Chapter 2 17.Derive the equation for kinetic energy E of a body of mass m moving 23..

ion for kinetic energy E of a body of mass m moving 23.. Draw the position -time graph of an object moving with 29. (a)Draw the velocity-time graph of a body with uniform aceeleration .
Units and Measurement with velocity v (b) Using the graph obtain (i) Velocity - time relation
1.Name the fundamental(base) quantities and units according to SI system. (ii) Displacement -tme relation
(iii) Displacement velocity relation

24. The slope of position-time graph gives -------------

18.Suppose that the period of oscillations of a simple pendulum depends on its mass of
Ans: Velocity
the bob(m),length(l) and acceleration due to gravity(g).Derive the expression for its
The slope of velocity-time graph gives ---------------
time period using the method of dimensions.
Acceleration
The area under velocity -time graph gives --------------

2.Define angle Displacement

25. Define average accelaration

The average acceleration over a time interval is defined as the ratio of change in
velocity to the time interval.
𝐯𝟐 −𝐯𝟏 𝚫𝐯
3.Write the dimensional formulae of following derived quantities. 𝐚⃗ = = Chapter 4
𝐭 𝟐 −𝐭 𝟏 𝚫𝐭
Area -L2 Work or energy - ML2 T −2 Motion in a Plane
Volume -L3 Power - ML2 T −3 T=k√
𝑙 26.Draw the position- time graph of an object moving with
Density -ML−3 Pressure - ML−1 T −2
𝑔 31. Differentiate scalar and vector quantities
−1 20.Find the number of significant figures in following numbers A scalar quantity has only magnitude and no direction.
Velocity- LT Stress - ML−1 T −2
−2 Eg. distance , speed, mass , temperature, time ,work ,power, energy,
Acceleration - LT Modulus of elasticity- ML−1 T −2 0.02380 - 4
pressure, frequency, angular frequency etc.
Momentum - MLT −1 23.08 - 4
Force - MLT −2 23.80 - 4
2380 -3 A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction and obeys the triangle law
4.Write two physical quantities having no unit and dimension
43.00 - 4 of addition or the parallelogram law of addition.
Relative density, strain
4300 -2 Eg. displacement, velocity, acceleration , momentum, force,
5.Write two physical quantities that have unit but no dimension
4.700 × 102 - 4 27.Draw the velocity- time graph of a stone thown vertiaccly upwrds and comes back. angular velocity, torque, angular momentum etc.
Plane angle, solid angle, angular displacement
6.Name and state the principle used to check the correctness of an equation. 4.700 × 10−3 - 4 32.When two vectors are said to be equal?
Principle of homogeneity of dimensions. Two vectors A and B are said to be equal if, and only if, they have the
For an equation to be correct the dimensions of each terms on both sides of the Chapter 3 same magnitude and the same direction.
equation must be the same Motion in a Straight Line
7. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is dimensionally correct 21.Define instantaneous velocity?
or not The velocity at an instant is called instantaneous velocity.
𝐝𝐱
v=
𝐝𝐭

22.The speedometer of a vehicle shows ………………….. 28. Is it possible for a body to have zero velocity with a nonzero acceleration. Give an 33.What do you mean by null vectors or zero vector?
Instantaneous speed. example. A vector having zero magnitude and is represented by O or Ō .
Yes. When a body is thrown upwards ,at the highest point of projection, its velocity 30. An object is under freefall. Draw its (a) Acceleration -time graph
(b) Velocity- time graph Eg: When a body returns to its initial position its displacement will be a zero vector.
is zero , but it has an acceleration.
(c) Displacement-time graph

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34.What are unit vectors? 41. Derive the equation for Time of flight, Horizontal range and Maximum height of a 45.Derive the expression for centripetal acceleration. 552. Derive of Equation of force from Newton's second law of motion 59.State the Law of Kinetic Friction
A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points in a particular direction. projectile. By Newton's second law of motion , fk = μk N
It has no dimension and unit. It is used to specify a direction only. where μk the coefficient of kinetic friction,

