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Class Scheduling System

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DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1026.078219

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2, July 2019

Application of Representation and Fitness

Method of Genetic Algorithm for Class
Scheduling System
Freddie Rick E. Labuanan, Sheena-Jean E. Tapaoan, Ricardo Q. Camungao


Abstract: This paper introduced aimed to solve the poor algorithm.The College of Computing Studies, Information
management of schedule, one of the major problems at Isabela and Communication Technology (CCSICT) is an
State University-Main Campus. Scheduling is a process Educational Institution committed to its three (3) pronged
conducted before a certain event would be executed. The study vision of continually sharing knowledge and expertise
used and adopt the Representation and Fitness Methods of through teaching, engaging in Information Technology
Genetic Algorithm to formulate a solution. The study showed research and product development, and rendering service in
that the adaptation of the two methods is well fitted for use in communities is in need.Initially, the traditional scheduling
solving the stated problem. The representation method creates
process is performed after planning and determining of the
and generates the pre-scheduling template to be used for the
need assessment by the top management [1]. The staff in
plotting of schedules, and fitness method is how the
pre-scheduling template generated and created. The researchers charge from the CCSICT uses spreadsheet as a tool in
used some criterion of ISO 9126 Standard as an instrument to creating schedule, the first step is to plot the minor subjects
determine its functionality and usability. Results showed that the because the faculty whose teaching minor subject came from
representation and fitness methods of the genetic algorithm other colleges, the second step is the plotting of schedule for
make the scheduling process more accurate and reliable the major subjects, the plotted schedule depends on the
schedules, lessen the time-consumed and lessen the nature of the major subject if it is with or non-laboratory
time-conflicts in the plotted schedules. For future studies to be subject, then check the number of student per section and
conducted reformulation of fitness function to include the other lastly, checking of the number of students enrolled per
components and variables of scheduling like individual subject. As far as the workload policy is a concern, the
schedules for both regular and irregular student and campus
number of student in the lecture should have the maximum
extension integration and considering the other indicator of the
fifty students (50) and when in the laboratory it will be
instrument used are significantly suggested.
Index Terms: Representation, fitness, Genetic algorithm,
divided into two (2) for the reason that, the existing
Class scheduling algorithm laboratories have 30 computer units which can only
accommodate 30 students. The created schedule for the
I. INTRODUCTION faculty, students, rooms and laboratory will be submitted for
inputting in the Student Information and Accounting System
Scheduling of classes has been one of the most (SIAS). From this, the proponents observed and identified
important factors that school needs to prepare before problems encountered in the existing processes performed by
enrolment plays a vital role in providing an idea of the the staff in charge of scheduling these are as follows: 1.)
students in managing their time. As times passes, several Overlapping of schedules 2.) Time conflicts on rooms,
issues arise dealing with the scheduling process of schools laboratory and faculty schedule, 3.) Availability of rooms,
and universities like time spent in providing solutions for the and 4.) Addressing the schedule of irregular student’s takes a
time conflicts; assigning of faculty, students, rooms and long period of time. It is in the light, that the proponents
laboratory schedules takes a number of days and even weeks primarily aim to develop a system entitled “Application of
to prepare; and as a result, the scheduled start of classes was Representation and Fitness Methods of Genetic Algorithm
not followed. These problems greatly affect the student’s for Class Scheduling. The Genetic Algorithm is a method for
eagerness to attend their classes, the time frame of the faculty solving both constrained and unconstrained optimization
in delivering the topics and entails negative feedbacks on the problems that are based on natural selection, the process that
top – level management. With the birth of Information and drives biological evolution. The integration of the
Communication Technology, there were several studies representation and fitness methods in the design and
presented and published that provide effective solutions and development of the system believes to speed up the process of
strategies in dealing with problems in scheduling one of scheduling classes and lessen the overlapping of scheduled
which is integrating data mining concepts like genetic subjects and it specifically aims to (1) Develop the program
interface of the Class Scheduling System; (2) Test the
functionalities of the system for; (2.1) Pre-scheduling
Revised Manuscript Received on July 12, 2019.
Freddie Rick E. Labuanan, College of Computing, Studies in template using the representation method of genetic
Information and Communication Technology, Isabela State University – Main algorithm and (2.2) Generation of class, faculty, rooms and
Campus, Ramon, Isabela, Philippines. laboratory schedules; and (3)
Sheena-Jean E. Tapaoan, College of Computing, Studies in Information
and Communication Technology, Isabela State University – Main Campus,
Echague, Isabela, Philippines.
Ricardo Q. Camungao, College of Computing, Studies in Information and
Communication Technology, Isabela State University – Main Campus,
Echague, Isabela, Philippines.

