Chapter 2 23.. Draw the position -time graph of an object moving with 41.

w the position -time graph of an object moving with 41. Derive the equation for Time of flight, Horizontal range and Maximum height of a 552. Derive of Equation of force from Newton's second law of motion
Units and Measurement projectile. By Newton's second law of motion ,
1.Name the fundamental(base) quantities and units according to SI system.

Time of Flight of a projectile (T)

Consider the motion in vertical direction,
24. The slope of position-time graph gives ------------- s = ut +½ at2 53.Define Impulse
Ans: Velocity Impulse is the the product of force and time duration, which is the change in
The slope of velocity-time graph gives --------------- 0 = u sin θ T - ½ gT2 momentum of the body.
Acceleration ½ gT2 =u sin θ T Impulse = Force × time duration
The area under velocity -time graph gives -------------- T=
2 u sin θ
I=Fxt
g
Displacement Unit = kg m s −1
2.Define angle Horizontal range of a projectile (R)
54. Define Impulsive force.
Horizontal range = Horizontal component of velocity x Time of flight
25. Define average accelaration A large force acting for a short time to produce a finite change in momentum is called
2 u sin θ an impulsive force.
The average acceleration over a time interval is defined as the ratio of change in R = u cos θ x
g Eg: A cricket ball hitting a bat
velocity to the time interval. u2 x 2 sinθ cos θ
R=
g
𝐚⃗ =
𝐯𝟐 −𝐯𝟏
=
𝚫𝐯
Chapter 4 u2 sin 2θ
55. Using Newtons second law of motion arrive at Impulse momentum Principle
3.Write the dimensional formulae of following derived quantities. 𝐭 𝟐 −𝐭 𝟏 𝚫𝐭 R= Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the body.
Area -L2 Work or energy - ML2 T −2 Motion in a Plane g
26.Draw the position- time graph of an object moving with Maximum height of a projectile (H) By Newton's second law of motion,
Volume -L3 Power - ML2 T −3 dp
Density -ML−3 Pressure - ML−1 T −2 31. Differentiate scalar and vector quantities Consider the motion in vertical direction to the highest point F=
dt
Velocity- LT −1
Stress - ML−1 T −2 A scalar quantity has only magnitude and no direction. v2 – u2 = 2as F x dt = dp
−2 Eg. distance , speed, mass , temperature, time ,work ,power, energy, 0 - u2 sin 2θ = -2 g H I = dp
Acceleration - LT Modulus of elasticity- ML−1 T −2
pressure, frequency, angular frequency etc. Impulse = change in momentum
Momentum - MLT −1 u2 sin2 θ
Force - MLT −2 H= 56.Eventhough action and reaction are equal and opposite they do not cancel each
2g
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction and obeys the triangle law other .Why?
4.Write two physical quantities having no unit and dimension 42.What is the angle of projection for maximum horizontal range
of addition or the parallelogram law of addition. Action and reaction forces act on different bodies, not on the same body. So they do not
Relative density, strain
Eg. displacement, velocity, acceleration , momentum, force, 𝟒𝟓𝟎 cancel each other , eventhough they are equal and opposite.
5.Write two physical quantities that have unit but no dimension
27.Draw the velocity- time graph of a stone thown vertiaccly upwrds and comes back. angular velocity, torque, angular momentum etc. 43.Derive the relation connecting angular velocity and linear velocity
Plane angle, solid angle, angular displacement
6.Name and state the principle used to check the correctness of an equation. 57.State and prove the Law of Conservation of Momentum
32.When two vectors are said to be equal?
Principle of homogeneity of dimensions. When there is no external force acting on a system of particles ,their total momentum
Two vectors A and B are said to be equal if, and only if, they have the angle =
arc
For an equation to be correct the dimensions of each terms on both sides of the radius remains constant.
same magnitude and the same direction. Δr dp
equation must be the same Δθ= By Newton's second law of motion , F=
dt
r
7. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is dimensionally correct Δr=r Δθ When F = 0
or not Δr Δθ dp
=r =0
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 dt
v=rω dp = 0 ,
28. Is it possible for a body to have zero velocity with a nonzero acceleration. Give an p=constant
33.What do you mean by null vectors or zero vector?
example. 44.Define Centripetal acceleration
A vector having zero magnitude and is represented by O or Ō .