35.State parallelogram law of vector addition 60.Disadvantages of friction

If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the In a machine with different moving parts, friction opposes relative motion and thereby
adjacent sides of a parallelogram ,then their resultant is given by the diagonal of the dissipates power in the form of heat, etc. Friction produces wear and tear.
parallelogram. 61.Advantages of friction
Time of Flight of a projectile (T) Kinetic friction is made use of by brakes in machines and automobiles.
Consider the motion in vertical direction, Δv
=
Δr We are able to walk because of static friction.
s = ut +½ at2 v r
53.Define Impulse The friction between the tyres and the road provides the necessary external force to
vΔr accelerate the car.
Δv= Impulse is the the product of force and time duration, which is the change in
r
0 = u sin θ T - ½ gT2 momentum of the body. So friction is a necessary evil
36.Derive the expression for magnitude of resultant of two vectors by analytical Δv vΔr
½ gT2 =u sin θ T = Impulse = Force × time duration 62.Derive the expression for maximum safe speed on a curved level road
Δt r Δt
method. Write the expression for direction of resultant vector. T=
2 u sin θ
I=Fxt
g v
a= xr Unit = kg m s −1
Horizontal range of a projectile (R) r
54. Define Impulsive force. But , fs ≤ μs N
Horizontal range = Horizontal component of velocity x Time of flight 𝐯𝟐
a= mv2
𝐫 A large force acting for a short time to produce a finite change in momentum is called fs =
R
2 u sin θ an impulsive force.
R = u cos θ x N=mg
g Eg: A cricket ball hitting a bat mv2
u2 x 2 sinθ cos θ ≤ μs mg
R= Chapter 5 R
From the geometry of the figure, g
55. Using Newtons second law of motion arrive at Impulse momentum Principle
OS 2 = ON 2 + SN 2 u2 sin 2θ Laws of Motion
R= Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the body. v 2 ≤ μs Rg
OS 2 = (OP + PN) 2 + SN 2 g 46.Two types of inertia ?
Maximum height of a projectile (H) By Newton's second law of motion, 𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √𝛍𝐬 𝐑𝐠
OS 2 = (A + B cos θ ) 2 + (B sin θ ) 2 ▪ A person is standing in a stationary bus and the driver starts the bus suddenly. He dp
R 2 = A 2 +2AB cos θ + B 2 cos 2θ +B 2sin2 θ Consider the motion in vertical direction to the highest point gets thrown backward with a jerk. This is due to his inertia of rest. F=
dt
R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2AB cos θ v2 – u2 = 2as ▪ A person is standing in a moving bus and if the bus suddenly stops he is thrown F x dt = dp 63. a) What do you mean by banking of curved roads?
0 - u2 sin 2θ = -2 g H forward. This is due to his inertia of motion. I = dp b) Obtain the expression for maximum permissible speed of a vehicle
𝐑 = √𝐀𝟐 + 𝐁 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐀𝐁𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
Impulse = change in momentum on a banked road.
u2 sin2 θ 47.State Newton’s first law of motion (Law of inertia)
𝑺𝑵 H= 56.Eventhough action and reaction are equal and opposite they do not cancel each c)Write the expression for optimum speed (without considering
Direction , tan𝜶 = 2g Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
𝑶𝑵 other .Why? frictional force)
𝐁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 42.What is the angle of projection for maximum horizontal range unless compelled by some external force to change that state. a)Raising the outer edge of a curved road above the inner edge is
tan𝛂 = Action and reaction forces act on different bodies, not on the same body. So they do not
𝐀+𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝟒𝟓𝟎 cancel each other , eventhough they are equal and opposite. called banking of curved roads.
37.What is the trajectory(path) followed by a projectile? 43.Derive the relation connecting angular velocity and linear velocity 48.Newton’s first law of motion describes …………… Inertia b)
Parabola 49.Define momentum
57.State and prove the Law of Conservation of Momentum N cos θ - f sin θ =mg --------------(1)
38.What are the magnitudes of horizontal and vertical components of velocity? Momentum, P of a body is defined to be the product of its mass m and velocity v, and is mv2
arc When there is no external force acting on a system of particles ,their total momentum N sin θ + f cos θ = -------------(2)
angle = denoted by p. p=mv R
a) Horizontal component - u cos θ and radius remains constant.
Δr 50.State Newton’s Second Law f Motion. Write its mathematical expression. dp
vertical component - u sin θ Δθ= By Newton's second law of motion , F=
dt
Eqn(1)
-----
N cos θ − f sin θ
=
mg
r mv2
39.What are the values of these components at the highest point of projection? Eqn(2) N sin θ + f cos θ
Δr=r Δθ When F = 0 R
At the highest point, Δr Δθ dp Rg(μs +tan θ )
=r dp =0 vmax = √
Horizontal component= u cos θ Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 F= dt 1 −μs tan θ
dt
Vertical component = zero v=rω dp = 0 ,
c)If friction is absent, μs = 0
51.Why a seasoned cricketer draws his hands backwards during a catch?
p=constant
By Newton's second law of motion , Then Optimum speed, voptimum = √Rg tan θ
40. A projectile has an acceleration of ……… in vertical direction and……… acceleration 44.Define Centripetal acceleration ∆p
A body in uniform circular motion experiences an acceleration , which is directed F= 58.State the law of static friction
in horizontal direction 9.8m 𝑠 −2 , zero ∆t
towards the centre along its radius .This is s called centripetal acceleration . When he draws his hands backwards, the time interval (∆t) to stop the The law of static friction may thus be written as , fs ≤ μs N
ball increases .Then force decreases and it does not hurt his hands. where μs the coefficient of static friction,