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DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1026.078219 1816 & Sciences Publication
 Application of Representation and Fitness Method of Genetic Algorithm for Class Scheduling System

Evaluate system external and internal quality in the use S = NR * WD * WH Eq (1)

of the system using ISO 9126 in terms of Functionality and Where:
Usability. The context of considering the criterion S - Size…
functionality and usability in evaluating the system NR – Number of Rooms
functionalities is to ensure that the system’s features function WD – Working Days
as designed that is to provide a class schedule. The remaining WH – Working Hours
criterion of the ISO 9126 will be considered once the system
 Fitness - It is a process of scoring a class based on their
is deployed and use for its intended purpose.
fitness to the schedule. Each class can have 0 to 7 points. In
calculating and scoring the fitness value of each class a lot of
II. RELATED LITERATURE
rules maybe consider. The rules are based on the assigned
process of scheduling. If the class did not violate the
A. Genetic Algorithm
assigning process, then its score will be incremented. If the
Artificial intelligence is one of the flourishing class violated the assigning process, then no increment of the
technologies for man-machine interaction, is helpful in score will happen. The fitness value is calculated as;
solving many problems such as optimum broadcast schedule_score / maximum_score,n, and maximum_score is
scheduling (OBS). Since the OBS problem requires multiple the total score of schedule score which is 7 [5].
optimization factors, Genetic algorithm has the capabilities FV = SS / MS of n Eq (2)
of handling maxima and minima factors at the same time. Where:
That results from this literature caused a major inclination in FV – Fitness Value
employing the Genetic Algorithm approach for OBS problem SS – Schedule Score
[2]. Evolutionary techniques are also known as MS of n – Maximum Score of every Template
nature-inspired techniques as these types of techniques have The fitness value is used for the generation of the
stolen the idea from nature. Genetic algorithm (GA) is one of pre-scheduling template. The pre-scheduling template is
the most commonly used evolutionary techniques which is based on the classroom, so the number of the template is the
used to solve different NP-hard computational problems. GA number of created classroom. The generation of the
is based upon the principle of human genetic. Past research pre-scheduling template is one-by-one rules validation every
shows that it has been effectively used to solve the different classroom and it is also how the scheduled score is
problems from the domain of Computer Science viz. software incremented. The fitness value is range 0 to 1 [5]. And if the
cost estimation, task scheduling, clustering, natural language fitness value is equal to 1 then the template will be generated.
processing, query optimization, image processing, etc. [3]. Fitness functions are of paramount importance.
Genetic Algorithm is a heuristic search method used in Chromosomes are an abstract representation of a candidate
artificial intelligence and computing. It is used for finding solution. The fitness function is used in quantifying the
optimized solutions to search for problems based on the desirability of the solution, which is closely correlated with
theory of natural selection and evolutionary biology. These the objective of the Algorithm or optimization process. The
Genetic Algorithms are excellent for searching through large fitness level is used in evaluating candidate solution, that is,
and complex data sets. They are considered capable of the values being generated characterize the solutions [6].
finding reasonable solutions to complex issues as they are The fitness function, on the other hand, is to make a
highly capable of solving unconstrained and constrained decision as to whether the value is appropriate for the
optimization issues, it is based on the human evolution determined solutions [7].
theory of Charles Darwin that has four(4) methods
Representation, Fitness, Crossover, and Mutation [4]. B. Greedy Algorithm
Greedy Algorithms take all of the data in a particular
problem, and then set a rule for which elements to add to the
solution at each step of the algorithm. In the animation
above, the set of data is all of the numbers in the graph, and
the rule was to select the largest number available at each
level of the graph. The solution that the algorithm builds is
the sum of all of those choice [8]. In a class-scheduling system
that will allow collaborative preparation of schedules among
several users. The system integrated five components: the
Fig. 1: Genetic Algorithm data management module, course assignment module,
 Representation - It is a process that the pre-scheduling scheduling module, result storage module, and the report
template will create as a tool to be used in scheduling. Before module. It has an engine that uses the greedy algorithm for
creating the pre-scheduling template vector, the size of creating schedules and detecting conflicts.
time-slot-space may be initialized using the formula vector,
size = number of rooms * working days * working hours.
And getting the value of time-granules. Time-granules is
using for hashing the time-space-slot. If the assigned class
will consume 3hours duration then 3 time-space-slot of the
room will be occupied [5].

