Ideal Diode Model

• If a negative voltage applied

• No current flows
• Behaves as an open circuit
• Reverse biased
• OFF mode
• If a positive current applied
• Zero voltage drop
• Behaves as a short circuit
• Forward biased
• ON mode
 Ideal Diode Model
𝑣 > 0 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝐷

• INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS
• If a=15 V
• ‘c’ cannot be less than 15 V
• Assume that upper diode is forward biased and
c=15 V
• If b=0 V a b c d
• ‘d’ cannot be greater than 0 V 0V 0V 0V
• Assume that lower diode is forward biased and
d=0 V 0V 15 V
15 V 0V 15 V 0V
15 V 15 V 15 V
 𝑣 > 0 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝐷
Ideal Diode Model
𝑖2
𝑖4
𝑖1 𝑖5 =0
• For the case of a=0 V and b=0 V 0𝑉 0𝑉 0𝑉 7.5 𝑉
• According to initial assumptions
• Lower diode is forward biased and d=0 V
𝑖3 = 0 𝑖4
• First assumption 0𝑉 0𝑉 0𝑉 0𝑉
• Upper diode is forward biased and c= 0 V
0𝑉−0𝑉
• 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 ≠ 𝑖3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖3 = =0
𝑅 𝑖4 𝑖6 = 0
• WRONG ASSUMPTION!
• Second assumption
• Upper diode is reverse biased
• Upper diode behaves as open circuit
• Conducting path from 15 V supply to ‘b’ node
• CORRECT ASSUMPTION!
𝑅
• 𝑐= ∗ 15 = 7.5 𝑉
2𝑅
 𝑣 > 0 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝐷
Ideal Diode Model
𝑖2
𝑖6
𝑖1
• For the case of a=0 V and b=15 V 0𝑉 0𝑉 0𝑉 𝑖5 = 0 10 𝑉
• First assumption
• Assume that upper diode is forward biased and 𝑖3
lower diode is reverse biased 𝑖6
15 𝑉 15 𝑉 5𝑉
• 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 ≠ 𝑖3 𝑖1 > 0 𝑖2 > 0
0𝑉−0𝑉
• 𝑖3 = =0
𝑅+𝑅
• WRONG ASSUMPTION! 𝑖0 =0 𝑖4 =0 𝑖6
• Second assumption
• Assume that both diodes are reverse biased
• Both diodes behave as open circuit
• Conducting path from 15 V supply to ground(0V)
• CORRECT ASSUMPTION!
𝑅 2𝑅
• 𝑑 = 3𝑅 ∗ 15 = 5 𝑉 𝑐 = 3𝑅 ∗ 15 = 10 𝑉
 𝑣 > 0 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝐷
Ideal Diode Model
𝑖2 = 0
𝑖1
15 𝑉 15 𝑉
• For the case of a=15 V and b=0 V
• According to the initial assumptions 𝑖1 𝑖1
• Both diodes are forward biased 0𝑉 0𝑉
• Conducting path from ‘a’ node to ‘b’ node
• CORRECT ASSUMPTION! 𝑖3 = 0
 𝑣 > 0 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝐷
Ideal Diode Model
𝑖2 = 0
𝑖6 = 0
𝑖1 > 0
• For the case of a=15 V and b=15 V 15 𝑉 15 𝑉 15 𝑉 𝑖5 15 𝑉
• According to the initial assumptions
• Upper diode is forward biased (c=15 V) 𝑖3 = 0 𝑖5
15 𝑉 15 𝑉 15 𝑉 7.5 𝑉
• First assumption
• Lower diode is forward biased (d=15 V)
• 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 ≠ 𝑖3 𝑖4 =0 𝑖5
• WRONG ASSUMPTION!
• Second assumption
• Lower diode is reverse biased
• Conducting path from ‘a’ node to ground
• CORRECT ASSUMPTION!
𝑅
• 𝑑= ∗ 15 = 7.5 𝑉
2𝑅
 Ideal Diode Model

