Information Sheet: Drafting rss

Introduction in Drafting
Learning Outcomes:
 Identify the different tools and materials in drafting.
 Use appropriates the different measuring tools in drafting.
 Signify the importance of drafting in electricity.
 Classify the different alphabet of lines and its uses in drawing.

Introduction
In our home we can see a lot of manufactured materials, appliances and many
more. All of this was plan and prepare with the different ideas, thought and knowledge
of people. In order for idea to become a product, the person who thought of the idea
needs to share or communicate it with others to have very creative ideas or just simple
one the communication of these ideas is what drafting all about.
Drafting is a graphic language that is concerned with the preparation and
construction of drawings needed to develop and manufacture products etc. around the
world people use drafting to pass along information, to instruct, to give directions, and to
record their ideas.
In electricity well planned lay out is a must so with the use of drafting merging of
ideas, building of thoughts and planning of diagram becomes more easy and effective to
do.
Drafting is the process of representing an object or idea by means of lines.
Drafting common tools and materials
 Pencil
 One of the draftsman’s most important tools.
 They come in different grades of hardness indicated by numbers and
letters
(Hardest).... 9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B …..
(Softest)
Measurement Instrument
 Triangles
 Used to drawing vertical and oblique lines.
 It can be 30 x 60 Triangles or 45 x 90 Triangles.
 Protractor
 Used for measuring and laying out arcs of circles as well as angles that
cannot be measured by either of the triangles.
 French curve
 A curved ruler (called irregular curve) used to draw curves except
circles and arcs.
 Compass
 Used to draw drawing arcs and circles
 T – Square
 It is used for drawing lines and serves as guide for triangles when
drawing other kinds of lines.

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 Divider
 It is used for dividing lines into any number of equal parts and
transferring measurements and spacing points or lines.
 Ruler

a straight strip or cylinder of plastic, wood, metal, or other rigid
material, typically marked at regular intervals, to draw straight lines or
measure distances
Types of measurement
 English System – originated in England ex:
• Inches
• Feet/Foot
• Yards
 Metric System – known as SI (system international)
• Meter
• Decimeter
• Centimeter
• Kilometer

English Measurement Reading

Lettering
- The act, process, or art of forming letter like inscribed.

Three Basic Classifications of Letters

Roman – all the letters having strokes “accented” or made up of thick and thin
elements.
Gothic – all letters composed of uniform width elements.
Italic Letter – all slanting or inclined letters are classified as italic styles.

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Alphabet of lines
“Alphabet of Lines" is a list of line symbols that are used on technical drawings to
represent the shape and describe the size of an object. Drawing or sketching is a
universal language used to convey all necessary information to the individual who will
fabricate or assemble an object.

Alphabet of lines
1. OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINES – Thick dark line use to show outline of object, visible
edges and surfaces.
2. HIDDEN LINE OR INVISIBLE LINE - used to represent the hidden edges of an
object, it is made up of short dashes
3. CENTER LINE – used to indicate the lightest or finest line in the drawing used to
show the center of the object.
4. CUTTING PLANE LINE – consist of long and short dasher to indicate the cut view of
the object.
5. DIMENSION LINE – used to indicate the measurement of the object. EXTENSION
LINE - A line connect the ends of a dimension line to the relevant feature on the part.
6. LEADER LINE – a fine broken line with an arrowhead at one end used for indicating
the measurement and name of a part.

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7. REFERENCE LINE – an irregular curve line with an arrowhead at one end used to
label the parts of the object.
8. LONG BREAK LINE – a limiting line used to limit the length of an elongated object so
that it can be shown without changing the size of its view.
9. SHORT BREAK LINE – is similar use with long break line, to limit the length of the
cylindrical object.
10. SECTION LINE – one of a series of parallel lines indicating a cut surface in a
mechanical or architectural drawing
11. PHANTOM LINE – Lines that are made visible as dots or dashes to reveal the
edges of objects currently hidden from view
12. Border Line: Lines around the outside of a drawing, like a picture frame, that
defines the mechanical drawing.

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 Information Sheet: Drafting rss

Isometric Drawing
Learning Outcomes:
 Draw free hand isometric box.
 Use properly the different drafting tools.
 Illustrate different isometric figures.
 Identify the importance of isometric drawing.

Unlocking of Term

1. Free hand Drawing - A kind of drawing drawn without the aid of drafting devices.
2. Assemble Drawing - These drawings list all parts and sub-assemblies that make
the final product.
3. Perspective drawing – it is a drawing technique used to illustrate dimension
through a flat surface. There are many forms used under perspective drawing
such as, one perspective, two-point perspective, three-point perspective, bird’s
eye view, worm’s eye view and others.
4. Detail drawing – it is the most important drawing in your fabrication work. A detail
drawing gives all the dimensions, fabrication methods and types of materials
required to manufacture the article.
5. Orthographic Drawing - orthographic is one way to describe a three dimensional
object in two-dimensional space. Typically an orthographic will have the top, side
and front views of an object drawn together with some kind of scale.