Yes. When a body is thrown upwards ,at the highest point of projection, its velocity A body in uniform circular motion experiences an acceleration , which is directed 58.State the law of static friction
Eg: When a body returns to its initial position its displacement will be a zero vector.
is zero , but it has an acceleration. towards the centre along its radius .This is s called centripetal acceleration . The law of static friction may thus be written as , fs ≤ μs N
where μs the coefficient of static friction,

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17.Derive the equation for kinetic energy E of a body of mass m moving 29. (a)Draw the velocity-time graph of a body with uniform aceeleration . 34.What are unit vectors? 45.Derive the expression for centripetal acceleration. 59.State the Law of Kinetic Friction
with velocity v (b) Using the graph obtain (i) Velocity - time relation A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points in a particular direction. fk = μk N
(ii) Displacement -tme relation It has no dimension and unit. It is used to specify a direction only. where μk the coefficient of kinetic friction,
(iii) Displacement velocity relation
35.State parallelogram law of vector addition 60.Disadvantages of friction
If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the In a machine with different moving parts, friction opposes relative motion and thereby
adjacent sides of a parallelogram ,then their resultant is given by the diagonal of the dissipates power in the form of heat, etc. Friction produces wear and tear.
parallelogram. 61.Advantages of friction
Kinetic friction is made use of by brakes in machines and automobiles.
Δv
=
Δr We are able to walk because of static friction.
v r The friction between the tyres and the road provides the necessary external force to
18.Suppose that the period of oscillations of a simple pendulum depends on its mass of vΔr
the bob(m),length(l) and acceleration due to gravity(g).Derive the expression for its Δv= accelerate the car.
r
time period using the method of dimensions. So friction is a necessary evil
36.Derive the expression for magnitude of resultant of two vectors by analytical Δv vΔr
= 62.Derive the expression for maximum safe speed on a curved level road
Δt r Δt
method. Write the expression for direction of resultant vector.
v
a= xr
r
But , fs ≤ μs N
𝐯𝟐
a= mv2
𝐫 fs =
R
N=mg
mv2
≤ μs mg
Chapter 5 R
From the geometry of the figure,
OS 2 = ON 2 + SN 2 Laws of Motion
v 2 ≤ μs Rg
OS 2 = (OP + PN) 2 + SN 2 46.Two types of inertia ?
𝑙
▪ A person is standing in a stationary bus and the driver starts the bus suddenly. He 𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √𝛍𝐬 𝐑𝐠
T=k√
𝑔
OS 2 = (A + B cos θ ) 2 + (B sin θ ) 2
R 2 = A 2 +2AB cos θ + B 2 cos 2θ +B 2sin2 θ gets thrown backward with a jerk. This is due to his inertia of rest.
20.Find the number of significant figures in following numbers ▪ A person is standing in a moving bus and if the bus suddenly stops he is thrown 63. a) What do you mean by banking of curved roads?
R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2AB cos θ
0.02380 - 4 forward. This is due to his inertia of motion. b) Obtain the expression for maximum permissible speed of a vehicle
𝐑 = √𝐀𝟐 + 𝐁 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐀𝐁𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
23.08 - 4 on a banked road.
47.State Newton’s first law of motion (Law of inertia) c)Write the expression for optimum speed (without considering
23.80 - 4 Direction , tan𝜶 =
𝑺𝑵
Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
2380 -3 𝑶𝑵 frictional force)
𝐁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 unless compelled by some external force to change that state. a)Raising the outer edge of a curved road above the inner edge is
43.00 - 4 tan𝛂 =
𝐀+𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 called banking of curved roads.
4300 -2 37.What is the trajectory(path) followed by a projectile? 48.Newton’s first law of motion describes …………… Inertia
4.700 × 102 - 4 b)
Parabola 49.Define momentum
4.700 × 10−3 - 4 N cos θ - f sin θ =mg --------------(1)
38.What are the magnitudes of horizontal and vertical components of velocity? Momentum, P of a body is defined to be the product of its mass m and velocity v, and is mv2
denoted by p. p=mv N sin θ + f cos θ = -------------(2)
R
Chapter 3 a) Horizontal component - u cos θ and 50.State Newton’s Second Law f Motion. Write its mathematical expression.
