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Quadratic Equation

The document outlines the objectives and content related to quadratic equations, including factorization, completing the square, deriving the quadratic formula, and solving equations both analytically and graphically. It provides examples and applications of quadratic equations in real-life situations, as well as instructions for graphing quadratic functions and solving simultaneous equations. Additionally, it includes practice questions and past exam questions to reinforce understanding of the topic.

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molineochieng5
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18 views12 pages

Quadratic Equation

The document outlines the objectives and content related to quadratic equations, including factorization, completing the square, deriving the quadratic formula, and solving equations both analytically and graphically. It provides examples and applications of quadratic equations in real-life situations, as well as instructions for graphing quadratic functions and solving simultaneous equations. Additionally, it includes practice questions and past exam questions to reinforce understanding of the topic.

Uploaded by

molineochieng5
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Specific Objective By the end of the topic the learner should be able to: (a) Factorize quadratic expressions; (b) Identify perfect squares; (c) Complete the square; (d) Solving quadratic equations by completing the square; (e) Derive the quadratie formula; (8) Solve quadratic equations using the formula, (g) Form and solve quadratic equations from roots and given situations; (h) Make tables of values from a quadratic relation; (i) Draw the graph of a quadratic relation; @) Sotve quadratic equations using graphs; (k) Solve simultaneous equations (one linear and one quadratic) analytically and graphically; (1) Apply the knowledge of quadratic equations to real life situations Content (a) Factorization of quadratic expressions (b) Perfect squares (c) Completion of the squares (d) Solution of quadratic equations by completing the square -b+VB7=4ac == (8) Solution of quadratic equations using the formula. (e) Quadratic formula x = -b+ (a) Formation of quadratic equations and solving them (h) Tables of values for a given quadratic relation (i) Graphs of quadratic equations (j) Simultaneous equation - one linear and one quadratic (k) Application of quadratic equation to real life situation Perfect square Expressions which can be factorized into two equal factors arc called perfect squares Completing the square band ¢ are Any quadratic expression can be simplified and written in the form ax? x bx + ¢ where a C w make a perfect square. Constant and a is not equal to zero, We use the expressio We are first going to look fi where coefficient of x= 1 expres Example ‘What must be added to x2+ 10 x to make it a perfect square? Solution ‘© Let the number to be added be a constant ¢ Then 27+ 10x +c is.a perfect square c * (02)*c © C=2S (25 mist be added) Example ‘What must be added to x2+ _+ 36 to make it a perfect square Solution Let the term to be added he bx where b is a constant Then x?+ bx +36 is a,perfeet square We will now consider the situations where a# 1 and not equal to zero cg 4x? — 12x + 9 = (2x - 6)? 9x? — 6x 41 = (3x +1)? In the above you will notice that (2) = ac , We use this expression to make perfect squares where a is mot one and its not zero, Example What must be added to 2527+ _ +9 to make it a perfect square? Solution Let the term to be added be bx. Then, 25+ bn +9 isa prfect square © Therefore G3? = 2529 © sob Example 30 or — 30 The term to be added is thus30 ar — 30, What must be added to _ - 40x + 25 to make it a perfect square? Solution © Let the term w be added be ax? 40x + 25 is a perfect square = 400= 25a © a= 16 the term to be added is 16x* Solutions of quadratic equations by completing the square methods Example Solve x? +5x+ 1 =0 by completing the square solution x24 Sxt T= 0 Write original equation, a7 + Sx=-l Write the left side im the form x*+ bre. x7+ Ix + (3) (3? = 1 Adal 3)? bo oth sides Therefore x= - 0.2085 or 4.792 The method of completing the square enables us to solve quadratic equations which ‘Cannot be solved by factorization. Example Solve 2x? + 4x+ 1 = 0 by completing the square Solution 2x? + dn=L_ make covefficcient of x* one by dividing both sides by 2 P+ 2x= 12 =-1 + 0.7071 x= 0.2929 or = 1.7071 ‘The quadratic formula 4 Ve? —4ac 2a Example Using quadratic formula solve 2x? ~ Sx ~3 = 0 Solution ‘Comparing this equation to the general equation ax? + br + ¢ = Owe geta=2 b=-5 c=-5 ‘Substituting in the quadratic formulae Formation of quadratic equations Peter travels to his uncle's home,30 km away from his place, He travels for two thirds of the journey ‘before the bicycle