Introduction

Isometric box is the most important part in making any isometric drawing. If word
is important to a poet and writer, algorithmic formula is synonymous to a mathematician,
pencils is necessary thing of the draftsman, similarly drawing is the heart artist’s and
designer’s expression, a drawing can comprise of a sketch, plan, design, graphic
representation, etc. with the help of pens, pencils, or crayons, depending upon its
nature and purpose. Given here are different kinds of drawings that one can take up
and excel in.
Figure 1

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Isometric Drawing

The representation of the object in figure 2 is called an isometric drawing. This is

one of a family of three-dimensional views called pictorial drawings. In an isometric
drawing, the object's vertical lines are drawn vertically, and the horizontal lines in the
width and depth planes are shown at 30 degrees to the horizontal. When drawn under
these guidelines, the lines parallel to these three axes are at their true (scale) lengths.
Lines that are not parallel to these axes will not be of their true length.

Figure 2

Any engineering drawing should show everything: a complete understanding of

the object should be possible from the drawing. If the isometric drawing can show all
details and all dimensions on one drawing, it is ideal. One can pack a great deal of
information into an isometric drawing. However, if the object in figure 2 had a hole on
the back side, it would not be visible using a single isometric drawing. In order to get a
more complete view of the object, an orthographic projection may be used.

Steps in making Isometric Box

When drafting objects freehand, care must be taken to draw accurately and
neatly. Therefore, all lines should be drawn as a single line does not shade any line.
Isometric box will serve as your guidelines that are why the line should sketch not too
lightly.

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Here is the basic procedure for making isometric box.

Example Figure

Step 1: Draw a box based on the measurement or proportion of the object you wish to
draw (drafting tools needed triangle with 30 x 60 x 45 degrees, a ruler and pencils).

Step 2: Look at the front side of the object. Imagine the side touches the outside of the
box then draw the surface on your box using drawing lines.

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Step 3. Look at the top side view of the object. Imagine the side touches the outside of
the box then draw the surface on your box using drawing lines.

Step 4. Look at the right side view of the object. Imagine the side touches the outside of
the box then draw the surface on your box using drawing lines.

Step 5. Complete the box by drawing in the “third lines”. You may wish to draw
construction lines then neatly cover the construction lines with drawing lines.

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Orthographic Drawing
Learning Outcome:
 Draw the different figure of orthographic drawing.
 Use properly the different drafting devices.
 Illustrate isometric view from the given orthographic drawing.
 Identify the importance of orthographic drawing.

Introduction
Orthographic drawing is also known as the multi-view drawing.
Recall the figure of a machine block example in isometric drawing because in
orthographic drawing it will just describe the three dimensional view of the isometric
drawing. Imagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside a
glass box, as in figure 1.
Figure 1

Then draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction. Unfold the box
(figure 2) and you have the three views. We call this an "orthographic" or "multi-view"
drawing.
Figure 2 – Imagine that you cut the view

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Figure 3 shows how the three views appear on a piece of paper after unfolding the box.

Figure 3 – A multiview drawing and its explanation

Which views should one choose for a multi view drawing? the views that reveal
every detail about the object. Three views are not always necessary; we need only as
many views as are required to describe the object fully. For example, some objects
need only two views, while others need four. The circular object in figure 4 requires only
two views.

Figure 4 - An object needing only two orthogonal views

Dimensioning
Figure 5 – Putting a label of measurement

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 Information Sheet: Drafting rss

We have "dimensioned" the object in the isometric drawing in figure 5. As a

general guideline to dimensioning, try to think that you would make an object and
dimension it in the most useful way. Put in exactly as many dimensions as are
necessary for the craftsperson to make it -no more, no less. Do not put in redundant
dimensions. Not only will these clutter the drawing, but if "tolerances" or accuracy levels
have been included, the redundant dimensions often lead to conflicts when the
tolerance allowances can be added in different ways.

Repeatedly measuring from one point to another will lead to inaccuracies. It is

often better to measure from one end to various points. This gives the dimensions a
reference standard. It is helpful to choose the placement of the dimension in the order in
which a machinist would create the part. This convention may take some experience.

Examples of Isometric Drawing

Example of Orthographic Drawing

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 Information Sheet: Drafting rss

Electrical and Electronics Symbol

Learning Outcome:
 Identify “Common Electrical and Electronics Symbols” in electrical installation.
 Illustrate “Common Electrical and Electronics Symbols”.
 Observe the importance of “Common Electrical and Electronics Symbols” in
electrical installation.