Motion in a Straight Line vertical component - u sin θ Eqn(1)
-----
N cos θ − f sin θ
=
mg
mv2
21.Define instantaneous velocity? 39.What are the values of these components at the highest point of projection? Eqn(2) N sin θ + f cos θ
R
The velocity at an instant is called instantaneous velocity. At the highest point, Rg(μs +tan θ )
Horizontal component= u cos θ F=
dp vmax = √
𝐝𝐱 1 −μs tan θ
v= dt
𝐝𝐭 Vertical component = zero 51.Why a seasoned cricketer draws his hands backwards during a catch? c)If friction is absent, μs = 0
22.The speedometer of a vehicle shows ………………….. By Newton's second law of motion , Then Optimum speed, voptimum = √Rg tan θ
Instantaneous speed. 40. A projectile has an acceleration of ……… in vertical direction and……… acceleration F=
∆p
30. An object is under freefall. Draw its (a) Acceleration -time graph in horizontal direction 9.8m 𝑠 −2 , zero ∆t
(b) Velocity- time graph When he draws his hands backwards, the time interval (∆t) to stop the
(c) Displacement-time graph ball increases .Then force decreases and it does not hurt his hands.

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 Chapter 6 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟕 Chapter 8 116.Write the relation connecting escape velocity and orbital velocity 129.Obtain the expression for equation of continuity for streamline flow of a fluid.
Work ,Energy and Power 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Gravitation 𝐯𝐞 = √𝟐 𝐯𝐨
64.Define scalar product or Dot Product two vectors 𝐀 ⃗ and 𝐁
⃗⃗ . 98.State Kepler’s first law of planetary motion(Law of orbits ) Escape Velocity = √2 x Orbital Velocity
⃗ ⋅B
A ⃗ = AB cosθ 78.Define centre of mass All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse.
⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝐁
⃗ are perpendicular, then their dot product will be………….. The centre of is a hypothetical point where the entire mass of an object may be 117.Derive the expression for period of a satellite
65.If two vectors 𝐀 The mass of liquid flowing out = The mass of liquid flowing in
assumed to be concentrated to visualise its motion. 99.State Kepler’s second law of planetary motion(Law of areas) Period of a satellite is the time required for a satellite to complete one revolution
zero ρA1 v1 Δt = ρA2 v2 Δt = ρA3 v3 Δt
The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time. around the earth in a fixed orbit.
66.Define work. A1 v1 = A2 v2 = A3 v3
79.Define vector product or cross product of two vectors 𝐀⃗ and 𝐁
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
ΔA circumference of the orbit
The work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the force in the i.e, areal velocity is constant Period T= Av = constant
Δt
direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement. Vector product of two vectors ⃗A and B
⃗ is defined as
100.State Kepler’s third law of planetary motion(Law of periods)
𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
130.The equation of continuity and it is a statement of conservation of ……………. in flow
W=F ⃗
⃗ ⋅d ⃗ xB
A ⃗ = AB 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 n̂ The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of the 2𝜋 𝑅
T= of incompressible fluids.
67. 1 horse power,1HP= -----------Watt. 746W semi- major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet. √
GM
mass
80.If two vectors 𝐀⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝐁⃗ are parallel, then their cross product will be………….. T 2 ∝ a3
R
131. State and prove Bernoulli’s Principle
68. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called----------- zero 101.State Universal Law of Gravitation 𝑹𝟑
T=𝟐𝝅√ Bernoulli’s principle states that as we move along a streamline, the sum of the pressure
Kinetic energy 𝟖𝟏. . 𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲. 𝐦 𝐦
𝐅 = 𝐆 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝐆𝐌
, the kinetic energy per unit volume and the potential energy per unit volume remains
69. The energy stored by virtue of the position or configuration of a body(state of ⃗⃗ = ω
v ⃗⃗ × r
𝐫
102.Define acceleration due to gravity of the Earth a constant.
strain) is called------------- 82.The rotational analogue of force is ---------------- 𝟏
Potential Energy. The acceleration gained by a body due to the gravitational force of earth is called Chapter 9 𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝟐
Torque or Moment of force acceleration due to gravity. Mechanical Properties of Solids
70. State and prove the law of conservation of mechanical energy for a freely falling Proof
83.Write the equation for torque or moment of force 118.Which is more elastic, steel or rubber? Steel
body.
𝜏 = 𝑟 x ⃗⃗F 103. Obtain the expression for acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth 119.State Hooke’s Law
The total mechanical energy of a system is conserved if the forces, doing work on it, are
84.Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of --------------- (or) Obtain the relation connecting g and G. For small deformations the stress is directly proportional to strain. This is known as
conservative.
linear momentum. Consider a body of mass m on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R. Hooke’s law.
