Digital Logic Design

EEE241
LAB REPORT

LAB #01: Introduction to Basic Logic Gate

ICs on Digital Logic Trainer and Proteus
Simulation
Objective
Part 1
To know about the basic logic gates, their truth tables, input-output characteristics and
analyzing their functionality. Introduction to logic gate ICs, Integrated Circuits pin
configurations and their use.
Part 2
Learn to use Proteus Software for Simulation of Digital Logic Circuits.

Pre-Lab:
Background Theory:
The Digital Logic Circuits can be represented in the form of (1) Boolean Functions, (2)
Truth Tables, and (3) Logic Diagram. Digital Logic Circuits may be practically
implemented by using electronic gates. The following points are important to understand.

 Electronic gates are available in the form of Integrated Circuits (ICs) and they require
a power.
 Supply Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal values, e.g. 0V and
 5, 12V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.
 The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5,
12V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In general, there is only one output
to a logic gate except in some special cases.
 Truth tables are used to help show the function of a logic gate in terms of input values
combination with the desired output.
 Logic Diagram is used to represent the Digital Logic Circuit in the form of symbols
connected with each other.
 Digital Logic Circuits can be simulated in the virtual environment called simulation
software
The basic operations are described below with the aid of Boolean function, logic symbol, and
truth table.
AND gate:

Figure 1.1: AND gate

Table 1.1: Truth Table of 2 input AND gate

𝑨 𝑩 𝑭=𝑨.
𝑩
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. A dot
(.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e.
AB.
OR gate:

Figure 1.2: OR gate

Table 1.2: Truth Table of 2 input OR gate

𝑨 𝑩 𝑭=𝑨
+𝑩
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high.
A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.
NOT gate

Figure 1.3: NOT gate

Table 1.3: Truth Table of NOT gate

𝑨 𝑭 = 𝑨̅
0 1
1 0

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output. It is
also known as an inverter.
NAND gate

Figure 1.4: NAND gate

Table 1.4: Truth Table of 2 input NAND gate

𝑨 𝑩 𝑭 = ̅𝑨̅.̅𝑩̅
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The output of
NAND gate is high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on
the output. The small circle represents inversion.
NOR gate

Figure 1.5: NOR gate

Table 1.5: Truth Table of 2 input NOR gate

𝑨 𝑩 𝑭=
̅𝑨̅+̅𝑩̅
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The output of NOR
gate is low if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output.
The small circle represents inversion.
XOR gate

XOR

Figure 1.6: XOR gate

Table 1.6: Truth Table of 2 input XOR gate

𝑨 𝑩 𝑭=𝑨⊕
𝑩
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if odd number of inputs are high.
An encircled plus sign “ ” is used to show the EOR operation.
XNOR gate

XNOR

Figure 1.7: XNOR gate

Table 1.7: Truth Table of 2 input XNOR gate

𝑨 𝑩 𝑭 = ̅𝑨̅⊕̅̅̅̅𝑩̅
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the XOR gate. It will give a high output if
even number of inputs are high. The symbol is an XOR gate with a small circle on the output. The
small circle represents inversion.

Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are AND, OR, NOT,
NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR. Logic gate ICs are available in different packages and technologies.
Two main classifications are as below:

1. 74 Series TTL Logic ICs

2. 4000 Series CMOS Logic ICs

74 series is TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) based integrated circuits family. Power rating for 74
series is 5 to 5.5Volts. This circuitry has fast speed but requires more power than later families. The
Pin configuration of basic gates 2-input ICs for 74 Series is given in Figure 1.8:

Figure 1.8: TTL ICs’ pin configuration

 Figure 1.8 shows the 4000 series is CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductors) based
integrated circuits. Power ratings are 3V to 15 Volts. CMOS circuitry consumes low power, but it is
not fast as compared to TTL.

Figure 1.9: Different CMOS ICs’ pin configuration

Quad 2-input gates
The ICs available in Lab to perform the Tasks are listed below:

IN-Lab:
Part 1: Basic Logic Gate Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Equipment Required
 KL-31001 Digital Logic Lab
 Logic gates ICs
o 4001 quad 2-input NOR
o 4011 quad 2-input NAND
o 4070 quad 2-input XOR
o 4071 quad 2-input OR
o 4077 quad 2-input XNOR
o 4081 quad 2-input AND
o 4069 Six Inverting Buffer NOT
Procedure
1. Place the IC on the breadboard as shown in the Figure 1.10;
2. Using the power supply available at KL-31001 Digital Logic Lab trainer, connect pin7
(Ground) and pin14 (Vcc) to power up IC.
 Figure 1.10: IC placement on the breadboard
3. Select number of possible combinations of inputs using the slide switches SW0-SW3 (as
shown in Tables 1.8 & 1.9) and note down the output with the help of LED for all gate ICs.
(You can use LD0-LD14 located on KL-31001 Digital Logic Lab)
(Note: Please make sure the Trainer board is off during the setup of circuit)

In-Lab Task 1:
Verify all gates using their ICs on KL-31001 Digital Logic Lab trainer

Table 1.8: Observation Table for different gates

INPUTS OUTPUTS
� 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑶 𝑿𝑶𝑹 𝑵𝑨𝑵 𝑵𝑶𝑹 𝑿𝑵𝑶
𝑹 𝑫 𝑹
�
� �
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Table 1.9: Observation Table for NOT gate

INPUT OUTPUT
𝑨 𝑩
0 1
1 0
Part 2 - Proteus (Simulation Software)
Proteus has many features to generate both analog and digital results over a virtual environment.
However, this lab will focus on tools that will be used in digital schematic designs and verification of
basic logic gates.
Procedure
The Proteus software for simulation is installed in Digital Design Lab. Please follow the details
below to figure out the usage of Proteus tools and process of simulation.