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 Chapter 6 71.A body at a height h above the surface of earth possesses ………………… due to its 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟕 90.State and prove the law of conservation of angular momentum Chapter 8
Work ,Energy and Power position. 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 If the total external torque on a system of particles is zero, then the total angular Gravitation
64.Define scalar product or Dot Product two vectors 𝐀 ⃗ and 𝐁
⃗⃗ . Potential energy. momentum of the system is conserved i.e, remains constant. 98.State Kepler’s first law of planetary motion(Law of orbits )
⃗ ⋅B
A ⃗ = AB cosθ 72.A Stretched or compressed spring possesses ………………… due to its state of strain. 78.Define centre of mass τ⃗ext =
⃗
dL All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse.
⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝐁
⃗ are perpendicular, then their dot product will be………….. potential energy The centre of is a hypothetical point where the entire mass of an object may be dt
65.If two vectors 𝐀
assumed to be concentrated to visualise its motion. If external torque, τ⃗ext = 0 , 99.State Kepler’s second law of planetary motion(Law of areas)
zero
73.State and prove work-energy theorem ⃗
dL The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
66.Define work. =0
The work-energy theorem can be stated as :The change in kinetic energy of a particle 79.Define vector product or cross product of two vectors 𝐀⃗ and 𝐁
⃗⃗ dt ⃗⃗
ΔA
The work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the force in the ⃗ = constant i.e, areal velocity is constant
is equal to the work done on it by the net force. Vector product of two vectors ⃗A and B
⃗ is defined as L Δt
direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement. 100.State Kepler’s third law of planetary motion(Law of periods)
Proof ⃗ xB⃗ = AB 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 n̂
W=F ⃗
⃗ ⋅d A The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of the
For uniformly accelerated motion 91. Moment of Inertia is the rotational analogue of ------------
67. 1 horse power,1HP= -----------Watt. 746W v 2 − u 2 = 2 as Mass. semi- major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
80.If two vectors 𝐀⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝐁⃗ are parallel, then their cross product will be………….. T 2 ∝ a3
68. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called----------- 92.The rotational analogue of mass is called---------------------
1 1 zero Moment of Inertia 101.State Universal Law of Gravitation
Kinetic energy mv 2 − mu2 = mas = Fs 𝟖𝟏. . 𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲. 𝐦 𝐦
2 2
93. Mass is a measure of ------------------ and moment of inertia is a measure of ------------ 𝐅 = 𝐆 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
69. The energy stored by virtue of the position or configuration of a body(state of Kf -Ki = W ⃗⃗ = ω
v ⃗⃗ × r
𝐫
strain) is called------------- ------------- 102.Define acceleration due to gravity of the Earth
Change in KE = Work 82.The rotational analogue of force is ----------------
Potential Energy. Inertia , Rotational inertia The acceleration gained by a body due to the gravitational force of earth is called
Torque or Moment of force 94. Writ the expression for moment of inertia of a particle of mass m rotating about an acceleration due to gravity.
70. State and prove the law of conservation of mechanical energy for a freely falling 74.Derive the expression for potential energy of a spring 83.Write the equation for torque or moment of force
body. axis
𝜏 = 𝑟 x ⃗⃗F I =mr 2 103. Obtain the expression for acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth
The total mechanical energy of a system is conserved if the forces, doing work on it, are
84.Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of --------------- 95. Write the equation for rotational kinetic energy. (or) Obtain the relation connecting g and G.
conservative. 1
linear momentum. Rotational kE = Iω2 Consider a body of mass m on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R.
At Point A 2
85. Write the relation connecting angular momentum and linear momentum. The gravitational force between body and earth is given by
PE = mgh 96. What do you mean by radius of gyration ? GMm
KE = 0 (since v=0) 𝑙 =r×p ⃗ The radius of gyration can be defined as the distance of a mass point from the axis of F = 2 -----------(1)
R
TE= mgh + 0 86.The moment of linear momentum is called --------------- roatation whose mass is equal to the whole mass of the body and whose moment of F=mg
TE= mgh-----------(1) Then the spring force F = − kx Angular momentum inertia is equal to moment of inertia of the whole body about the axis.
At Point B The work done by the spring force is 87.Write the relation connecting torque and angular momentum I =Mk 2 GMm
x 𝑑𝑙 mg=
PE = mg (h-x) W = ∫0 F dx R2
𝜏= I GM
KE = ½ mv 2 x 𝑑𝑡 k=√ From Eq (1) g=
W = − ∫0 kx dx 88. Deduce the relation connecting torque and angular momentum M R2
KE = ½ m x 2gx =mgx 1 97.A girl rotates on a swivel chairas shown below.
TE = mg (h-x) + mgx W = − kx 2 𝑙 =𝑟×𝑝
2
𝑑𝑙 d
a)what happens to her angular speed when she stretches 104. Acceleration due to gravity is independent of------------( mass of the body/mass of
TE = mgh--------------(2) This work is stored as potential energy of spring Differentiating = (r×p
⃗ ) her arms earth). mass of the body
1 𝑑𝑡 dt
At Point C PE = kx 2 b) what happens to her angular speed when she folds her 105.Obtain the expression for Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the
2
PE = 0 (Since h=0 75.Write Einstein’s mass energy relation.
𝑑𝑙
=
dr⃗
×p
⃗ + rx
⃗
dp arms surface of the earth.
KE = ½ mv 2 E = m 𝐜𝟐
𝑑𝑡 dt dt
c)Name the conservation law applied for your justification GM
g = 2 ------------(1)
R
KE = ½ m x 2gh=mgh GM
𝑑𝑙 gh = ----------(2)
TE = 0 + mgh =v
⃗ × mv ⃗⃗
⃗ + rxF
76.Write the expression for instantaneous power in dot product form 𝑑𝑡 (R+h)2
TE = mgh--------------(3) P= F . v a)When she stretches her arms, the moment of inertia increases and hence the angular gh
GM
(R+h)2
speed decreases. =
77.Differentiate Elastic and inelastic collisions.Give examples for each. 𝑑𝑙
=0 + 𝜏 g GM
R2
The collisions in which both linear momentum and kinetic energy are conserved are 𝑑𝑡 b)When she folds her arms, the moment of inertia decreases and hence the angular gh R2
speed increases. =
called elastic collisions. 𝒅𝒍 g (R+h)2
Eg: Collision between sub atomic particles ⃗ =
𝝉 c) Law of conservation of angular momentum. 2h
𝒅𝒕 g h ≅ g (1 − )
R
The collisions in which linear momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not
conserved are called inelastic collisions. . Part of the initial kinetic energy is 89.The time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is equal to the ---------
transformed into other forms of energy such as heat,sound etc.. ------ acting on it. Torque
Eg: Collision between macroscopic objects