At Point A
85. Write the relation connecting angular momentum and linear momentum. The gravitational force between body and earth is given by Stress ∝ Strain
PE = mgh GMm
KE = 0 (since v=0) 𝑙 =r×p ⃗ F = 2 -----------(1) 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
=𝒌
R 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
TE= mgh + 0 86.The moment of linear momentum is called --------------- F=mg
Angular momentum The constant k is called Modulus of Elasticity.
TE= mgh-----------(1)
At Point B 87.Write the relation connecting torque and angular momentum GMm
𝑑𝑙 mg= 120.The stress-strain curve for a metal is given in figure. Mark
PE = mg (h-x) R2
𝜏= GM 1)Elastic limt (or) yield point 2) Fracture point 3) Proportional limit
𝑑𝑡 From Eq (1) g=
KE = ½ mv 2 88. Deduce the relation connecting torque and angular momentum R2 4)Elastic region 5) Plastic region 6)permanent set The total work done on the fluid is
KE = ½ m x 2gx =mgx 7) yield strength (𝑺𝒚 ) 8) ultimate tensile strength (𝑺𝒖 ) 𝑾 = (𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )V-----------------(1)
𝑙 =𝑟×𝑝 𝟏
TE = mg (h-x) + mgx 104. Acceleration due to gravity is independent of------------( mass of the body/mass of ΔKE =. 𝐦(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 ) ---------------(2)
𝑑𝑙 d 𝟐
TE = mgh--------------(2) Differentiating = (r×p
⃗ ) earth). mass of the body ΔPE= mg(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )------------------(3)
𝑑𝑡 dt
At Point C 105.Obtain the expression for Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the By work – energy theorem
PE = 0 (Since h=0 𝑑𝑙
=
dr⃗
×p
⃗ + rx
⃗
dp surface of the earth. 𝑊 = ΔKE + ΔPE
KE = ½ mv 2 𝑑𝑡 dt dt GM
g = 2 ------------(1) 𝟏
R (𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )V = 𝐦(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 )+ 𝐦𝐠(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )-------------(4)
KE = ½ m x 2gh=mgh GM 𝟐
𝑑𝑙 gh = ----------(2)
TE = 0 + mgh =v
⃗ × mv ⃗⃗
⃗ + rxF (R+h)2
𝑑𝑡
TE = mgh--------------(3) GM Divide each term by V to obtain
gh (R+h)2 1
𝑑𝑙 = GM P1 - P2 = ρ(v22 − v12 )+ ρg(h2 -h1 )
g
=0 + 𝜏 R2 1
2
1
𝑑𝑡 gh
=
R2 P1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρv22 + ρgh2
2 2
𝒅𝒍 g (R+h)2 𝟏
⃗ =
𝝉 2h 𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝒅𝒕 g h ≅ g (1 − ) 𝟐
R 132.State Torricelli’s law of speed of efflux of fluid
121.Define young’s modulus(Y)
89.The time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is equal to the --------- longitudinal stress Torricelli’s law states that the speed of efflux of fluid through a small hole at a depth h
Y=
------ acting on it. Torque longitudinal strain
of an open tank is equal to the speed of a freely falling body i.e, √2gh

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71.A body at a height h above the surface of earth possesses ………………… due to its 90.State and prove the law of conservation of angular momentum 106.Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface 122.Define shear modulus or rigidity modulus(G) 133.Define viscosity
position. If the total external torque on a system of particles is zero, then the total angular of the earth Shearing stress The internal frictional force that acts when there is relative motion between layers of
G=
4 Shearing strain
Potential energy. momentum of the system is conserved i.e, remains constant. g = πRρG ---------------(2) the liquid is called viscosity
72.A Stretched or compressed spring possesses ………………… due to its state of strain. ⃗
dL 3 123.Define bulk modulus(B)
τ⃗ext = 4 Hydraulic stress
potential energy dt g d = π(R − d)ρG ---------(3) B= 134.The viscosity of liquids …………………. with temperature while the viscosity of gases
3 Hydraulic strain
4
If external torque, τ⃗ext = 0 , eq(3) gd π(R−d)ρG ……………….. in the case of gases.
------ =3 4 124.Define compressibility(k)
73.State and prove work-energy theorem ⃗
dL eq(2) g πRρG Decreases, increases
=0 3
The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility.