Introduction
Most of the electrical symbols used on blueprints/Electrical Plan have become
standard, the symbol that show below are the common electrical symbol must the
electrician known however every engineering office uses their own set of symbols to
describe the connection of the circuit.
Wire Symbols Resistor Symbols

Electrical Wire

Connected Wires

Not Connected
Wires

Ground Symbols

Earth Ground

Chassis Ground

Digital / Common
Ground

Resistor (IEEE)

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Resistor (IEC)

Potentiometer
(IEEE)

Potentiometer (IEC)

Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEEE)

Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEC)

Trimmer Resistor

Thermistor

Photo resistor / Light

dependent resistor
(LDR)

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Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols

short circuit
SPST Disconnects Capacitor with AC and open
Toggle current when circuit with DC.
Switch open
Polarized Electrolytic
SPDT Capacitor capacitor
Selects between
Toggle
two connections
Switch

Polarized Electrolytic
Pushbutton Momentary
Capacitor capacitor
Switch switch - normally
(N.O) open

Pushbutton Momentary Variable Adjustable

Switch switch - normally Capacitor capacitance
(N.C) closed

DIP switch is
used for on Inductor Symbols
DIP Switch
board
configuration Coil / solenoid that
Inductor generates
magnetic field
SPST Relay
Relay open /
close connection
by an Iron Core
Includes iron
electromagnet Inductor
SPDT Relay

Variable
Close connection Inductor
Jumper by jumper
insertion on pins.

Meter Symbols (Measuring Symbols)

Solder Solder to close
Bridge connection Measures
voltage. Has very
Voltmeter high resistance.
Connected in
Capacitor Symbols parallel.
Capacitor Capacitor is used
Measures electric
to store electric
current. Has near
charge. It acts as
Ammeter zero resistance.
Connected
serially.

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Information Sheet: Basic Drafting (Electricity)

Measures Generates
Ohmmeter Battery Cell
resistance constant voltage

Generates
Measures electric Battery
Wattmeter constant voltage
power

Generates
voltage as a
Light Bulb Symbols Controlled
function of
Voltage
voltage or current
Source
of other circuit
Lamp / element.
light bulb
Generates light Generates current
when current flows Controlled as a function of
through Current voltage or current
Lamp / Source of other circuit
light bulb element.

Diode / LED Symbols

Lamp /
light bulb Diode allows
current flow in
Diode
one direction only
Power Supply Symbols (left to right).
Allows current
Voltage Generates flow in one
Source constant voltage direction, but also
Zener can flow in the
Diode reverse direction
when above
Current Generates breakdown
Source constant current. voltage

Schottky diode is
Schottky
a diode with low
AC Voltage AC voltage Diode
voltage drop
Source source

Varactor / Variable
Electrical voltage Varicap capacitance
is generated by Diode diode
Generator mechanical
rotation of the
generator

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Information Sheet: Basic Drafting (Electricity)

Tunnel P-channel
PMOS
Diode MOSFET
Transistor
transistor

Light
LED emits light
Emitting Antenna Symbols
when current
Diode
flows through
(LED)
Antenna /
Photodiode aerial
allows current Transmits &
Photodiode receives radio
flow when
exposed to light waves
Antenna /
aerial
Transistor Symbols
Allows current Dipole Two wires simple
NPN
flow when high Antenna antenna
Bipolar
potential at base
Transistor
(middle)
Allows current Logic Gates Symbols
PNP
flow when low
Bipolar
potential at base
Transistor NOT Gate Outputs 1
(middle)
(Inverter) when input is 0
Made from 2
bipolar Outputs 1
Darlington transistors. Has AND Gate when both
Transistor total gain of the inputs are 1.
product of each
gain. Outputs 0
when both
NAND Gate
inputs are 1.
JFET-N N-channel field (NOT + AND)
Transistor effect transistor
Outputs 1
OR Gate when any input
is 1.
JFET-P P-channel field
Transistor effect transistor Outputs 0
when any input
NOR Gate
is 1. (NOT +
N-channel OR)
NMOS
MOSFET
Transistor Outputs 1
transistor
when inputs
XOR Gate
are different.
(Exclusive OR)

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Information Sheet: Basic Drafting (Electricity)

Stores one bit

D Flip-Flop Bus
of data
Contains
several
Multiplexer / wires.
Bus
Mux 2 to 1 Connects the Usually for
output data /
to selected address.
Multiplexer / input line.
Bus
Mux 4 to 1

Connects Optocoupl
Demultiplexer / selected output Optocoupler er isolates
Demux 1 to 4 to the input / Opto- connection
line. isolator to other
board
Electrical Equipment Symbols Converts
electrical
Loudspeaker signal to
Electric
Motor sound
motor
waves

Change Converts
AC voltage sound
from high Microphone waves to
Transformer electrical
to low or
low to signal
high.
Amplify
Operational
Rings input
Amplifier
Electric bell when signal
activated
Operates
Produce with
Schmitt
Buzzer buzzing hysteresis
Trigger
sound to reduce
noise.
The fuse
disconnect Converts
Fuse Analog-to-
s when analog
digital
current signal to
converter
above digital
(ADC)
threshold. numbers
Used to Converts
Fuse protect Digital-to-
digital
circuit from Analog
numbers
high converter
to analog
currents. (DAC)
signal

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Information Sheet: Basic Drafting (Electricity)

Used to
generate
Crystal precise
Oscillator frequency
clock
signal

Industrial Electrical Symbols

Circuit
Interrupter

Circuit Breaker
with Thermal
Overload

Circuit Breaker
with Magnetic
Overload

Circuit Breaker
with Thermal
and Magnetic
Overload

Momentarily
contact

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Information Sheet: Basic Drafting (Electricity)

Normally open
and
Normally close
Condition

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Information Sheet: Drafting rss

Wiring Diagram
Learning Outcome
 Interpret different types of diagram.
 Illustrate schematic and one line diagram.
 Identify the significance of wiring diagram.
 Categorize different function of electrical diagram.