Published By:
Retrieval Number B1026078219/19©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1026.078219 1817 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2, July 2019

The algorithm mainly executes this sequence of processes;

selecting an available time, finding available room, and
looking for an appropriate faculty while considering different
constraints and preferences set by users (Kurniawane, 2015)
[9], [10].

C. Scheduling
In the most general terms, scheduling can be described
as the constrained allocation of resources to objects being
placed in space-time in order to minimize the total cost of a
set of the resources used.According to [11], poor scheduling
practices would cause double-assignations of lecturers,
prolonged postponement and cancellations of presentations
as well as an inefficient use of time and resources. This
method will follow pre-assigned logic rules and Algorithm to
fit the optimization criteria’s. The proposed system performs
satisfactorily in term of accuracy, data handling and
adaptability on helping the faculty to arrange presentations
more easily, and yield a reliable record and increase efficient
use of resources. This was the first paper to consider the now
well-known special relationship between the various
scheduling problems. With the help of the Gotlieb approach
(1963) both Becker (1964) and Baraclough (1965) simulated
their respective implementations with “hand” calculations.
Typically these papers were based on a heuristic approach. Fig. 2: Conceptual framework of the Project
Due to this work, many other papers followed which
A. Development Tools
discussed the problem but had very little new work in them
[11]. Traditional scheduling methods include bar charts that
Data Flow Diagramming was used to conceptualize the
have evolved from paper-based to computer-based whereas process flow of the system as presented in fig. 3. It has a
modern scheduling methods are those departed from the detailed presentation on the process flow of transactions from
traditional scheduling concepts (Hajdu, 2011). The examples the Registrar or College Secretary to the system and vice
of traditional methods are Gantt chart, CPM and PERT; versa. Also, shows the relationships of the modules and
whereas modern scheduling methods are LPS (Ballard, tables of the database. The hardware specifications used to
2000) and Critical chain project management (CCPM) develop the system’s interface are Intel Celeron N3050 Dual
(Goldratt and Cox, 1984) for instance [1].Scheduling, on the Core @ 1.6 GHz for processor, 4GB DDR3 for RAM, 500GB
other hand, was defined as logical sequencing of activities for HDD, Intel Graphics for GPU, Resolution of 1366 x 768,
which include its durations (Yang, 2007). This can only be and at least installed with Windows 10 operation system and
done after planning and it is usually were handled by the software used in the design of the interface are as follows
different people [1].  XAMPP 7.1.1 - The proponents used XAMPP to
manage database locally and local application-server of
III. METHODOLOGY the system during the duration of the development.
 MySQL 10.1 -The proponents use MySQL for creating
The phases of the Rapid Application Development (RAD) and managing the database and connects them to
Methodology were used as a guide of the researchers to software because of its quick processing, proven
develop the system prototype. The Conceptual Framework of reliability, ease and flexibility of use.
the study as presented in fig. 2 where it categorizes into three  Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP 7.1) The proponents use
satisfying the objectives of the project. The first operational PHP language to develop the system especially its
framework composed of the software methodology, software functionalities.
development tools, concepts of representation and fitness  Sublime Text 3 The proponent used this for creating the
methods; and hardware; the second operational framework is interface of the system and for creating a connection
the testing of the major functionalities using the output of the between the system and the server.
faculty need analysis, the data is used to simulate the  Emmet The proponent used this Sublime Text Editor
processes of generation of the schedule template and reports Plugin to code easily and accurately.
for faculty, rooms, laboratory and class schedules and; the  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS3) The proponents use
third operational framework illustrates how the system will this to add design flexibility and interactivity the system.
be evaluated using the ISO 9126 standards in terms of And also to have greater control over the layout to make
functionality and usability. precise section-wise changes.