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106.Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface 116.Write the relation connecting escape velocity and orbital velocity 122.Define shear modulus or rigidity modulus(G) 129.Obtain the expression for equation of continuity for streamline flow of a fluid. 133.Define viscosity
of the earth Shearing stress The internal frictional force that acts when there is relative motion between layers of
𝐯𝐞 = √𝟐 𝐯𝐨 G=
4 Shearing strain
g = πRρG ---------------(2) Escape Velocity = √2 x Orbital Velocity the liquid is called viscosity
3 123.Define bulk modulus(B)
4 Hydraulic stress
g d = π(R − d)ρG ---------(3) B= 134.The viscosity of liquids …………………. with temperature while the viscosity of gases
3
4 117.Derive the expression for period of a satellite Hydraulic strain
eq(3) gd π(R−d)ρG The mass of liquid flowing out = The mass of liquid flowing in ……………….. in the case of gases.
------ =3 Period of a satellite is the time required for a satellite to complete one revolution
eq(2) g 4
πRρG 124.Define compressibility(k) ρA1 v1 Δt = ρA2 v2 Δt = ρA3 v3 Δt Decreases, increases
3 around the earth in a fixed orbit.
gd (R−d) circumference of the orbit The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility. A1 v1 = A2 v2 = A3 v3
= Period T= 1
135.State Stokes’ Law
g R 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 k= Av = constant
d 𝐵
g d = g(1 − ) 130.The equation of continuity and it is a statement of conservation of ……………. in flow Stokes’ law states that the viscous drag force F on a sphere of radius a moving with
R ▪ The compressibility is the least for solids and the most for gases.
T=
2𝜋 𝑅
▪ The bulk modulus is the least for gases and the most for solids. of incompressible fluids. velocity v through a fluid of coefficient of viscosity η is,
107.The acceleration due gravity ---------------(decreases/increases) , as we go above
√
GM
mass F = 6πηav
earth’s surface and ---------------(decreases/increases) ,as we go down below earth’s R