Introduction
Wiring diagrams are important because they present information visually. A
wiring diagram used in the construction of homes can show where all the wires and
circuits will be located. With home construction, a wiring diagram is drawn out and
planned prior to running electrical wires and circuits.
Importance of wiring diagram
The wiring diagram is used by the electrician to properly organize the fuses
that control the flow of electrical current in a home. This is a safety issue because if
current is sent through a fuse to a portion of the home's wiring that is not designed to
handle voltage flows. It can lead to blown fuses, or worse, a fire hazard. A wiring
diagram can be vital when there is a problem with a connection, or if changes to the
wiring layout need to be made. Having an accurate wiring diagram on a circuit
breaker, for example, shows you which rooms are connected to each breaker makes
it easier to determine where new wiring should be hooked up. When a new
appliance has multiple connections for different wiring needs, an accurate diagram
shows you where to make the connections for your specific situation.

Types of diagram

Block Diagram – is a diagram of a system in which parts or components are

presented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationship to one another.

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Pictorial Diagram – a simplest form of diagram it shows a picture or a sketch of

various components.

Schematic Diagram – a diagram commonly used in electrical installation and

present graphic or abstract symbol of components usually omits details that are not
relevant to the information.

Riser Diagram is a schematic presentation of the entire electrical circuit from the
service entrance up to the smallest circuit branch (see illustration below). It shows:
 Character and type of service, single phase 2 wire/ 3 wire
 Size of service entrance conductor and the conduit used
 Type and size of wire for each branch
 Size of protective device for main circuit breaker and each branch

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One line diagram (singe line diagram) a representation of an electrical system by

means of single lines and graphic symbols showing the major components of the
system.
The importance of a proper wiring diagram is for safety as well as cost control
in the construction of the home. In the case of an electronic device, a circuit diagram
can be needed to ensure wires flowing with electrical current do not come in contact
with moving parts that can damage or even short circuit the flow of electricity,
preventing the device from functioning. If you don't understand the symbols on a
diagram, it causes a problem to you as an electrician.

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Information Sheet: Drafting rss

Conductor Size

Learning Outcome

 Describe what ampacity is.

 Illustrate example of any electrical conductor.
 Observe the importance of conductor size in electrical installation.
 Identify the different usage of conductor size.

Unlocking of terms

1. AWG (American Wire Gauge) – also called B&S gauge (Brown and Sharp) it
is a U.S standard set of non-ferrous wire conductor sizes. The gauge means
diameter. Non-ferrous includes copper and also aluminium and other
materials, but is most frequently applied to copper household electrical wiring
and telephone wiring.
2. Wire Gauge – is a measurement of how large a wire is, either in diameter or
cross sectional area. This determines the amount of electric current a wire
can safely carry, as well as its electrical resistance and weight per unit of
length.
3. Ampacity (ampere capacity) – is defined as the maximum amount of the
electrical current a conductor or device can carry before sustaining immediate
or progressive deterioration.
4. Cable wire – electrical cable comprises two or more wires running side by
side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly, the
ends of which can be connected to two devices, enabling the transfer of
electrical signals from one device to another.
5. Amperage – is a measure of the electrical current flowing through a circuit.
Current is measured in amperes or “amps”. You must use the correct size
wire for the amperage requirement of the circuit to prevent the wire from
heating.

Introduction

Have you tried to drink a liquid through straws of different diameters? You will
observe liquids flow through large-diameter pipes easier than they do through small-
diameter pipes. The same general principle holds for the flow of electrons through
the conductors the broader the cross-sectional area (thickness) of the conductor, the
more room for electrons to flow, and consequently, the easier it is for flow to occur
(less resistance). Electrical wire is usually round in cross-section (although there are
some unique exceptions to this rule), and comes in two basic varieties: solid and

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stranded. Solid copper wire is just as it sounds: a single, solid strand of copper the
whole length of the wire. Stranded wire is composed of smaller strands of solid
copper wire twisted together to form a single, larger conductor. The greatest benefit
of stranded wire is its mechanical flexibility, being able to withstand repeated
bending and twisting much better than solid copper (which tends to fatigue and
break after time).

