metal=7000 kg/m³, = 250+0.01125 + 1.96 (4) Two square plates each of side 0.1 m are
ha

By Pascal's law
density of liquid =1.43 glcm3, = 251.97125 J/kg.
n=0.745 Ns/m²) immersed in water. One plate moves parallel
= to another with a velocity 0.1 ms. The
A, A, Sol. Given: d= 0.3 cm = 0.003 m =3x 10-8 m, (62) The reading of a pressure meter
attached with a closed water pipe is viscosity of water is 0.001 decapoise. If the
..
Radius = r= d 3x 10-3 -=1.5 x 10-3 m, 6 x 105 Nm². On opening the valve of a viscous force is 2 X 10-3 N, find the separation
pipe, the reading of the pressure meter between the plates. (Ans. 0.5 mm)
:: A, 11760 x 1.5 x 10-2 g=9.8 m/s², is reduced to 5 x 105 N/m². Calculate the (6) An air bubble having radius 0.01 m rises at a
200 density of metal = p = 7000 kg/m³, velocity of water flowing through pipe. steady rate of 5 mm/s through a liquid having
= 88.2 x 10-2 density of liquid = G =
1.43 glcm3 Sol. Given: density 800 kg/m³. Calculate the coefficient
as

Ans. . A, = 0.882 m². n=0.745 Ns/m².

= 1430 kg/m
Betore opening pressure,P, = 6 × 105 Ním" of viscosity of the liquid (Neglect the density
(Ans. 34.88 decapoise)
Velocity v, =0 (: Water is at rest) of air).
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r ...
73
(6) Calculate the criticalvelocity for air flowing (14) A drop of mercury of radius 0.1 cm is broken

si
through a tube of 1 x 10 m radius. For air into 8 droplets of same, size. Find the work MEMORY MAP
n= 181 x 10-7 decapoise, p = 1.3 kg/m?. done if the surface tension of mercury is 540
(Ans. 1.39 m/s) dynelcm. (Ans. 67.82 erg)
(7) A glass plate slides on 1 mm thick layer of (15) A glass plate 9.5 cm long and 0.5 cm thick MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS
a
glycerine when horizontal force is applied suspended in vessel containing water so
to the plate. If the plate hasa length of 8 cm, that its length just touches the water surface 1) Fluids 2) Surface Tension
width of 6 cm and it moves with a velocity of Calculate the downward force due to surface 3 Fluids in motion

e
2.5 cm/s, calculate the force. (Given coefficient tension acting on the plate. (Surface tension 1) Fluids
of viscosity of glycerine = 2.083 Ns/m) of water = 72 dynelcm)
(Ans. 0.25 N) (Ans. 1440 dyne)
(8) A metal ball has a radius 2 mm., It is inserted (16) What should be the surface tension of soap At rest Pressure Pascal's law

al
a a
in liquid column. The ball attains terminal solution if the excess air pressure inside a
velocity of 3.3 cmls. If the density of metal is soap bubble of diameter 3.5 mm is 8 mm?
Liquid column Atmospheric Absolute Gauze Pressure Hydrostatic Paradox
8.4 glcm? and density of liquid is 0.8 glem, (Ans. T = 0.0343 Nmy
find the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. (17) A liquid rises to a height of 9 cm in a glass
(Ans. 2.003 Ns/m) capillary of radius 0.02 cm.What willbe the Hydraulic Lift Hydraulic Brakes Measurement of Pressure
(9) Compare the amount of work done in blowing height of liquid column in a glass capillary of
two soap bubbles of radii in the ratio 4:5.
W, 16
radius 0.03 cm?
r
(18) A capillary tube of uniform bore is
(Ans. 6 cm)
Mercury Barometer Open Tube Manometer
W,
25, dipped vertically in water which rises by 2) Surface Tension
7 cm in the tube. Find the radius of the
pa
(10) Aneedle 5 cm long can just rest on the surface
capillary if the surface tension of water is
of water without wetting. Find the weight of (Ans. 0.02041 cm)
needle. Surface tension of water = 0.07 N/m. 70dyne/cm. Inter Molecular Forces Definition, Units, Dimensions Angle of contact
900 kg/m rises to
(Ans. F =7x 10-3 N(19) A lquid of density Surface Energy Characteristics
a height of 9 mm in a capillary tube of Cohesive Adhesive
(11) Calculate the work done in spraying a drop 2.4 mm diameter. If the angle of contact is
Behaviour of
Force Force Units, Dimensions
of mercury of lmm radius into one million 25°, find the surface tension of the liquid.
liguid surface Shape of liquid
identical drops all of same size. Surface (g=9.8 m/s) (Ans. 52.57 dyne/cm) Relation between Capillary.Action
tension of mercury is 550 dyne/cm. (20) The rise of water ina capillary tube of radius Surface Tension and
(Ans. 6644 erg) a Surface Energy Laplace's Law
0.1 mmn is 5.5 cm, What is rise of water in
(12) What amount of energy will be liberated capillary tube of 0.05 mm in diameter?
if 1000 droplets of water each 10-5 cm in Capillary Rise Method |T = rhpg
nt

(Ans. 11 cm) 2cos

diameter join to form one large spherical (21) A liguid rises to a height of 5 cm a glass
in
drop? Surface tension of water is 75 dyne/cm. 0.02 cm. What will be Efect of Temperature and Impurity
capillary of radius 3) Fluids in motion
(Ans. 2. 12 x 10-7 erg) same liquid column in a
the height of the
(13) A soap bubble in air is slowly expanded so glass capillary of radius 0.04 cm?
that its radius increases from 4 cm to 10 cm. (Ans. 2.5 cm) Steady Flow Critical Velocity Equation of Continuity
Determine the increase in its surface energy, Bernoulli's Equation
if the surface tension of soap solution is Streamline Flow Reynold's number
ha

0.03 N/m. (Ans. 6.33 x 10-3 J) Speed of Effux

Turbulent Flow Viscosity
Ventury Tube
Newton's Formula
Dynamic Lift (Aeroplane)
Stoke's Law
Working of Atomizer

Blowing off roof by storm wind

as
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