Python Commands

(2a) Create an n-item vector of random normal deviates

python

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import numpy as np

n = 10 # Set n to any desired number

y1 = np.random.normal(size=n)

print(y1)

Explanation:

• np.random.normal(size=n) generates n normally distributed random numbers (mean = 0, std =

(2b) Create another n-item vector that has n added to each random uniform distribution

python

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y2 = np.random.uniform(size=n) + n

print(y2)

Explanation:

• np.random.uniform(size=n) generates n random numbers uniformly distributed between 0 and

• Adding n shifts each value by n.

(2c) Remove a variable y1 from the workspace

python

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del y1

Explanation:

• del y1 deletes the variable y1 from memory.

(2d) Remove all variables from the workspace

python

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globals().clear()

Explanation:
 • globals().clear() removes all user-defined variables.

(2e) Find the square root of 16

python

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import math

print(math.sqrt(16))

Explanation:

• math.sqrt(16) computes the square root of 16.

R Commands

(3a) Generate 10 uniformly distributed numbers (0,1)

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x <- runif(10)

print(x)

(3b) Display them using plot()

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plot(x)

(3c) Generate 5 random integers from 1 to 10 with and without replacement

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sample(1:10, 5, replace=TRUE) # With replacement

sample(1:10, 5, replace=FALSE) # Without replacement

(3d) Select 2 random months from a list of months

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months <- month.name

sample(months, 2)
(3e) Combine two strings with comma separation

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paste("Hello", "World", sep=", ")

(3f) Prefix and suffix a word with "A"

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paste("A", "word", "A", sep="")

(3g) Find the number of characters in a string

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nchar("HelloWorld")

(3h) Construct a vector of odd numbers from 1 to 10 using seq()

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odd_numbers <- seq(1, 10, by=2)

print(odd_numbers)

(3i) Find its log (base 10) and sine values

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log10(odd_numbers)

sin(odd_numbers)

(3j) Compute sum, mean, median, length, variance, standard deviation, and quantiles

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sum(odd_numbers)

mean(odd_numbers)

median(odd_numbers)
length(odd_numbers)

var(odd_numbers)

sd(odd_numbers)

quantile(odd_numbers)

(3k) Get summary of the same

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summary(odd_numbers)

(3l) Get today’s date and time

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Sys.Date()

Sys.time()

(3m) Find your age in days

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as.numeric(Sys.Date() - as.Date("YYYY-MM-DD"))

Replace YYYY-MM-DD with your birth date.

(3n) Convert to lower and upper case

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tolower("Hello World")

toupper("Hello World")

(3o) Extract the last three characters of a string

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substr("HelloWorld", nchar("HelloWorld")-2, nchar("HelloWorld"))

(3p) Sort the string in lexicographic order

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sort(c("banana", "apple", "cherry"))

(3q) Display strings that start with "A"

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words <- c("Apple", "Banana", "Apricot", "Avocado")

grep("^A", words, value=TRUE)

(3r) Count how many common words start with 't'

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sum(grepl("^t", tolower(words)))

(3s) Count how many common words end with a vowel

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sum(grepl("[aeiou]$", tolower(words)))

(3t) Find all words containing at least one vowel and negate

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words[!grepl("[aeiou]", words)]

(3u) Find all words consisting only of consonants

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words[grepl("^[^aeiou]+$", words)]

(3v) Sort the string in lexicographic order

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sort(words)
Handling NA and Inf Values in R

(4a) Compute mean and median while ignoring NA/Inf values

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x <- c(1:5, NA, 7:10)

y <- c(1:5, Inf, 7:10)

mean(x, na.rm=TRUE)

median(x, na.rm=TRUE)

mean(y, na.rm=TRUE)

median(y, na.rm=TRUE)

(4b) Ignore NA values

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mean(x, na.rm=TRUE)

median(x, na.rm=TRUE)

(4c) Find the length of a NULL object

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length(NULL) # Output: 0

(4d) Construct a list of a numeric vector, logical, string, and another list

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my_list <- list(numbers=c(1,2,3), flag=TRUE, text="Hello", sublist=list(a=1, b=2))

print(my_list)

(4e) Name some/all entries in a list and get object names

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names(my_list) <- c("num_vector", "logic", "str", "nested_list")

names(my_list)

(4f) Create a matrix using matrix() and diag() and perform operations

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A <- matrix(1:9, nrow=3, byrow=TRUE)

B <- diag(3) # Identity matrix

# Matrix operations

t(A) # Transpose

A %*% B # Matrix multiplication

solve(A) # Inverse of A (if it's invertible)

det(A) # Determinant

eigen(A) # Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

(4g) Construct a DataFrame and expand it

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df <- data.frame(Name=c("Alice", "Bob"), Age=c(25,30))

df$Gender <- c("Female", "Male") # Add a new column

df <- rbind(df, data.frame(Name="Charlie", Age=35, Gender="Male")) # Add a new row

print(df)