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EC1 Ch1

Chapter 1 covers fundamental concepts in electricity, including SI units, electric charge, current, voltage, power, and energy. It introduces circuit elements such as dependent and independent sources and emphasizes the passive sign convention. The chapter also includes examples to illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

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11 views22 pages

EC1 Ch1

Chapter 1 covers fundamental concepts in electricity, including SI units, electric charge, current, voltage, power, and energy. It introduces circuit elements such as dependent and independent sources and emphasizes the passive sign convention. The chapter also includes examples to illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

Uploaded by

ekang64900
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Basic Concepts

1
Chapter Objectives

• Understand the basic SI units and SI prefixes


• Learn about the concepts of charge, current, and voltage
• Learn about power and energy
• Become familiar with the passive sign convention
• Learn about the circuit elements including dependent and
independent sources
• Apply what is learned to electricity bills

2
Basic Concepts - Chapter 1

1.1 Systems of Units.


1.2 Electric Charge.
1.3 Current.
1.4 Voltage.
1.5 Power and Energy.
1.6 Circuit Elements.

3
1.1 System of Units
Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd

4
1.1 System of Units
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

Decimal multiples and


submultiples of SI units 5
1.2 Electric Charges

• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of


which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).

• The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in


magnitude to 1.602  10-19 C which is called as electronic
charge. The charges that occur in nature are integral
multiples of the electronic charge.

6
• Electrical effects are due to
– Separation of charge ➔ electric force (voltage)
– Charges in motion ➔ electric flow (current)
• Macroscopically, most matter is electrically neutral most of
the time.
– Exceptions: clouds in a thunderstorm, people on carpets in dry
weather, plates of a charged capacitor, etc
• Microscopically, matter is full of electric charges
– Electric charge exists in discrete quantities, integral multiples of the
electric charge -1.6E-19 Coulomb

7
1.3 Current

• Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of ampere can be


derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
• A direct current (dc) is a current that remains
constant with time.
• An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time. (reverse direction)

8
1.3 Current

• The direction of current flow

Positive ions Negative ions

9
Example 1.1
How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

10
Example 1.2
The total charge entering a terminal is given by 𝑞 = 5𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋 𝑚𝐶.
Calculate the current at t = 0.5 s.

11
Example 1.3
Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t = 1 s
and t = 2 s if the current passing the terminal is 𝑖 = 3𝑡 2 − 𝑡 𝐴.

12
1.4 Voltage

13
1.5 Power and Energy
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
• Mathematical expression: p= =  = vi
dt dq dt
i i
+ +

v v
– Passive sign convention –
P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
14
1.5 Power and Energy

• The law of conservation of energy

p=0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

• Mathematical expression t t
w =  pdt =  vidt
t0 t0

15
Example 1.4
An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to
flow through a light bulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light
and heat energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.

16
Example 1.5
Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current
entering its positive terminal is
𝑖 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝜋𝑡 𝐴
And the voltage is: (a) v = 3i, (b) v = 3di/dt.

17
Example 1.6
How much energy does a 1000-W electric bulb consume in two
hours?

18
1.6 Circuit Elements
Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active


element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

• They have four different types: VCVS,


CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
sources sources 19
1.6 Circuit Elements
Example 2

Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1.1P for i2 = 1A.

Figure 2.1.1P

20
1.6 Circuit Elements

Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent 10-V source


and the current-dependent voltage source vx.

Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control current carries


the units Ω.

Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V

21
Example 1.7
Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element.

22

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