𝑣 > 0 𝐼𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝐷

• A=0 V B=0 V
• The upper diode is reverse biased (OFF)
• The lower diode is forward biased (0N)

• A=0 V B=15 V a b c d
• Both diodes are reverse biased 0V 0V 7.5 V 0V
• A=15 V B=0 V 0V 15 V 10 V 5V
• Both diodes are forward biased
15 V 0V 15 V 0V
• A=15 V B=15 V
• The upper diode is forward biased 15 V 15 V 15 V 7.5 V
• The lower diode is reverse biased
 Exponential Diode
Model 𝑣
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 𝑉𝑇

• The most accurate model

• Exponential relationship
• Difficult to use
• 𝐼𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
 Exponential Model
𝑉𝐷
(𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 ) +
𝑉3
• 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 𝑉 = 1356.6 𝑚𝑉
10 𝑚𝐴
• 𝐼𝐷1 + 𝐼𝐷2 = 10 𝑚𝐴 −
𝑉1 𝑉2
+ +
• 𝐼𝑜1 𝑒 + 𝐼𝑜2 𝑒
𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇 = 10 𝑚𝐴
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2
• 2𝐼𝑜2 𝑒 + 𝐼𝑜2 𝑒
𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇 = 3𝐼𝑜2 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 10 𝑚𝐴
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑉3 𝑉3
2
• 𝐼𝐷3 = 𝐼𝑜3 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑜2 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 10 𝑚𝐴
3
𝑉2
2
𝑉3 − −
• 3𝐼𝑜2 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼 𝑒 𝑉𝑇
3 𝑜2
𝑉3
9 𝑒 𝑉𝑇
• = 𝑉2 = 𝑒 (𝑉3 −𝑉2 )/𝑉𝑇
2
𝑉
𝑒 𝑇
 Find diode voltages.
+
𝑉3
𝑉3 −𝑉2 9
• = ln 10 𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝑇 2
−
𝑘𝑇
• 𝑉𝑇 = = 27.6 𝑚𝑉 @ 𝑇 = 320 𝐾 + +
𝑞
• 𝑉3 − 𝑉2 = 41.5 𝑚𝑉
𝑉1 𝑉2
• 𝑉3 + 𝑉2 = 1356.6 𝑚𝑉
• 𝑉3 = 0.699 𝑉 ≅ 0.7 𝑉 − −
• 𝑉2 = 0.657 𝑉 ≅ 0.65 𝑉
• 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
 Find diode currents.
+
𝑉3
𝑉3
• 𝐼𝑜3 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 10 𝑚𝐴 10 𝑚𝐴
−
• 𝐼𝑜3 = 9.66 ∗ 10−14 𝐴 + +
• 𝐼𝑜1 = 3𝐼𝑜3 = 2.9 ∗ 10−13 𝐴
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉2
• 𝐼𝐷1 = 𝐼𝑜1 𝑒 𝑉𝑇
= 6.67 𝑚𝐴
3
• 𝐼𝑜2 = 2 𝐼𝑜3 = 1.45 ∗ 10−13 𝐴 − −
𝑉2
• 𝐼𝐷2 = 𝐼𝑜2 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 3.33 𝑚𝐴
 Remove D2 from the 𝐼𝑜1 = 3𝐼𝑜3

circuit. Apply 1.4 V.