32.Why beams with cross-sectional shape of I is used for construction of bridges? 131. State and prove Bernoulli’s Principle 136.The surface tension of a liquid …………………….. with temperature.
surface. Decreases ,Decreases. 𝑹𝟑
108.The acceleration due gravity is ---------------------at the centre of earth. Zero T=𝟐𝝅√
𝐆𝐌
Bernoulli’s principle states that as we move along a streamline, the sum of the pressure decreases
109.Obtain the expression for gravitational potential energy at a point. , the kinetic energy per unit volume and the potential energy per unit volume remains
R a constant. 137.Define angle of contact
W=∫∞ 𝐹dr 𝟏 The angle between tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and solid surface
R GMm Chapter 9 𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝟐 inside the liquid is termed as angle of contact(θ)
W =∫∞ dr Mechanical Properties of Solids
r2 Proof
−GMm ▪ This sections prevents buckling of beams 138.Derive the expression for excess pressure inside a spherical drop
W= 118.Which is more elastic, steel or rubber? Steel
R
119.State Hooke’s Law ▪ This section provides a large load bearing surface and enough depth to prevent
This work is is stored as gravitational PE in the body. bending.
For small deformations the stress is directly proportional to strain. This is known as
−𝐆𝐌𝐦
Hooke’s law. ▪ This shape reduces the weight of the beam without sacrificing the strength This
U=
𝐑
Stress ∝ Strain shape reduces the cost.
110.What is escape speed(escape velocity)? 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
The minimum speed required for an object to reach infinity i.e. to escape from the =𝒌
𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
earth’s gravitational pull is called escape speed. The constant k is called Modulus of Elasticity. Chapter 10
111.Derive the expression for escape speed. Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
1
m𝑣 2 =
GMm
120.The stress-strain curve for a metal is given in figure. Mark 125.The device used to measure Atmospheric Pressure. W = (Pi - Po ) x 4πr 2 x Δr ------------------(1)
2 R
2GM 1)Elastic limt (or) yield point 2) Fracture point 3) Proportional limit Mercury barometer Extra surface energy = S x 8πrΔr ------------------(2)
𝑣2 = The total work done on the fluid is
R 4)Elastic region 5) Plastic region 6)permanent set 126.The device used to measure Guage pressure or pressure differences
𝑾 = (𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )V-----------------(1) The workdone = extra surface energy
ve = √
2GM 7) yield strength (𝑺𝒚 ) 8) ultimate tensile strength (𝑺𝒖 ) Open-tube manometer 𝟏
R ΔKE =. 𝐦(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 ) ---------------(2) (Pi - Po ) x 4πr 2 xΔr = 8πrΔr S --------------(3)
𝟐
112.𝐄𝐬𝐜ape velocity is independent of ……………(mass of the body/mass of the earth) 127.State Pascal’s law for transmission of fluid pressure.
ΔPE= mg(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )------------------(3) 𝟐𝐒
Mass of the body. Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of a fluid contained in a vessel, it is (𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 ) =
By work – energy theorem 𝐫
113.Write thevalue of e𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲) on the surface of earth . transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions.
𝑊 = ΔKE + ΔPE 139.What is capillary rise? What is the phenomenon responsible for it?
11.2km/s 𝟏
128.Briefly explain the working of hydraulic lift. (𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )V = 𝐦(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 )+ 𝐦𝐠(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )-------------(4) Water rises up in a capillary tube dipped in a liquid in spite of gravity. This is called
114.Moon has no atmosphere. Why? 𝟐
capillary rise.
The escape speed of moon is about 2.38 km/s. which is less than the average speed of
Divide each term by V to obtain Surfacetesion is responsible for capillary rise.
gas molecules of moon. Thus gas molecules escape from surface of moon and it has no 1
P1 - P2 = ρ(v22 − v12 )+ ρg(h2 -h1 ) 140.Obtain an expression for capillary rise
atmosphere. 2
115.Derive the expression for orbital speed of a satellite 1
P1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 +
1
ρv22 + ρgh2
The speed with which a satellites revolves around earth is called orbital speed. 2 2
𝟏
mv2 GMm 𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
= 𝟐
R R2 132.State Torricelli’s law of speed of efflux of fluid
GM 121.Define young’s modulus(Y)
v2 = longitudinal stress
F1
=
F2
--------------(1) Torricelli’s law states that the speed of efflux of fluid through a small hole at a depth h
R Y= A1 A2
longitudinal strain
GM
𝐅𝟐 = 𝐅𝟏
𝐀𝟐 of an open tank is equal to the speed of a freely falling body i.e, √2gh
𝑣𝑜 = √ 𝐀𝟏
R