Ampacity
The smaller the wire, the greater the resistance for any given length, all other
factors being equal. A wire with greater resistance will dissipate a greater amount of
heat energy for any given amount of current, the power being equal to P=I 2R.
Dissipated power in a resistance manifests itself in the form of heat, and excessive
heat can be damaging to a wire (not to mention objects near the wire), especially
considering the fact that most wires are insulated with a plastic or rubber coating,
which can melt and burn. Thin wires will, therefore, tolerate less current than thick
wires, all other factors being equal. A conductor's current-carrying limit is known as
its ampacity.
The reason why do we need to worry about ampacity because the conductors
get too hot they will burn up and short out, as the conductor heats up the current
carrying capacity goes down and if you overload the capacity of the conductors they
will heat up and short out.
The number and type of electrical devices connected to a circuit determine
the amperage requirement of the circuit. Usually, a general purpose of house circuit
is designated for 30 amps for main breaker, 20 amps for outlet and 15 for lightning.
To calculate the amperage for a circuit, first add up the wattage of all
electrical devices that will be on the circuit. Then divide the total wattage by the
voltage of the system. 110 or 220, and that will give you the expected current or
amps. The safeties scheduling of load based on PEC is 80% of the total load of the
circuit
Factors affecting ampacity
 Ambient temperature
 Internal conductor heat (Based on load current)
 Rate of heat dissipation
 Effect of adjacent load carrying conductors
TYPES OF WIRES
A. TYPES T, TW, THW
The most ordinary type of plastic insulated wire is the “type T”. It may be used
only in dry locations. Some manufactures no longer make the ordinary Type T,
instead produce Type TW, which is identical in appearance, but may be used in wet
or dry locations. Also available is Type THW, is similar to Type TW but withstand a
greater degree of heat, and consequently has a higher ampacity rating in the larger
sizes.

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B. TYPES THHN, THWN

These are comparatively new types of wire, consisting of the basic Type THH
and THW but with less thermoplastic insulation, and with a final extruded jacket of
nylon. Nylon has exceptional insulating qualities and great mechanical strength, all
of which results in a wire which is smaller in diameter than ordinary Types T, TW,
and TW of corresponding size.
C. TYPE XHHW
In appearance, it resembles Types T, TW, and THW but because of
somewhat thinner layer of insulation, the over-all diameter is smaller. The insulation
is “cross-linked synthetic polymer,” which has an extraordinary property as to
insulating value, heat resistance, and moisture resistance. It may be used in dry or
wet locations. While at present, it is an expensive wire, it would be no surprise if in
due course of time, this one single type will replace all the many types and subtypes
of Type T or R now recognized by the Code.
D. RUBBER-COVERED WIRE
It consists of copper conductor, tinned to make it easier to remove the
insulation, and for easy soldering. Over the copper is a layer of rubber, the thickness
of which depends on the size of the wire, then follows an outer fabric braid which is
saturated with moisture-and-fire-resistant compounds; if it is set on fire with a
blowtorch, the flame dies out when the torch is removed.
E. OTHER TYPES
Other types such as the basic Type R, which is suitable for only in dry locations, is
no longer being made. The most ordinary kind is Type RHW, which may be used for
dry or wet locations. Types RH and RHH have insulation which withstands more
heat and therefore have a higher ampacity in the larger size. They may be used only
in dry locations.
Grounding Requirement
All the components that form a ground conductor for a given circuit; i.e.: panels,
raceway, conduit, wires, clamps, fittings, brackets, etc., must be able to carry fault
currents capable of tripping the circuit protective devices (breakers or fuses) feeding
the ungrounded conductors in that circuit without causing significant heating in any
of those components.
 Be permanent, reliable, and continuous.
 have sufficient capacity to conduct safely any fault current likely to be
imposed on it: and
 have sufficient low impedance to limit voltage to ground and:
 to facilitate the operation of the circuit protective devices in the circuit
There are three major purpose of grounding
1. Ground fault protection
2. Signal preference
3. Lightning protection

PEC article for Wire to be used in Grounding

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Table for Minimum Size Equipment Grounding Conductors for Grounding Raceway
and Equipment
Rating or Setting Size (mm2)
Automatic Overcurrent
Devices in Circuit. Copper wire Aluminium or copper-clad
Not Exceeding Ampere “Aluminium Wire”
15 2.0 3.5
20 3.5 5.5
30 5.5 8.0
40 5.5 8.0
60 5.5 8.0
100 8.0 14
200 14 22
300 22 30
400 30 38
600 38 60
800 60 80
1000 60 100

5000 400 600

6000 400 600

Table for Resistivity and Conductivity of the common materials

Material ρ (Ω•m) at 20 °C σ (S/m) at 20 °C

Resistivity Conductivity
Silver 1.59×10−8 6.30×107
Copper 1.68×10−8 5.96×107
Annealed copper 1.72×10−8 5.80×107
Gold 2.44×10−8 4.10×107
Aluminum 2.82×10−8 3.5×107
Calcium 3.36×10−8 2.98×107
Tungsten 5.60×10−8 1.79×107
Zinc 5.90×10−8 1.69×107

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Nickel 6.99×10−8 1.43×107

Lithium 9.28×10−8 1.08×107
Iron 1.0×10−7 1.00×107
Platinum 1.06×10−7 9.43×106
Tin 1.09×10−7 9.17×106
Carbon steel (1010) 1.43×10−7
Lead 2.2×10−7 4.55×106
Titanium 4.20×10−7 2.38×106
Grain oriented electrical 4.60×10−7 2.17×106
steel
Manganin 4.82×10−7 2.07×106
Constantan 4.9×10−7 2.04×106
Stainless steel 6.9×10−7 1.45×106
Mercury 9.8×10−7 1.02×106
Nichrome 1.10×10−6 9.09×105
Gas 5×10−7 to 10×10−3 5×10−8 to 103
Carbon (amorphous) 5×10−4 to 8×10−4 1.25 to 2×103