Published By:
Retrieval Number B1026078219/19©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1026.078219 1818 & Sciences Publication
 Application of Representation and Fitness Method of Genetic Algorithm for Class Scheduling System

 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML5) is used by the breakdown of the respondents to evaluate is presented in
proponents as the building blocks in creating the Table 1.
interface of the system. HTML defines or describe the
content of the system. Table I: Number of Population
 Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) –The Respondent Quantity
proponents used AJAX to make the system very stable College Secretary 8
and do not crash easily. Even if the page is heavily University Registrar 2
loaded, the system runs smoothly until some external
IT Professionals 5
application interferes in its working like, some kind of
fictitious spam applications which gets attached to the TOTAL 15
system when hosted on the net.
 Bootstrap 4 The proponent used this CSS framework
for the front-end design of the system.
 JQuery 3.7 The proponent used this JS Library for both
front-end and back-end of the system and to simplified
the JavaScript code.
 DataTable 3.7 The proponent used the Plugin in
front-end design for tabulating the table element of the
system.
 SweetAlert The proponent used this Plugin in front-end Fig. 4: Operational Framework of the system evaluation
design to customized, animate the popup alert box of Fig. 4 shows the diagram of the operational framework
system. of objective 3 which the ISO 9126 Standard as an evaluation
 Code Igniter 3.1 The proponent used this PHP tool that was used and the Likert scale for the evaluation scale
Framework to develop projects much faster than writing and score. The proponent used the ISO 9126 Standard to
code in a scratch and by minimizing the amount of code achieved the functionality and usability of the system (1)
needed in a given task. Usability - ability of the software to be easily operated by a
given user in a given environment and learning effort for
different users, i.e. novice, expert, casual etc. and (2)
Functionality - a given software component or system does
not typically function in isolation. This sub characteristic
concerns the ability of a software component to interact with
other components or system. To provide analysis of the
evaluation the proponents used Likert scale to measure
the degree of the user’s perception on the functionalities
of the system in terms of its functionality and usability.
Table 2 present the grading scale point of Likert Scale
used in evaluating the system.

Table II: The five-point Likert Scale

Scal Range Qualitative Rating
e
5 4.30 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.50 – 4.20 Agree
3 2.70 – 3.40 Undecided
2 1.90 – 2.60 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree

IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

A. The class scheduling system using the representation

and fitness methods
Fig. 3: Data Flow Diagram of the Class Scheduling System
B. System Evaluation
To have a thoughtful evaluation of the system’s
functionalities both the university registrar and college
secretaries were mandated to evaluate the system. Also, for
validation and enhancement as per the design and logical
flow of the system, IT experts were also considered. The

Published By:
Retrieval Number B1026078219/19©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1026.078219 1819 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2, July 2019

Also, the fig. 6 describes the flow where the user can (1)
set schedule of the selected course class, (2) tooltip showing
instruction to help the user, (3) auto fill-up the scheduling
form, (4) pre-scheduling template navigation, (5)
pre-scheduling template previewing the actual schedule of
the selected item in the pre-scheduling template navigation,
(6) Pre-scheduling template action button with a different
specific function and (7) time-table scheduling button to
preview the faculty schedule of the selected course class
assigned faculty and class preview of time-table schedule.
Fig. 5: Main Page of the Class Scheduling system

Fig. 5 shows the Application of Genetic Algorithm using

Representation Method in Class Scheduling where the user
can do the following: (1) Navigate and redirect each system
functionality using the Navigation Drawer. In each item and
sub-item of navigation drawer, the user can preview the
dashboard status, manage or set-up where the user can do the
3 Phases Process of Class Scheduling, generate schedules
and import dataset or modify the dataset, import faculty and
subject using the system provided and generated Excel file
template and generate reports. (2) Breadcrumbs where the Fig. 7: Generation of Schedules
Fig. 7 shows the Scheduling Page of the system where the
user can easily navigate and redirect in each system function
user can (1) one-click generate schedule of major/minor
modules and sub-modules. (3) System Main Search Engine
subjects, (2) search or filter all the list of class in data table,
where the user can universally search for each system
(3) shows the remark of the scheduling status of the class and
features. (4) Logout button where the user can end-session.
clicking of green button to generate the major/minor course
(5) Navigation Drawer Trigger Button where the user can
class of the selected class and (4) redirect to the manual
close or open the Navigation Drawer. (6) Status Panel where
scheduling form.
the user can see the number of each secondary data of the
system. (7) Graphical Status where the user can see the C. Evaluation Results
number of each primary data of the system. (8) And User Log The researchers used the ISO 9126 Standard in evaluating
Activity Panel where the in-session user can see the log the application using the criteria functionality and usability
history of their transaction in the system. to measure if the system met all the requirements needed for
B. Functionalities of the system applying the each criterion. The system was evaluated by eight (8) college
representation and fitness methods secretaries, five (5) IT experts, and two (2) staffs from the
registrar’s office. As presented in Table 3, the respondents
Fig. 6 shows the scheduling form/template of the system
as the output of using the representation and fitness methods. rated 4.57 which has an equivalent qualitative rating of
The process of generating the template was made possible strongly agree under the functionality criterion which
through using the Equations (1), (2) and (3) of the implies that The system can do the three phases/process of
representation and fitness methods that were presented in the class scheduling, can generate schedules accurately in
previous section of this paper. The equations are responsible minimal or lessen conflicts of class, faculty and rooms
for computing the number of slots available in every schedules and has strong security that keeps the data safe
template, identifying available time, rooms and faculty in from intruders/attackers and unauthorized user. For the
plotting schedule of subjects and generating soft copy output usability criteria the respondents rated 4.73 which has an
of the generated class schedules. equivalent rating of strongly agree which means that the
System design (UI and UX) suits its functionality, has a
tooltip and instruction panel to guide the user on how the
functional features work and can be used in any platform/
devices that have a browser supporting JavaScript.
Table III. Evaluation Summary
CRITERIA MEAN QUALITATIVE
VALUE RATING
Functionality 4.57 Strongly Agree
Usability 4.73 Strongly Agree
Grand Mean 4.65 Strongly Agree
Fig. 6: Generation of Scheduling Template using
Representation and Fitness Methods