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The excess pressure on the concave meniscus 149.Write the names of following phase trasitions. Chapter 12 164.Derive the expression for work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal process. Chapter 13
2S v
(Pi - Po ) = Thermodynamics W =∫v 2 P dV Kinetic Theory
r Change of state 1
a a
cosθ = , r= Solid to Liquid Melting PV= μRT
r cosθ 156.State Zeroth law of thermodynamics μR T 171.Write any four postulates of kinetic theory of an Ideal Gas
(Pi - Po ) =
2S Liquid to Solid Fusion Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium with a P= • A given amount of gas is a collection of a large number of molecules that are in
a V
Liquid to Gas Vaporisation v μR T
cosθ
2Scosθ
third system separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other’. W =∫v 2 dV random motion.
V
(Pi - Po ) = ----------------(1) Gas to Liquid Condensation 1
v 1 • At ordinary pressure and temperature, the average distance between molecules
a i. e, If TA = TC and TB = TC then TA = TB W =μ R T ∫v 2 dV
Pi - Po = h ρ g----------------(2) Solid to Gas Sublimation 1 V is very large compared to the size of a molecule (2 Å).
157..State first law of Thermodynamics v
From eq(1) and (2) W = μR T [ln V]v21 • The interaction between the molecules is negligible.
2Scosθ
The heat supplied to the system is partly used to increase the internal energy of the V2
h ρ g= system and the rest is used to do work on the environment . W = μRT ln [ ] • The molecules make elastic collisions with each other and also with the walls of
a 150.Define Sublimation. Give an example of a substance that sublime. V1
𝟐𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW the container .
h= The change from solid state to vapour state without passing through the liquid state is 165.Derive the expression for workdone by an Ideal gas during an adiabatic process
𝛒 𝐠𝐚 158.First law of thermodynamics is in accordance with law of conservation v • As the collisions are elastic , total kinetic energy and total momentum are
called sublimation. W =∫v 2 P dV conserved .
of----------------------. 1
141.How soaps and detergents helps to remove dirts from clothes Eg: Dry ice (solid CO2 ) , Iodine ,Camphor
Energy PV γ = k • The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute
k
The molecules of detergents produce a water-oil interface which reduces the surface 159.Derive the relation connecting 𝐂𝐩 and 𝐂𝐯 or Derve Mayer’s relation P= γ =k V −γ temperature of the gas.
152.Define Latent Heat V
tension (water-oil) and dirt can be removed by running water. v
The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during change of state of the substance is Molar specific heat capacity at constant volume, W = k ∫v 2 V −γ dV 172.Write the expression for pressure of an ideal gas
ΔU 1
called latent heat of the substance for the process. Cv = ---------(1) 1
̅̅̅2
ΔT v2 P= nmv
Q V−γ+1 3
Chapter 11 L= Molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure W = k[ ]
m −γ+1 v 173.Define degrees of freedom of a gas molecule?
Thermal Properties of Matter SI unit of Latent Heat is J k𝑔−1
1