Figure 1.11: Interface of Proteus software window

Parts Browsing:
Proteus has many models of electronic equipment such as logic gates, many kinds of switches and
basic electronic devices. The equipment can be placed by clicking on it and then a new window will
pop-up as shown in Figure 1.12.

Finding Steps:
1. Type information of device such as “OR gate” in “Keywords’ box.
2. If some specific category is known, the device can narrow on focusing by selecting catalogue
in the “Category” box.
3. After the information is entered, the list of related devices will appear in the “Results”
window, so that needed device can be chosen and then click “OK” button to confirm selection
in Figure 1.13.

Figure 1.12: Pick Devices window in Proteus

 Figure 1.13: Pick selected Devices window in Proteus
Power supply and input signal Generator:
All the electrical circuits require power supplies. The power supplies for logic circuits are represented
in digital system design on Proteus because the schematic may be too complicated to understand for
simulation section. Therefore, power supplies will be needed as input power for a system. Moreover,
all the input generators, such as AC generator, DC and pulse, are contained in this category and it
will be shown when clicked. In addition, “Ground” will not be available in this group. Because it is
not an input signal it is just a terminal junction. Therefore, it will be grouped in the terminal category
as shown in Figures 1.14 & 1.15.

Figure 1.14: Power supplies window Figure 1.15: Terminals window

in Proteus in Proteus

Logic State:
In addition, there is another input that usually used in the digital circuit, but it does not exist in the
real world as an equipment it is called as “LOGIC STATE”. It can be found in the picking part
section (type logic state and pick it as shown in Figure 1.16).

Figure 1.16: Logic State in Proteus

Placing Equipment:
Selecting all devices needed to be placed on the circuit window (Gray window) and make the required
connections. It can be done by following steps:
1. Click on and select the first device that will be placed.
2. Place mouse wherever the device is preferred to place and then click the left button of the
mouse. The device will be placed, if it is needed to be moved, click the right button of the
mouse on the device symbol to select the mouse. Then hold this device with the left mouse
button and move it to any desired place (Figure 1.17).

Figure 1.17: Placing the devices in Proteus

To make the connections between the devices, click on the source pin of a device and then move the
cursor to destination pin of a device. In this step, the pink line will appear, and it will be a wire of the
circuit after clicking the mouse on the destination pin of the circuit (as shown in Figure 1.18).

Figure 1.18: Making connection between devices to make a circuit

After wiring all devices and connect all inputs according to the circuit, the simulation is ready to run
by clicking on Play button and stop button is used to stop the simulation.
3. Logic probe or LED can be used to observe the output state.

NOTE: The digital result on Proteus can be seen also in Small Square Box at the pin of the
equipment & state can be shown in four colors. (Red= Logic 1, Blue = Logic 0, Gray=
Unreadable and Yellow= Logic Congestion)
In-Lab Task 2:

Verify all the basic logic gates using the Proteus simulation tool and note down the values in
the Tables 1.10 & 1.11 with the corresponding logic symbol and Boolean function. Then
show the simulated logic circuit diagrams to your Lab Instructor.

Table 1.10: Observation Table for different gates

INPUTS OUTPUTS

� � 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑶 𝑿𝑶𝑹 𝑵𝑨𝑵 𝑵𝑶𝑹 𝑿𝑵𝑶

� � 𝑹 𝑫 𝑹
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Table 1.11: Observation Table for NOT gate

INPUT OUTPUT
𝑨 𝑩
0 1
1 0
Post-Lab Tasks:

1. Make a list of logic gate ICs of TTL family and CMOS family along with the ICs
names. (Note: at least each family should contain 15 ICs)

7400 Series 4000 Series

10

11

12

13

14

15
 2. What is Fan-In and Fan-Out?

Fan-In:
Fan-in is the number of inputs a logic gate can handle. For instance,
the fan-in for the AND gate shown in the figure is 3. Physical logic gates with a large
fan-in tend to be slower than those with a small fan-in. This is because the complexity
of the input circuitry increases the input capacitance of the device.

Fan-Out:
Fan-out generally refers to the process where a service or message
router delivers messages to multiple consumers, mostly in parallel.
Critical Analysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab /1

In-Lab /5

Data
Analysis
/4 /10
Data
Post-Lab /4 /4
Presentation

Writing
/4
Style

Instructor Signature and Comments