3.0×10−3 ⊥basal plane 3.3×102 ⊥basal plane

Carbon (graphite) 2.5×10−6 to 5.0×10−6 //basal plane 2 to 3×105 //basal plane

Carbon (diamond) 1×1012 ~10−13

Germanium 4.6×10−1 2.17
Sea water 2×10−1 4.8
Drinking water 2×101 to 2×103 5×10−4 to 5×10−2
Silicon 6.40×102 1.56×10−3
Wood (damp) 1×103 to 4 10−4 to 10-3
Deionized water 1.8×105 5.5×10−6
Glass 10×1010 to 10×1014 10−11 to 10−15
Hard rubber 1×1013 10−14

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Wood (oven dry) 1×1014 to 16 10−16 to 10-14

Sulfur 1×1015 10−16
Air 1.3×1016 to 3.3×1016 3×10−15 to 8×10−15
Paraffin wax 1×1017 10−18
Fused quartz 7.5×1017 1.3×10−18
PET 10×1020 10−21
Teflon 10×1022 to 10×1024 10−25 to 10−23

Electrical Nameplates
Learning Outcome
 Explain the electrical system working in the Philippines.
 Describe the electrical name plates of different appliances and equipment.
 Illustrate any example of electrical name plates.
 Identify the importance of electrical name plate in every appliances and
equipment.

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Introduction
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
You may look up at the utility feed wires leading from the meter or pole to
your house or a neighbor’s house. If there are three wires you probably have two
115 volt load (“hot”) wires and a neutral. If you have two wires you probably have a
single 230 volt load wire and a single combined neutral/ground wire. With a few
exceptions, Philippine utilities deliver 230 volt, 60 cycle power to your house, but
there are differences based on where you live.
Three wire 120/240V System
In Manila, Iloilo City and other large Philippine cities, residences are supplied
with 240 volt, alternating current, and 60 cycle power. Power from the utility
transformer to the residence arrives through three wires, two 120 VAC load (“hot”)
wires and a single neutral. Circuits in the residence are generally wired to supply
240 VAC to outlets using the two 120 VAC load wires, much the same as a heavy
appliance (dryer, hot water heater etc.) would be supplied in the U.S. All small and
large appliances sold in the Philippines are designed to use 240 VAC, 60Hertz.
It is possible to wire in 120 VAC circuits and outlets by using only one of the
load wires and a neutral with but you must keep in mind that the Philippines uses the
220VAC outlets so plugging a 120 V appliance into a 240 V outlet will generally
destroy the appliance.
Two wire 230V Systems
Areas outside of the big cities were electrified later and use a different and
more economical system using a two wire service drop to the residence. This
consists of one 230 VAC load wire and one neutral wire.

Electrical Nameplates
All electrical devices have an electrical nameplate attached to them. This
nameplate gives you some important information about how the particular device
uses electricity and whether or not it was tested for safety. Knowing how to read this
nameplate allows you to quickly compare the energy usage of multiple appliances. It
includes the following information:
 Maximum watts used
 Voltage needed
 Maximum Amps consumed
If you don’t have all of the information you need on the nameplate you can figure it
out using this simple equation:
Amps (A) x Volts (V) = Watts (W)
Motor Nameplate
Motor nameplates are provided by virtually all manufacturers to allow users to
accurately identify the operating and dimensional characteristics of their motors

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years after installation. The nameplate is usually a metal plate, secured by a pair of
screws or rivets, and is generally located on the side of the motor.
The following cryptic information will usually be stamped into the nameplate
(stamping is used because it doesn't wear off as ink tends to do. Unfortunately, the
lack of contrast can make it difficult to read. Sometimes, a little bit of dirty oil or
grease applied to the nameplate and then wiped "smooth" puts the dark substance
into the indentations of the stamped letters and allows for easier reading.).

Listed below the common information seen in the motor

Motor Manufacturer
This is the trade name of the company which manufactured the motor. If you
are lucky, the company's home city, and perhaps even an address and/or telephone
number will be on the nameplate.
Mod. (Model), Tp. (Type), or Cat. (Catalog)
Some companies distinguish between a Model number and a Type number. (I
don't know why). In any event, this is the key number that you need if you want to
contact the manufacturer.
Ser. (Serial Number)
Serial numbers are important because they often contain "date codes". This is
information which helps the manufacturer determine when the motor was
manufactured. Since many motors have multiple revisions through their lifecycle as
the manufacturing process (hopefully) improves, this helps determine which set of
drawings to use -- and lets the technical people at the manufacturer help you quicker
and more accurately.
HP (Horsepower) or KW (kilowatts)
If you are using an American made motor or an older English or Canadian
motor, it will probably be rated in Horsepower. European and Asian motors are
usually rated in kilowatts -- unless they have been designed for export to the
American market.
Rule to remember: 1 HP = 3/4 KW (more precisely 746 watts).
Second rule to remember: Volts x Amps = Watts.