W=
k
[v 1−γ − v11−γ ] The total number of independent ways in which a system can possess energy is called
142.Write the relation connecting temperature on Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scales . ΔU ΔV 1−γ 2
tF −32 t 153.Why burns from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water? Cp = + (P ) ------------(2) 1
degree of freedom.
= C ΔT ΔT p
W= [ P2 V2 − P1 V1 ]
180 100 Steam at 100 °C carries 22.6 × 105 J k𝑔−1 more heat than water at 100 °C. So burns PV = RT 1−γ
143.Write the relation connecting temperature on Kelvin and Celsius scales . from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water. 166.Workdone in an isochoric process is ----------- Zero 174.State law of equipartition of energy
ΔV
T = t C + 273.15 P ( ) =R 167.Work done by the gas in an Isobaric process In equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed in all possible energy modes, with
ΔT p
144.Write Ideal gas equation 𝟏
ΔU Δ W=P ΔV each mode having an average energy equal to 𝐤 𝐁 T
𝐏𝐕= 𝛍𝐑𝐓 154.Write different modes of heat transfer. Explain Cp = + R 𝟐
ΔT W = P (V2 − V1 )
145.Write the expression for coefficient of linear expansion conduction, convection and radiation Substituting from eq(1) Cp = Cv +R 168.State Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics 175.Define mean free path of a gas molecule.
Δl 𝐂𝐩 − 𝐂𝐯 = 𝐑 No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and The mean free path 𝑙 is the average distance covered by a molecule between two
𝛼𝑙 = Conduction is the mechanism of transfer of heat between two adjacent parts of a body
𝑙 ΔT 160.Write the e quation of statefor an ideal gas the complete conversion of the heat into work. successive collisions.
Write the expression for coefficient of area expansion because of their temperature difference.
PV=μRT 169.State Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics 𝟏
ΔA Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is possible only in 𝒍=
αa = No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a √𝟐𝐧𝛑𝐝𝟐
A ΔT fluids. 161.Different thermodynamic processes
Write the expression for coefficient of volume expansion hotter object.
The mechanism for heat transfer which does not require a medium is called radiation.
αv =
ΔV Chapter 14
VΔT 170.Draw P-V diagram for a Carnot cycle .Also write different thermodynamic processes Oscillations
146.What is the ratio of 𝛂𝐥 , 𝛂𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛂𝐯 154.Heat is transferred to the earth from the sun through empty space as …………………
involved in a Carnot cycle. Write the expression for efficiency Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be oscillatory.
αl : αa : αv = 1: 2: 3 Radiation.
147.Based on the graph given below explain the anomalous expansion of water. 155.State Newton’s law of cooling 176.Define Simple Harmonic Motion(SHM)
Water exhibits an anomalous behavour; it contracts on heating from 0 °C to 4 °C. When Newton’s Law of Cooling says that the rate of loss of heat(rate of cooling) of a body is The four processes involved in carnot cycle Simple harmonic motion is the motion executed by a particle subject to a force, which is
it is heated after 4 °C ,it expands like other liquids. proportional the difference of temperature of the body and the surroundings. are proportional to the displacement of the particle and is directed towards the mean
𝐝𝐐
− = 𝐤(𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 ) 1.Isothermal Expansion position.
This means that water has minimum volume and hence maximum density at 4 °C . 𝐝𝐭
2. Adiabatic Expansion
148.Why the bodies of water, such as lakes and ponds, freeze at the top first? 3. Isothermal Compression 9177Write a mathematical expression for an SHM. Explain the terms.
162.Write the equation of state for an isothermal process.
This is due to anomalous expansion of water. water has minimum volume and hence 4. Adiabatic Compression x (t) = A cos (ωt + 𝛟)
PV = constant
maximum density at 4 °C . 163.Write the equation of state for an adiabatic process.
𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟐
PV γ = constant 𝛈= or 𝛈=𝟏−
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟏

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178.Write the expression for 185.Write the expression for speed of a transverse wave on stretched string. The Third Harmonic 191.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in an open pipe. Also obtain
velocity in SHM, v = ω√A2 − x 2 𝑻 𝑚 The third harmonic is the oscillation mode with n = 3. the frequencies of harmonics .
v=√ μ = linear mass density or mass per unit length=
acceleration in SHM a =– 𝛚𝟐 x -------------(3) 𝛍 𝑙 Example for open pipe -Flute
1 T=tension on string 𝜆
kinetic energy in SHM K = mω2 (A2 − x 2 ) ----------------(5) Write the expression for speed of longitudinal wave in a fluid L=3 Fundamental Mode or The First Harmonic
2 2
1
potential energy in SHM , U = mω2 x 2 ----------------(6) v=√
𝑩
B= the bulk modulus of medium
v
𝜈3 = 3 --------------(3)
2 2L
𝟏 𝛒 𝜆
total energy in SHM E = m𝛚𝟐 𝐀𝟐 ρ = the density of the medium 𝜈3 = 3𝑣1 L=
2
𝟐

