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Final Detailed Answers

The document provides detailed answers to important questions about computer operations, including input, processing, output, instruction sequencing, performance measurement, addressing modes, assembler directives, shift and rotate operations, interrupt management, and bus organization. It explains concepts like instruction formats, metrics for performance evaluation, and various addressing modes with examples. Additionally, it discusses the implementation of interrupt priority and the architecture of a single bus organization within a processor.

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16 views3 pages

Final Detailed Answers

The document provides detailed answers to important questions about computer operations, including input, processing, output, instruction sequencing, performance measurement, addressing modes, assembler directives, shift and rotate operations, interrupt management, and bus organization. It explains concepts like instruction formats, metrics for performance evaluation, and various addressing modes with examples. Additionally, it discusses the implementation of interrupt priority and the architecture of a single bus organization within a processor.

Uploaded by

rsn.33.66.99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed Answers to Important Questions

Question 1: With a neat diagram, explain basic operational concepts of a computer.

The basic operational concepts of a computer involve input, processing, and output. The input unit receives

data, the CPU processes it, and the output unit displays results. Memory stores data and instructions. Below

is the conceptual model:

[Input -> CPU (Control Unit + ALU) -> Memory -> Output]

Question 2: Illustrate instruction and instruction sequencing with an example.

Instruction sequencing ensures instructions execute in a defined order. For example:

1. Load A, 5 (Load 5 into register A).

2. Load B, 10 (Load 10 into register B).

3. Add A, B (Add values in A and B).

4. Store A, Result (Save result from A to memory).

Question 3: How to measure performance of a computer? Explain.

Performance is measured using metrics:

- Clock Speed: Cycles per second (GHz).

- Instructions Per Cycle (IPC): Efficiency of CPU.

- Benchmarks: E.g., SPEC, LINPACK.

Other factors include latency, throughput, and memory access speed.

Question 4: Explain 3-address, 2-address, and 1-address instruction with an example.

Different instruction formats include:

- 3-address: ADD R1, R2, R3 (R1 = R2 + R3).


Detailed Answers to Important Questions

- 2-address: ADD R1, R2 (R1 = R1 + R2).

- 1-address: ADD R1 (uses Accumulator implicitly).

Question 5: What is an addressing mode? Explain any 4 types with examples.

Addressing modes define how operands are accessed:

1. Immediate: Operand in instruction (e.g., ADD #10).

2. Direct: Address specifies location (e.g., ADD 100).

3. Indirect: Address points to another address (e.g., ADD @200).

4. Indexed: Offset added to base address (e.g., ADD BASE+INDEX).

Question 6: What are assembler directives? Explain any 5.

Assembler directives guide the assembler. Examples include:

1. ORG: Defines program start address.

2. END: Indicates end of the program.

3. EQU: Defines a constant value.

4. DB: Allocates a byte of memory.

5. DW: Allocates a word of memory.

Question 7: Explain shift and rotate operations with example.

Shift operations move bits left/right:

- Logical Shift: 1101 -> 0110 (fills with 0).

- Arithmetic Shift: Preserves sign for signed numbers.

Rotate operations:

- Rotate Left: 1101 -> 1011 (cyclic shift).


Detailed Answers to Important Questions

Question 8: With diagram explain, implementation of interrupt priority using individual interrupt req

Interrupt priority is managed using a priority encoder. It resolves conflicts when multiple interrupts occur,

ensuring the highest priority is serviced first.

[Diagram Placeholder: Priority Encoder]

Question 9: Write and discuss with diagram:I. Disabling interrupts.II. Enabling interrupts.III. Simulta

Summarized details:

I. Disabling interrupts: Blocks CPU response to interrupts.

II. Enabling interrupts: Allows CPU to process them.

III. Simultaneous handling: Priority encoder or polling.

IV. Vectored Interrupts: Direct addresses; Polling: Sequential checks.

V. DMA Registers: Control, address, and data registers.

VI. Memory Mapped I/O: Unified address space for memory and I/O.

VII. I/O Interface: Manages data transfer and communication.

VIII. Cache Memory: Speeds up data access by storing frequently used data.

IX. Memory Hierarchy: Balances speed, size, and cost across levels.

Question 10: Write with diagram single bus organization of data path inside a processor.

Single bus organization connects all components via one bus, including CPU, memory, and I/O. The bus

facilitates data transfer. Below is a conceptual representation:

[Diagram Placeholder: Single Bus Architecture].

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