RPM (Revolutions per Minute)

The number of times each minute that the shaft turns on its axis, this is rated
at the Hertz listed. Typical values are 1750, 1450, 3450, etc. If more than one speed
is listed, this indicates a multi-speed motor. Note that AC inverter drives can change
the speed of a motor from its rated speed.
V (Volts)

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The operating voltage of the motor, the motor is an AC motors that will
typically be 115, 230, 380, 480, 575, or some number reasonably close to these
figures. DC motors will have numbers such as 24, 48, 90, 180, or other voltage, and
will usually say "VDC".
ARM. (Armature)
This is the maximum voltage which can be applied to the armature of a DC
motor. Typical values are 90 or 180 VDC. An amperage will often be listed.
FLD. (Field)
This is the voltage which should be applied to the field of a DC motor. Typical
values are 100, 150, 200 VDC. An amperage will often be listed.
Phases
This will indicate whether the motor operates from single phase or three
phase electricity.
Hz (Hertz or Cycles per Second)
This indicates whether the motor is designed for operation on 50 or 60 Hertz
electricity. Motors consume about 15% more amps when operated at 50 Hertz than
at 60 Hertz. Thus, most 50 Hertz-designed motors will operate on 60 Hertz systems
with little difficulty, but you will pay more for this.
A (Amps)
The amount of current consumed by the motor.\
Fr (Frame)
The physical dimensional standard to which the motor adheres, this is critical
when it is necessary to locate a mechanical replacement for an old motor.
Enc. (Enclosure)
This is the degree of protection offered by the enclosure. Common terms are
TEFC, TEBC, TENV, ODP, TEAO, etc.
CW (Clockwise Rotation) or CCW (Counter-Clockwise Rotation)
When facing the motor from the shaft end, this is the direction of rotation of
the motor (if the motor is unidirectional).
(Delta Winding)
Many motors have two different ways of connecting the windings to three
phase power. The delta winding usually gives higher speed with lower starting
torque. In essence, this is cruising gear.

(Star or Wye Winding)

Many motors have two different ways of connecting the windings to three
phase power. The delta winding usually gives higher starting torque with lower top
speed. In essence, this is first gear.
Example of appliances nameplate (right) and motor nameplate (left)

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Electrical Safety
Learning Outcome
 Identify different electrical safety in working.
 Apply OHS always when working as well as at home.
 Denote importance of safety everywhere.
 Illustrate different electrical sign use in work.

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Introduction
Even workplaces are made safe as much as possible, hazards can still
develop, however if electricians are fully aware on the basic things and procedures
to observed, dangers can be prevented. Therefore as a general rule, before doing
and fixing any electrical equipment, decide and think the best for it. You should
always bear in mind to foresee the future of a simple error might bring on. Why not
try to strike for the best where in hazards will not be developed as not to spoil
materials and save its cost.
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in Electricity
The voltage of the electricity and the available electrical current in regular
businesses and homes has enough power to cause death by electrocution. Even
changing a light bulb without unplugging the lamp can be hazardous because
coming in contact with the "hot", "energized" or "live" part of the socket could kill a
person.
People are injured when they become part of the electrical circuit. Humans are more
conductive than the earth (the ground we stand on) which means if there is no other
easy path, electricity will try to flow through our bodies.
There are four main types of injuries:
 electrocution (fatal)
 electric shock
 burns
 falls
These injuries can happen in various ways:

 Direct contact with exposed energized conductors or circuit parts. When

electrical current travels through our bodies, it can interfere with the normal
electrical signals between the brain and our muscles (e.g., heart may stop
beating properly, breathing may stop, or muscles may spasm).
 When the electricity arcs (jumps, or "arcs") from an exposed energized
conductor or circuit part (e.g., overhead power lines) through a gas (such as
air) to a person who is grounded (that would provide an alternative route to
the ground for the electrical current).
 Thermal burns including burns from heat generated by an electric arc, and
flame burns from materials that catch on fire from heating or ignition by
electrical currents or an electric arc flash. Contact burns from being shocked
can burn internal tissues while leaving only very small injuries on the outside
of the skin.
 Thermal burns from the heat radiated from an electric arc flash. Ultraviolet
(UV) and infrared (IR) light emitted from the arc flash can also cause damage
to the eyes.

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 An arc blast can include a potential pressure wave released from an arc flash.
This wave can cause physical injuries, collapse your lungs, or create noise
that can damage hearing.
 Muscle contractions, or a startle reaction, can cause a person to fall from a
ladder, scaffold or aerial bucket. The fall can cause serious injuries.

General Safety tips for working with or near electricity.

 Never work too close to the power lines.

