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Locally Hessian Manifolds

The document discusses compact locally Hessian manifolds, defining a locally Hessian structure as a differentiable manifold with a locally flat linear connection and a specific Riemannian metric. It presents theorems regarding the properties of these manifolds, particularly focusing on the implications of the canonical bilinear form and conditions under which the Riemannian metric is locally flat. The author provides proofs and references to previous works in the field, emphasizing the significance of the Koszul form and curvature in the study of locally Hessian manifolds.

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18 views6 pages

Locally Hessian Manifolds

The document discusses compact locally Hessian manifolds, defining a locally Hessian structure as a differentiable manifold with a locally flat linear connection and a specific Riemannian metric. It presents theorems regarding the properties of these manifolds, particularly focusing on the implications of the canonical bilinear form and conditions under which the Riemannian metric is locally flat. The author provides proofs and references to previous works in the field, emphasizing the significance of the Koszul form and curvature in the study of locally Hessian manifolds.

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Title Compact locally Hessian manifolds

Author Shima, Hirohiko


Citation Osaka Journal of Mathematics. 15(3); 509-513
Issue Date 1978-10
ISSN 0030-6126
Textversion Publisher
The OJM has been digitized through Project Euclid platform
Relation
http://projecteuclid.org/ojm starting from Vol. 1, No. 1.

Placed on: Osaka City University

Osaka City University


Shima, H.
Osaka J. Math.
15 (1978), 509-513

COMPACT LOCALLY HESSIAN MANIFOLDS

HIROHIKO SHIMA

(Received May 27, 1977)

Let M be a differentiable manifold with a locally flat linear connection D.


A Riemannian metric g on M is said to be locally Hessian if for each point p^M
there exists a C°°-function φ defined on a neighbourhood of p such that
g=D2φ. Such a pair (D,g) is called a locally Hessian structure on M [4].
Let M be a differentiable manifold with a locally Hessian structure (D, g).
Throughout this note the local expressions for the locally Hessian metric and
the related concepts will be given in terms of affine local coordinate systems
with respect to Zλ Let v be the volume element determined by the Riemannian
metric £;

v = Fdx1 Λ Λώ", where F = Vdet [gh] .

We define the forms a and /3 by

9 log F

θ _92log.F

and call them the Koszul form and the canonical bilinear form respectively.
These forms a and β play important roles in the study of locally Hessian mani-
folds [2] [3] [4] [5].
The following assertion is derived from a result of Koszul [3].
(a) Let M be a compact connected differentiable manifold with a locally Hessian
structure (D, g). If the canonical bilinear form β is positive definite on M, then the
universal covering manifold of M with a locally Hessian structure induced by (D, β)
is isomorphic to an open convex domain not containing any full straight line in a real
affine space.
In our viewpoint a theorem of Calabi [1] is stated as follows:
(b) Let M be a domain in the n-dimensional real affine space and let φ be a C°°-
function on M such that g=D2φ is positive definite, where D is the natural flat
linear connection on M {Thus (D g) is a locally Hessian structure on M). If the
Riemannian metric g on M is complete and if the Koszul form a vanishes identically
510 H. SHIMA

on My then the Rίemannian metric g is locally flat.


In this note we prove the following:

Theorem. Let M be a compact orientable dίfferentiable manifold with a


locally Hessian structure (D,g). Then we have
(i) \ (
M JM

(ii) If the equality I β\v=^0 holds, then the Riemannian metric g is locally flat.
JM

The proof of (ii) is based upon a technique of Calabi [1],


As an immediate consequence of this theorem we have:

Corollary. Let M be a compact orientable differentiable manifold with a


locally Hessian structure {Dyg). Then we have
(i) The canonical bilinear form β can not be negative definite.
(ii) If the canonical bilinear form β is negative semi-definite, then the Riemannian
metric g is locally flat.

REMARK. In Corollary (i) the assumption that M is compact is necessary.


For example, if g=e~χ2dxdx is a Riemannian metric on the real line R, then g is
a Hessian metric on R and the canonical bilinear form corresponding to g is
β=-dxdx.

We shall express various tensors determined by g in terms of affine local


coordinate system with respect to D.
1° The locally Hessian metric:

A necessary and sufficient condition for g to be a locally Hessian metric is given


by

dxk dx>

2° The Christoίfel symbol:

ΐk 2 * dxk

We denote by the same letter T'jk the tensor field induced by —g"_Jjy and we
have

1) Throughout this note we use Einstein's convention on indices.


COMPACT LOCALLY HESSIAN MANIFOLDS 511

= Tjik = Tikj .

3° The Koszul form:

4° The Riemannian curvature tensor:

R% jkl — ΓVjfeΓ y/—Γ' r /Γ jk .

5° The Ricci tensor:


==
Γ jsΓ rk

6° The scalar curvature:

Let cCϋj denote the covariant derivative of a{ with respect to Γ 1 ^. Then


we have
0Ci;j= βij—arΓrijy
and
cάu = ffi- arar.
Applying Green's theorem [6] we obtain

(βii-aiai)v= [ α > = 0.
M JM

Thus the integral formula of Theorem (i) is proved.


We shall prove Theorem (ii). If the equality \ βiiv=0 holds, then by
Theorem (i) the Koszul form a vanishes identically on M\
(1) α , =0 .

Therefore it follows from 5° and 6° that

(2) Rjk=Γ'μΓ\r,
(3) R= Γ r s t Γ " f .
We compute the Laplacian AR of the scalar curvature R. Since the covariant
derivative Γ,-t;/ of Γ. y* is
512 H. SHIMA

r k il irk ι kl
ijkfi — ~fΓΊ i — J— *>

by 2° Tiμ i is symmetric in all pairs of indices;

Using 3°, 4°, (1), (2), (4) and the Ricci formula, we obtain

(5)

From 4°, (2), (3), and (5) we get

(6) y AR =
'Γ, μιg

Therefore, applying the Bochner's lemma [6] we have

Δi? = 0,

and in particular

Rijkt — 0
This means that g is a locally flat Riemannian metric. Thus the proof of Theorem
(ii) is completed.

YAMAGUCHI UNIVERSITY

References
[1] E. Calabi: Improper affine hypersurfaces of convex type and a generalization of a
theorem by K. Jδrgens, Michigan Math. J. 5 (1958), 105-126.
[2] J.L. Koszul: Domaines homes homogέnes et orbites de groupes de transformations
COMPACT LOCALLY HESSIAN MANIFOLDS 513

affines, Bull. Soc. Math. France 89 (1961), 515-533.


[3] J.L. Koszul: Variέtέs localement plates et convexite, Osaka J. Math. 2 (1965), 285-
290.
[4] H. Shima: On certain locally flat homogeneous manifolds of solvable Lie groups,
Osaka J. Math. 13 (1976), 213-229.
[5] H. Shima: Symmetric spaces with invariant locally Hessian structures> J. Math.
Soc. Japan 29 (1977), 581-589.
[6] K. Yano and S. Bochner: Curvature and Betti numbers, Annals of Math. Studies,
No. 32, Princeton Univ. Press, 1953.

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