developed mechanical problems an he had to push it forthe rest of the journey. If his cycling speed is 10 kmh faster than his walking speed and he completes the journcy in 3 hours 30 minutes, determine his cycling spoed Solution Let Peters cycling speed be x km) h , then his walking speed is (x10 ) km/h of 30) +x Time taken in walking = (30 - 20)+¢ x -10 ) 10 “3-10 Therefore ( (604x-10) + 30 (x) = 1042) (x-10) 10x? ~ 190x + 600-0 x? 19x +60=0 19 + 361 — 240 =150r4 Ithis cycling speed is 4 km/h then his walking speed is (4-10) km/h, which gives ~6 kmh. Thus, 4 isnot a realistic answer to this situation therefore his cycling speed is 1S km/h Example A posite two digit number is such that the product of the digit is 24.When the digits are reversed , the umber formed greater than than the original number by 18. Find the number Solution Let the ones digit of the number be y and the tens digit be x, When the number is reversed, the ones digit is x and the tens digit is y Therefore dy at 2 ¥ ‘Substituting 2 in equation | gives; x(x +2) =24 x4 25-24 x -2+ VF =% z x=4or-6 Since the required number is positive x =4 and y= 4+2=6 ‘Therefore the number is 46 Graphs of quadratic functions “A quadratic function has the form y = ax2 + bx +.¢ where a #0. The graph of a quadratic function isU- ‘shaped and is called a parabola. For instance, the graphs of y = xand y= —xe Shown below, The origin (0, 0) is the lowest point on the graph of y= x and the highest point on the ‘graph of y==x? . The lowest or highest point on the grapl of a quadratic function is called the vertex ‘The graphs of y= x? and y==x? are symmetric about the y-axis, called the axis of symmetry. In _general, the axis of symmetry for the graph of a quadratic functiom isthe vertical line through the vertex. vertex (maximum value) \ yf \ | faseee- ee x vertex (minimum valve) Dpen downward Notes; ‘The graph of y =x? faces downwards or open upwards and y =—x’ faces upwardsor open downwards. Example ‘Draw the graph of y=—2x" + 5x—1 Solution Make a table showing conesponding value of x and y. ao eS Y 1 Note ; To get the values replace the value of x in the equation to get the corresponding value of x (IP +5(-1)-1=-8 Egy= y=-2(0? +5(0)-1=-1 Example Draw the graph of y= x? = 7x42 x a i 7 2 2e|) Graphical solutions of simultaneous equations We should consider simultaneous equation one of which is linear and the other one is quadratic. Example Solve the following simultancous equations graphically. yert-2r +1 yax?-2x Solution Corresponding values of x and y We use the table to draw the graph as shown below, on the same axis the line y=5-2x is drawn. Points where the line y =5 -2x and the curve y = x? ~ 2x + 1 intersect give the solution. The points. are (+ 2, 9) and (2,1). Therefore , when x = -2, y = 9 and when x End of topic ‘Did you understand ‘everything? espa speek ane el es ae 70 Heese bas een Past KCSE Questions on the topic. 1, The table shows the height metres of an object thrown vertically upwards varies with the time t seconds The relationship between s and 1 is represented by the equations = at” + bt + 10 where constants. "PE PPI el ie pe . 1 (a) (Using the information in the table, determine the values of @ and b (2:marks) (ii) Complete the table (1 marky (b)Gi) Draw a graph to represent the relationship between sand (3. marks) {ii Using the graph determine the velocity of the object when t = $ seconds 2 (a) Construct a table of value for the function y =x? ~ x ~6 for-3¢x<4 (b) —_Ontthe graph paper draw the graph of the function You x- 6 for 32x24 (©) By drawing a suitable line on the same grid estimate the roots of the equation x? + 2-2-0 3. (a)_—_ Draw the graph of y= 6¢x-x?, taking integral value of x in-4< x <5. (The grid is provided. Using the same axes draw the graph of y = 2 - 2x (b) From your graphs, find the values of X which sat fy the sirmul neous, equations y=6+x +x? ya2-2x (c)__ Write down and simplify a quadratic equation which is satisfied by the values of x where the two graphs intersect, 4, (a) Complete the fal wing table for the equation y =x! — Sx? +2x+9 (b) On the grid provided draw the graph of y= x? - Sx?+2x +9 for-2) Onthe grid provided, draw the graph of the fmetion y=2x? + 4x -3 for 4.£x <2 and use the graph to estimate the rots of the equation 2x°+4x — 3 = Oto 1 decimal place Qmks) (c) Im order to solve graphically the equation 2x’ +x -5 =0, a straight linc must be drawn to intersect the curve y= 2x* + 4x ~ 3. Determine the equation of this straight linc, draw the straight fine hence obtain the roots 2x?+x— 5 t0 1 decimal place. 6 (a) @)_—_ Complete the table below for the function y=x?+x?—2% —(2mks) x J> ]23 J2 ]75 [1 [os yo Jos Ji [2 [2s ¥ 15.63 “013 H a 4 025 625 ik 1 2 y 187 068 1688 (ii) On the grid provided, draw the graph of y=x' +x? 2x for the values of x in ‘the imerval 3

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