The work-energy theorem can be stated as :The change in kinetic energy of a particle dt gd
=
(R−d)
1
is equal to the work done on it by the net force. ⃗L = constant g R k= 135.State Stokes’ Law
d 𝐵
Proof g d = g(1 − ) Stokes’ law states that the viscous drag force F on a sphere of radius a moving with
R ▪ The compressibility is the least for solids and the most for gases.
For uniformly accelerated motion 91. Moment of Inertia is the rotational analogue of ------------ ▪ The bulk modulus is the least for gases and the most for solids. velocity v through a fluid of coefficient of viscosity η is,
107.The acceleration due gravity ---------------(decreases/increases) , as we go above
v 2 − u 2 = 2 as Mass. F = 6πηav
earth’s surface and ---------------(decreases/increases) ,as we go down below earth’s
92.The rotational analogue of mass is called--------------------- 32.Why beams with cross-sectional shape of I is used for construction of bridges? 136.The surface tension of a liquid …………………….. with temperature.
surface. Decreases ,Decreases.
1 1 Moment of Inertia
mv 2 − mu2 = mas = Fs 108.The acceleration due gravity is ---------------------at the centre of earth. Zero decreases
2 2
93. Mass is a measure of ------------------ and moment of inertia is a measure of ------------ 109.Obtain the expression for gravitational potential energy at a point.
Kf -Ki = W 137.Define angle of contact
------------- R
Change in KE = Work W=∫∞ 𝐹dr The angle between tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and solid surface
Inertia , Rotational inertia R GMm
94. Writ the expression for moment of inertia of a particle of mass m rotating about an W =∫∞ dr inside the liquid is termed as angle of contact(θ)
74.Derive the expression for potential energy of a spring r2
axis −GMm ▪ This sections prevents buckling of beams 138.Derive the expression for excess pressure inside a spherical drop
W=
I =mr 2 R ▪ This section provides a large load bearing surface and enough depth to prevent
95. Write the equation for rotational kinetic energy. This work is is stored as gravitational PE in the body. bending.
1
Rotational kE = Iω2 −𝐆𝐌𝐦 ▪ This shape reduces the weight of the beam without sacrificing the strength This
2
U=
𝐑 shape reduces the cost.
96. What do you mean by radius of gyration ? 110.What is escape speed(escape velocity)?
The radius of gyration can be defined as the distance of a mass point from the axis of The minimum speed required for an object to reach infinity i.e. to escape from the
roatation whose mass is equal to the whole mass of the body and whose moment of earth’s gravitational pull is called escape speed. Chapter 10
Then the spring force F = − kx inertia is equal to moment of inertia of the whole body about the axis. 111.Derive the expression for escape speed. Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
The work done by the spring force is I =Mk 2 1 GMm 125.The device used to measure Atmospheric Pressure. W = (Pi - Po ) x 4πr 2 x Δr ------------------(1)
x m𝑣 2 =
W = ∫0 F dx I
2 R
2GM
Mercury barometer Extra surface energy = S x 8πrΔr ------------------(2)
x k=√ 𝑣2 =
W = − ∫0 kx dx M R 126.The device used to measure Guage pressure or pressure differences
1 97.A girl rotates on a swivel chairas shown below. 2GM
The workdone = extra surface energy
W = − kx 2 ve = √ Open-tube manometer
2 a)what happens to her angular speed when she stretches R (Pi - Po ) x 4πr 2 xΔr = 8πrΔr S --------------(3)
This work is stored as potential energy of spring her arms 112.𝐄𝐬𝐜ape velocity is independent of ……………(mass of the body/mass of the earth) 127.State Pascal’s law for transmission of fluid pressure.
1 𝟐𝐒
PE = kx 2 b) what happens to her angular speed when she folds her Mass of the body. Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of a fluid contained in a vessel, it is (𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 ) =
2 𝐫
75.Write Einstein’s mass energy relation. arms 113.Write thevalue of e𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲) on the surface of earth . transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions.
139.What is capillary rise? What is the phenomenon responsible for it?
E = m 𝐜𝟐 c)Name the conservation law applied for your justification 11.2km/s
128.Briefly explain the working of hydraulic lift. Water rises up in a capillary tube dipped in a liquid in spite of gravity. This is called
114.Moon has no atmosphere. Why?
capillary rise.
76.Write the expression for instantaneous power in dot product form The escape speed of moon is about 2.38 km/s. which is less than the average speed of
Surfacetesion is responsible for capillary rise.