Write the expression for speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar 𝜈1 : 𝜈2 : 𝜈3 = 1: 2: 3 v

179.Draw the variation of potential energy , kinetic energy k and the total energy e with Thus all harmonics are possible in a stretched string fixed at both the ends. 𝜈1 = ------------(1)
2L
time t for a linear harmonic oscillator 𝒀 The Second Harmonic
v=√ Y =Young’s modulus. ρ=density of the medium,
𝛒 190.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in a closed pipe. Also obtain
Write Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas the frequencies of harmonics . Eg-Resonance column L=2
𝜆
𝑷 Fundamental mode or the first harmonic 2
v
v=√ P= Pressure of gas , ρ = density of gas 𝜈2 = 2 ------------(2)
𝛒 2L
Write Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed of a longitudinal 𝜆
𝜈2 = 2𝜈1
wave in an ideal gas L=
4
𝜸𝐏 v
180.Give examples of systems executing simple harmonic motion v=√ P= Pressure of gas, ρ = density of gas 𝜈1 = ------------(1) The Third Harmonic
𝛒 4L
▪ Oscillations due to a Spring 𝐶𝑃 𝜆
γ= L=3
2
▪ Oscillations of a simple pendulum 𝐶𝑉
186.What are standing waves? v
181.What is a seconds pendulum? Write the length of seconds pendulum The interference of two identical waves moving in opposite directions produces 𝜈3 = 3 ------------(3)
2L
A simple pendulum of period T = 2 second is called a seconds pendulum. standing waves. The Third Harmonic 𝜈3 = 3𝜈1
𝜆
Length of seconds pendulum , L =0.994≈ 1m 187.Draw standing waves in a stretched string and mark nodes and antinodes. L=3 𝜈1 : 𝜈2 : 𝜈3 = 1: 2: 3
4
Thus all harmonics are possible in an open pipe.
Chapter 15
v
Waves 𝜈3 = 3 --------------(2) 192.Why open pipes are preferred over closed pipes in musical instruments?
4L
182.Write the characteristics of transverse waves 188. are nodes and antinodes . 𝜈3 = 3𝜈1 All harmonics are possible in an open pipe, but in a cloed pipe only odd harmonics are
▪ In transverse waves, the constituents of the medium oscillate perpendicular to The positions of zero amplitude in a staning wave are called nodes. possible. So open pipes are preferred over closed pipes in musical instruments.
the direction of wave propagation. The positions of maximum amplitude are called antinodes.
▪ They travel in the form of crests and troughs. 193.What are beats?
▪ Transverse waves can be propagated only in solids and strings, and not in fluids. 189.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in a stretched string fixed The waxing and waning (periodinc wavering) of sound intensity when two waves of
▪ E.g, Waves on a stretched string, at both the ends. Also obtain the frequencies of harmonics . The Fifth Harmonic nearly same frequencies and amplitudes travelling in the same direction, are
Fundamental mode or the first harmonic superimposed on each other is called beats.
183.Write the characteristics of longitudinal waves 𝜆 𝜆
If 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 are the frequencies of superposing waves, the beat frequency
L= L=5
▪ In longitudinal waves the constituents of the medium oscillate along the direction 2 4
v 𝝂𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝝂𝟏 − 𝝂𝟐
of wave propagation. v
𝜈5 = 5 -------------(3)
4L
▪ They travel in the form of compressions and rarefactions. 𝜈1 = ----------(1) 𝜈5 = 5𝜈1
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▪ Longitudinal waves can propagate in all elastic media,i.e,solids,liquids nd gases.
▪ E.g, sound waves, vibrations in a spring. Seema Elizabeth
The second harmonic MARM Govt HSS Santhipuram
𝜈1 : 𝜈3 : 𝜈5 = 1: 3: 5 Thrissur
184.Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave travelling along the 𝜆
negative direction of the x-axis L=2 Thus only odd harmonics are possible in a closed pipe.
2
v
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx +ωt + 𝛟) 𝜈 2 = 2 -------------(2)
2L
𝜈2 = 2𝜈1

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