Published By:
Retrieval Number B1026078219/19©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1026.078219 1820 & Sciences Publication
 Application of Representation and Fitness Method of Genetic Algorithm for Class Scheduling System

The evaluation summary obtained using the ISO 9126 REFERENCES

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schedules, as shown in figure 7. 11. Cut Fiarnia , Arief Samuel Gunawanb , Rickyc , Herastia Maharanid ,
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The conclusion confirms that the objectives were met. And AUTHORS PROFILE
for the following recommendation given for the future Freddie Rick E. Labuanan, is currently a 4th-year student taking a degree
studies: course of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology at the College of
Computing Studies, Information and Communication Technology
1. Include the Individual Student Schedules base on the (CCSICT) of Isabela State University.
course class enrolled.
2. Improve and reformulate the Fitness Function Method Sheena-Jean E. Tapaoan, is currently a 4th-year student taking a degree
course of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology at the College of
for the Generation of Irregular Student Schedules and Computing Studies, Information and Communication Technology (CCSICT)
Campus Extension Schedules. of Isabela State University.
3. Drag and Drop Scheduling for the Manual Scheduling
Ricardo Q. Camungao, currently holds a rank of Associate Professor III
features. and designated as the Dean of the College of Computing Studies, Information
4. Include the other data components of the Generation of and Communication Technology (CCSICT) of Isabela State University,
Faculty Workload. finished his Doctor in Information Technology on April 10, 2017 at
Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines and
5. Include the other indicators of the ISO 9126 Standard finished his MSIT degree at University of La Salette, Santiago City, Philippines
in the year 2004. He obtained her Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGMENT degree at the University of Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
in the year 2001. He started his teaching profession in the year 2002 at Institute
We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Ricardo of Information and Communication Technology at Isabela State University,
Echague, Isabela now known as the College of Computing Studies, Information
Q. Camungao, DIT our Adviser and Co-Author of this Paper, and Communication Technology (CCSICT). He was designated as the Campus
Dr. Joe G. Lagarteja, DIT our Content Panel, Ms. Renalyn G. Director for Socio-Cultural (2014-2015), Program Chair of the BSIT for four
Tecson, MSIT our Technical Panel and Dr. Christine years (2010-2014) and has been extensively involved in Research and
Extension of the Institute. He has been tapped by various agencies to perform
Charmaine G. San Jose, DIT our Panel Chair and Subject Job relevant to her field of specialization. He is a member of the Philippine
Adviser during the Capstone days for their patience Society of IT Educators (PSITE), Philippine Computer Society (PCS) and
(PSSUCES). His field of interest includes information system and data mining
guidance, shared knowledge, advice and assistance in
keeping our progress, enthusiastic encouragement and useful
critiques of this research work. We would also like to extend
our thanks to all of our friends and classmate who shared
their extra knowledge and lend their skills for the
development of the project. We wish to thank our parents for
their support and encouragement throughout our study.

Published By:
Retrieval Number B1026078219/19©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1026.078219 1821 & Sciences Publication
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