P= F . v a)When she stretches her arms, the moment of inertia increases and hence the angular gas molecules of moon. Thus gas molecules escape from surface of moon and it has no
140.Obtain an expression for capillary rise
77.Differentiate Elastic and inelastic collisions.Give examples for each. speed decreases. atmosphere.
The collisions in which both linear momentum and kinetic energy are conserved are b)When she folds her arms, the moment of inertia decreases and hence the angular 115.Derive the expression for orbital speed of a satellite
called elastic collisions. speed increases. The speed with which a satellites revolves around earth is called orbital speed.
c) Law of conservation of angular momentum. mv2 GMm
Eg: Collision between sub atomic particles =
R R2
The collisions in which linear momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not GM
conserved are called inelastic collisions. . Part of the initial kinetic energy is v2 = F1
=
F2
--------------(1)
R A1 A2
transformed into other forms of energy such as heat,sound etc.. GM
𝐅𝟐 = 𝐅𝟏
𝐀𝟐
𝑣𝑜 = √
Eg: Collision between macroscopic objects R 𝐀𝟏

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The excess pressure on the concave meniscus Chapter 12 Chapter 13 185.Write the expression for speed of a transverse wave on stretched string. 191.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in an open pipe. Also obtain
2S Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory the frequencies of harmonics .
(Pi - Po ) = v=√
𝑻
μ = linear mass density or mass per unit length=
𝑚
r
a a 𝛍 𝑙 Example for open pipe -Flute
cosθ = , r= 156.State Zeroth law of thermodynamics 171.Write any four postulates of kinetic theory of an Ideal Gas
r cosθ T=tension on string
2S
(Pi - Po ) = a Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium with a • A given amount of gas is a collection of a large number of molecules that are in Write the expression for speed of longitudinal wave in a fluid Fundamental Mode or The First Harmonic
cosθ
2Scosθ
third system separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other’. random motion. 𝑩
(Pi - Po ) = ----------------(1) v=√ B= the bulk modulus of medium
a i. e, If TA = TC and TB = TC then TA = TB • At ordinary pressure and temperature, the average distance between molecules 𝛒 𝜆
Pi - Po = h ρ g----------------(2) is very large compared to the size of a molecule (2 Å). L=
157..State first law of Thermodynamics ρ = the density of the medium 2
From eq(1) and (2) The heat supplied to the system is partly used to increase the internal energy of the • The interaction between the molecules is negligible.
Write the expression for speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar v
h ρ g=
2Scosθ
system and the rest is used to do work on the environment . • The molecules make elastic collisions with each other and also with the walls of 𝜈1 = ------------(1)
a 2L
𝟐𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW the container . 𝒀 The Second Harmonic
h= v=√ Y =Young’s modulus. ρ=density of the medium,
𝛒 𝐠𝐚 158.First law of thermodynamics is in accordance with law of conservation • As the collisions are elastic , total kinetic energy and total momentum are 𝛒

of----------------------. conserved . Write Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas L=2
𝜆
141.How soaps and detergents helps to remove dirts from clothes Energy • The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute 𝑷 2
v
v=√ P= Pressure of gas , ρ = density of gas 𝜈2 = 2 ------------(2)
The molecules of detergents produce a water-oil interface which reduces the surface 159.Derive the relation connecting 𝐂𝐩 and 𝐂𝐯 or Derve Mayer’s relation temperature of the gas. 𝛒 2L
tension (water-oil) and dirt can be removed by running water. Write Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed of a longitudinal 𝜈2 = 2𝜈1
Molar specific heat capacity at constant volume, 172.Write the expression for pressure of an ideal gas
ΔU wave in an ideal gas
Cv = ---------(1) 1
̅̅̅2
ΔT P= nmv 𝜸𝐏
Chapter 11 3 v=√ P= Pressure of gas, ρ = density of gas The Third Harmonic
Molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure 𝛒
173.Define degrees of freedom of a gas molecule? 𝜆
Thermal Properties of Matter γ=
𝐶𝑃
L=3
The total number of independent ways in which a system can possess energy is called 2
142.Write the relation connecting temperature on Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scales . ΔU ΔV 𝐶𝑉
tF −32 t Cp = + (P ) ------------(2) degree of freedom. 186.What are standing waves?
