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Oreferencing

The document provides a detailed guide on georeferencing raster data using ArcMap, emphasizing the importance of aligning images with geographic coordinates for analysis. It outlines the steps to add control points based on latitude and longitude, assess RMS error, and save the georeferenced data. The process involves using the Georeferencing toolbar and ensuring that the RMS error is minimized for accurate results.

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Ankit Kumar Shah
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19 views3 pages

Oreferencing

The document provides a detailed guide on georeferencing raster data using ArcMap, emphasizing the importance of aligning images with geographic coordinates for analysis. It outlines the steps to add control points based on latitude and longitude, assess RMS error, and save the georeferenced data. The process involves using the Georeferencing toolbar and ensuring that the RMS error is minimized for accurate results.

Uploaded by

Ankit Kumar Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Training on Geographic Information System

Department of Electricity Development


Georeferencing

Georeferencing is the process of defining how raster data (for example, an image) are situated in “real
world” map coordinates. Georeferencing a raster is important because it allows the image to be
viewed, queried, and analyzed along with other geographic data.

How it Works:

Images or rasters (such as TIFF, JPEG and GIFF files) are comprised of pixels laid out in rows and
columns, with the image's origin in the upper left-hand corner. Raw images or rasters do not have
georeferencing information. To register these files you must align the image with existing referenced
data by matching up the data using known Control Points.

Getting Started:

1. Start ArcMap . When


ArcMap opens, click
Cancel in the Getting
Started window that
appears.
2. Click the Add Data
and navigate to the D:\
Training\
02.Georeferencing. Select
2785 06A Kathmandau, a
topomap and click Add.
3. Click OK for the warning
Unknown Spatial
Reference

4. Right Click Layers and Click Properties.

Organized by ADMC Engineering Pvt. Ltd.


Training on Geographic Information System
Department of Electricity Development

5. On the Data Frame Properties > Coordinate System tab, Select MUTM_84 under Favorites
button.

Georeferencing an Image:

Now we are going to assign the control points in 2785 06A Kathmandau.jpg based on the latitude
and longitude information provided in the topomap. In this case, the latitude and longitude value
mentioned in the topomap will act as the reference data that will be used to georeference the 2785
06A Kathmandau.jpg layer.

6. Right click on 2785 06A Kathmandau.jpg file in the table of contents and select Zoom to Layer.
7. In order to georeference the image, you must first activate the Georeferencing toolbar. From the
Customize menu select Toolbars and then check Georeferencing.

8. Select the Georeferencing drop down menu and make sure


that the Auto Adjust is deactivated. If there is a check mark
next to it, click on it to remove it. This prevents the image from
adjusting automatically after each link is created.
9. Right click on the 2785 06A Kathmandau.jpg layer and select
Zoom to Raster Resolution. Now look for the 4-6 latitude and
longitude values distributed throughout the image. These
values will serve as the control points. Use the Zoom tool
to zoom in on the desired point or location with latitude and
longitude value.

Organized by ADMC Engineering Pvt. Ltd.


Training on Geographic Information System
Department of Electricity Development
Adding Control Points

10. From the Georeferencing toolbar select Add Control Points


icon . Click on the desired point or location and then right
click.

11. Click Input X and Y. Next, enter latitude and longitude


value for the point or location. Note: enter the latitude
value in Y and longitude value in X. Click OK.
12. Zoom back to the 2785 06A Kathmandau.jpg later and
repeat the steps 8-9 for the remaining 4-5 points.

Assessing RMS Error

Note: Ideally you should keep your RMS level below 1 pixel, but frequently this will be impossible.
There are times when a high RMS error is unavoidable; however, it is important keep it as low as
possible.

1. Click on the View Link Table icon . This table will display the coordinates of the links you
created.
2. Click the Auto Adjust box in the lower left hand corner of the Link Table. This will
automatically calculate the residual error for each link as well as the Total RMS error.

The links will be numbered in the order that you created them, so they will correspond with the text on
your map. Should the residual error of any point look particularly large, delete that point by clicking on
it in the Link Table to highlight it and then click the delete button.

Play with the number and positioning of the control points on your own in an effort to reduce the
residual and RMS error.

Note: Adding more control points will not necessarily correlate to a more successful georeferencing.

Saving Georeferenced Data

Click Rectify option from the Georeferencing drop down menu. Rectifying your data creates a new
raster dataset in either ESRI GRID, TIFF, or ERDAS IMAGINE format.

Saving Map Document

Save the project as Georeferencing.mxd.

Organized by ADMC Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

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