• 𝐼𝐷3 = 𝐼𝐷1
𝑉3 𝑉1
• 𝐼𝑜3 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑜1 𝑒 𝑉𝑇
𝑉3 𝑉1
• 𝐼𝑜3 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 = 3𝐼𝑜3 𝑒 𝑉𝑇

• 3 = 𝑒 (𝑉3−𝑉1)/𝑉𝑇
• 𝑉3 − 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛3 = 30.43 𝑚𝑉
• 𝑉3 + 𝑉1 = 1.4 𝑉
• 𝑉3 = 0.715 𝑉 𝑉1 = 0.685 𝑉
𝑉1
• 𝐼𝐷1 = 𝐼𝑜1 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 ≅ 43 𝑚𝐴
𝑉3
• 𝐼𝐷3 = 𝐼𝑜3 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 ≅ 43 𝑚𝐴
Calculate the current of diode. Use constant voltage drop model.
𝑉𝑍 = 10 𝑉, 𝑉𝐷,𝑜𝑛 = 0.7 𝑉, 𝑉𝑖 = 24 𝑉
Assume that 𝑖𝐷 = 0
0V

𝑉𝑍 = 10 𝑉, 𝑉𝐷,𝑜𝑛 = 0.7 𝑉, 𝑉𝑖 = 24 𝑉
• Forward voltage on the zener diode : 0 − 𝑉𝐿 =
− 𝑉𝐿 Constant
forward
• Assume that −10 𝑉 < −𝑉𝐿 < 0.7 𝑉, 𝑖𝐷 = 0 voltage

• 10 𝑉 > 𝑉𝐿 > (− 0.7 𝑉), 𝑖𝐷 = 0 𝑉𝑧

−10 𝑉
• 𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝐷,𝑜𝑛
5𝑘 0.7 𝑉
• 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑥 24 𝑉 = 20 𝑉
5𝑘+1𝑘 Constant
zener
• 𝑉𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 breakdown
voltage
• Then, the assumption is wrong.
Exponential model Constant voltage
i-v characteristic drop model
i-v characteristic
 𝑖1𝑘Ω 𝑖5𝑘Ω
𝑖𝑍
Assume that it works
at zener breakdown
voltage 𝑉𝑍 = 10 𝑉, 𝑉𝐷,𝑜𝑛 = 0.7 𝑉,
0V

𝑉𝑖 = 24 𝑉
24 𝑉 −10 𝑉
• 𝑖1𝑘Ω = = 14 𝑚𝐴 Constant
1𝑘Ω
forward
10 𝑉
• 𝑖5𝑘Ω = = 2 𝑚𝐴 voltage
5𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑧
• 𝑖𝑍 = 𝑖1𝑘Ω − 𝑖5𝑘Ω = 12 𝑚𝐴 −10 𝑉
𝑉𝐷,𝑜𝑛
• The current flows in reversed direction. 0.7 𝑉
• From cathode to anode Constant
zener
• The assumption is correct! breakdown
voltage

Exponential model Constant voltage

i-v characteristic drop model
i-v characteristic
What are the peak voltage values of 𝑣𝑜 ? 𝑉1 = 5.7 𝑉.

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑑 = 0 𝑉 .

• Positive voltage is not allowed in ideal
diode model
• 𝐼𝑓 𝑣𝑖 > −5.7 𝑉,
• The diode is reverse biased
• No current conduction
𝑣𝑖 −𝑣𝑜
• 𝑖= = 0, 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑜
1𝑘

• 𝐼𝑓 𝑣𝑖 ≤ −5.7 𝑉,
• The diode is forward biased
• Voltage drop across the diode is zero
• −5.7 − 𝑣𝑜 = 0, 𝑣𝑜 = −5.7 𝑉
Ideal diode model
i-v characteristic
 Input Voltage
Peak voltage values
of 𝑣𝑜
• Positive voltage is not allowed in ideal
diode model
• 𝐼𝑓 𝑣𝑖 > −5.7 𝑉, Output Voltage
• The diode is reverse biased
• No current conduction
• 𝑖=
𝑣𝑖 −𝑣𝑜
= 0, 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑜 Max=16 V Min=-5.7 V
1𝑘

• 𝐼𝑓 𝑣𝑖 ≤ −5.7 𝑉,
• The diode is forward biased
• Voltage drop across the diode is zero
• −5.7 − 𝑣𝑜 = 0, 𝑣𝑜 = −5.7 𝑉