= C ΔT ΔT p
𝜈3 = 3 ------------(3)
v
180 100
PV = RT The interference of two identical waves moving in opposite directions produces 2L
143.Write the relation connecting temperature on Kelvin and Celsius scales . 174.State law of equipartition of energy standing waves. 𝜈3 = 3𝜈1
ΔV
T = t C + 273.15 P ( ) =R In equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed in all possible energy modes, with 187.Draw standing waves in a stretched string and mark nodes and antinodes. 𝜈1 : 𝜈2 : 𝜈3 = 1: 2: 3
ΔT p
144.Write Ideal gas equation 𝟏
ΔU each mode having an average energy equal to 𝐤 𝐁 T Thus all harmonics are possible in an open pipe.
𝐏𝐕= 𝛍𝐑𝐓 Cp = + R 𝟐
ΔT
145.Write the expression for coefficient of linear expansion Substituting from eq(1) Cp = Cv +R 192.Why open pipes are preferred over closed pipes in musical instruments?
175.Define mean free path of a gas molecule.
Δl 𝐂𝐩 − 𝐂𝐯 = 𝐑 The mean free path 𝑙 is the average distance covered by a molecule between two 188. are nodes and antinodes . All harmonics are possible in an open pipe, but in a cloed pipe only odd harmonics are
𝛼𝑙 = The positions of zero amplitude in a staning wave are called nodes. possible. So open pipes are preferred over closed pipes in musical instruments.
𝑙 ΔT 160.Write the e quation of statefor an ideal gas successive collisions.
Write the expression for coefficient of area expansion 𝟏 The positions of maximum amplitude are called antinodes.
ΔA PV=μRT 𝒍= 𝟐
αa = √𝟐𝐧𝛑𝐝 193.What are beats?
A ΔT 161.Different thermodynamic processes 189.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in a stretched string fixed The waxing and waning (periodinc wavering) of sound intensity when two waves of
Write the expression for coefficient of volume expansion
ΔV Chapter 14 at both the ends. Also obtain the frequencies of harmonics . nearly same frequencies and amplitudes travelling in the same direction, are
αv = Fundamental mode or the first harmonic
VΔT Oscillations superimposed on each other is called beats.
146.What is the ratio of 𝛂𝐥 , 𝛂𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛂𝐯 Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be oscillatory. L=
𝜆
If 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 are the frequencies of superposing waves, the beat frequency
αl : αa : αv = 1: 2: 3 2
𝝂𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝝂𝟏 − 𝝂𝟐
147.Based on the graph given below explain the anomalous expansion of water. 176.Define Simple Harmonic Motion(SHM) v
Water exhibits an anomalous behavour; it contracts on heating from 0 °C to 4 °C. When Simple harmonic motion is the motion executed by a particle subject to a force, which is 𝜈1 = ----------(1)
2L
it is heated after 4 °C ,it expands like other liquids. proportional to the displacement of the particle and is directed towards the mean
position. Seema Elizabeth
This means that water has minimum volume and hence maximum density at 4 °C . The second harmonic MARM Govt HSS Santhipuram
9177Write a mathematical expression for an SHM. Explain the terms. Thrissur
148.Why the bodies of water, such as lakes and ponds, freeze at the top first? 162.Write the equation of state for an isothermal process.
This is due to anomalous expansion of water. water has minimum volume and hence x (t) = A cos (ωt + 𝛟) L=2
𝜆
PV = constant 2
maximum density at 4 °C . 163.Write the equation of state for an adiabatic process. v
𝜈 2 = 2 -------------(2)
2L
PV γ = constant 𝜈2 = 2𝜈1

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149.Write the names of following phase trasitions. 164.Derive the expression for work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal process. 178.Write the expression for The Third Harmonic
v
W =∫v 2 P dV velocity in SHM, v = ω√A2 − x 2 The third harmonic is the oscillation mode with n = 3.
Change of state 1
PV= μRT acceleration in SHM a =– 𝛚𝟐 x -------------(3)
Solid to Liquid Melting μR T 𝜆
P= 1
Liquid to Solid Fusion V kinetic energy in SHM K = mω2 (A2 − x 2 ) ----------------(5) L=3
2 2
Liquid to Gas Vaporisation v μR T 1
W =∫v 2 dV potential energy in SHM , U = mω2 x 2 ----------------(6) v
Gas to Liquid Condensation 1 V 2 𝜈3 = 3 --------------(3)
v 1 𝟏 2L
Solid to Gas Sublimation W =μ R T ∫v 2 dV total energy in SHM E = m𝛚𝟐 𝐀𝟐 𝜈3 = 3𝑣1
1 V 𝟐
v
W = μR T [ln V]v21 𝜈1 : 𝜈2 : 𝜈3 = 1: 2: 3
V2 179.Draw the variation of potential energy , kinetic energy k and the total energy e with
W = μRT ln [ ] Thus all harmonics are possible in a stretched string fixed at both the ends.
150.Define Sublimation. Give an example of a substance that sublime. V1 time t for a linear harmonic oscillator
The change from solid state to vapour state without passing through the liquid state is 165.Derive the expression for workdone by an Ideal gas during an adiabatic process
v 190.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in a closed pipe. Also obtain
called sublimation. W =∫v 2 P dV
1 the frequencies of harmonics . Eg-Resonance column
Eg: Dry ice (solid CO2 ) , Iodine ,Camphor PV γ = k Fundamental mode or the first harmonic
k
P= γ =k V −γ
152.Define Latent Heat V
v
The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during change of state of the substance is W = k ∫v 2 V −γ dV L=
𝜆
1
4
called latent heat of the substance for the process. v2 v
Q V−γ+1 𝜈1 = ------------(1)
L= W = k[ ] 180.Give examples of systems executing simple harmonic motion 4L
m −γ+1 v
SI unit of Latent Heat is J k𝑔−1 k
1 ▪ Oscillations due to a Spring
W= [v 1−γ − v11−γ ] ▪ Oscillations of a simple pendulum
1−γ 2
153.Why burns from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water? 1
Steam at 100 °C carries 22.6 × 105 J k𝑔−1 more heat than water at 100 °C. So burns W= [ P2 V2 − P1 V1 ] 181.What is a seconds pendulum? Write the length of seconds pendulum
1−γ
from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water. 166.Workdone in an isochoric process is ----------- Zero A simple pendulum of period T = 2 second is called a seconds pendulum. The Third Harmonic
𝜆
167.Work done by the gas in an Isobaric process Length of seconds pendulum , L =0.994≈ 1m L=3
4
Δ W=P ΔV
154.Write different modes of heat transfer. Explain Chapter 15
W = P (V2 − V1 ) v
conduction, convection and radiation Waves 𝜈3 = 3 --------------(2)
168.State Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics 4L
No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and 182.Write the characteristics of transverse waves 𝜈3 = 3𝜈1
Conduction is the mechanism of transfer of heat between two adjacent parts of a body
the complete conversion of the heat into work. ▪ In transverse waves, the constituents of the medium oscillate perpendicular to
because of their temperature difference.
169.State Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics the direction of wave propagation.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is possible only in
No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a ▪ They travel in the form of crests and troughs.
fluids.
hotter object. ▪ Transverse waves can be propagated only in solids and strings, and not in fluids.
The mechanism for heat transfer which does not require a medium is called radiation.
▪ E.g, Waves on a stretched string, The Fifth Harmonic
170.Draw P-V diagram for a Carnot cycle .Also write different thermodynamic processes
154.Heat is transferred to the earth from the sun through empty space as ………………… 183.Write the characteristics of longitudinal waves 𝜆
involved in a Carnot cycle. Write the expression for efficiency L=5
Radiation. ▪ In longitudinal waves the constituents of the medium oscillate along the direction 4
v
155.State Newton’s law of cooling of wave propagation. 𝜈5 = 5 -------------(3)
4L
Newton’s Law of Cooling says that the rate of loss of heat(rate of cooling) of a body is The four processes involved in carnot cycle ▪ They travel in the form of compressions and rarefactions. 𝜈5 = 5𝜈1
proportional the difference of temperature of the body and the surroundings. are ▪ Longitudinal waves can propagate in all elastic media,i.e,solids,liquids nd gases.
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𝐝𝐐
− = 𝐤(𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 ) 1.Isothermal Expansion ▪ E.g, sound waves, vibrations in a spring.
𝐝𝐭
2. Adiabatic Expansion 𝜈1 : 𝜈3 : 𝜈5 = 1: 3: 5
3. Isothermal Compression 184.Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave travelling along the
4. Adiabatic Compression negative direction of the x-axis Thus only odd harmonics are possible in a closed pipe.
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx +ωt + 𝛟)
𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟐
𝛈= or 𝛈=𝟏−
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟏

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