 Inspect portable cord-and-plug connected equipment, extension cords, power
bars, and electrical fittings for damage or wear before each use. Repair or
replace damaged equipment immediately.
 Always tape extension cords to walls or floors when necessary. Nails and
staples can damage extension cords causing fire and shock hazards.
 Use extension cords or equipment that is rated for the level of amperage or
wattage that you are using.
 Always use the correct size fuse. Replacing a fuse with one of a larger size
can cause excessive currents in the wiring and possibly start a fire.
 Be aware that unusually warm or hot outlets may be a sign that unsafe wiring
conditions exists. Unplug any cords or extension cords to these outlets and
do not use until a qualified electrician has checked the wiring.
 Always use ladders made with non-conductive side rails (e.g., fibreglass)
when working with or near electricity or power lines.
 Place halogen lights away from combustible materials such as cloths or
curtains. Halogen lamps can become very hot and may be a fire hazard.
 Risk of electric shock is greater in areas that are wet or damp. Install Ground
Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) as they will interrupt the electrical circuit
before a current sufficient to cause death or serious injury occurs.
 Use a portable in-line Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) if you are not
certain that the receptacle you are plugging your extension cord into is GFCI
protected.
 Make sure that exposed receptacle boxes are made of non-conductive
materials.
 Know where the panel and circuit breakers are located in case of an
emergency.
 Label all circuit breakers and fuse boxes clearly. Each switch should be
positively identified as to which outlet or appliance it is for.
 Do not use outlets or cords that have exposed wiring.
 Do not use portable cord-and-plug connected power tools with the guards
removed.
 Do not block access to panels and circuit breakers or fuse boxes.
 Do not touch a person or electrical apparatus in the event of an electrical
accident. Always disconnect the power source first.

Tips for working with power tools

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 Switch all tools OFF before connecting them to a power supply.

 Disconnect and lockout the power supply before completing any maintenance
work tasks or making adjustments.
 Ensure tools are properly grounded or double-insulated. The grounded
equipment must have an approved 3-wire cord with a 3-prong plug. This plug
should be plugged in a properly grounded 3-pole outlet.
 Test all tools for effective grounding with a continuity tester or a Ground Fault
Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) before use.
 Do not bypass the on/off switch and operate the tools by connecting and
disconnecting the power cord.
 Do not use electrical equipment in wet conditions or damp locations unless
the equipment is connected to a GFCI.
 Do not clean tools with flammable or toxic solvents.
 Do not operate tools in an area containing explosive vapours or gases, unless
they are intrinsically safe and only if you follow the manufacturer's guidelines.
Tips for working with power cords
 Keep power cords clear of tools during use.
 Suspend extension cords temporarily during use over aisles or work areas to
eliminate stumbling or tripping hazards.
 Replace open front plugs with dead front plugs. Dead front plugs are sealed
and present less danger of shock or short circuit.
 Do not use light duty extension cords in a non-residential situation.
 Do not carry or lift up electrical equipment by the power cord.
 Do not tie cords in tight knots. Knots can cause short circuits and shocks.
Loop the cords or use a twist lock plug.
Checklist for basic electrical safety
 Inspect Cords and Plugs
Check extension cords and plugs daily. Do not use, and discard if worn or damaged.
Have any extension cord that feels more than comfortably warm checked by an
electrician.
 Eliminate Octopus Connections
Do not plug several items into one outlet. Pull the plug, not the cord. Do not
disconnect power supply by pulling or jerking the cord from the outlet. Pulling the
cord causes wear and may cause a shock.
 Never Break OFF the Third Prong on a Plug
Replace broken 3-prong plugs and make sure the third prong is properly grounded.
 Never Use Extension Cords as Permanent Wiring

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Use extension cords only to temporarily supply power to an area that does not have
a power outlet. Keep extension cords away from heat, water and oil. They can
damage the insulation and cause a shock. Do not allow vehicles to pass over
unprotected extension cords. Extension cords should be put in protective wire way,
conduit, pipe or protected by placing planks alongside them.
PEC Provision on Electrical Protection System
The primary objective of the code is to establish basic materials quality and
electrical works standards for the safe use
- 2009 Philippine Electrical Code

Article 3.5 SERVICES

A building or other structure served shall be supplied by only one service.
Exception: here are the lists of conditions and equipment which need a separate
service.
1. Fire pump
2. Emergency electrical system
3. Multiple-Occupancy building
4. Capacity Requirements. Two or more services shall be permitted:
a) Where the capacity requirements are in excess of 2,000 amperes at a
supply voltage of 600 volts or less; or
b) Where the load requirements of a single-phase installation are greater
than the serving agency normally supplies through one service; or
5. Building of Large Area (10,000 m2 or more Total Area).
6. For different voltage characteristics, such as for different voltage,
frequencies, or phases, or for different uses, such as for different rate
schedules.
SERVICE-DROP CONDUCTOR
This is the overhead service conductor from the last pole or other aerial
support to and including the splices if any, connecting the service entrance
conductors at the building or other structure.
CLEARANCES:
a) Above Roofs. Conductors shall have a vertical clearance of not less than
2,500 mm from the roof surface.
b) Vertical Clearance from Ground.
3,100 mm - at the electric service entrance to buildings, or at the drip loop of the
building electric entrance, or above areas or sidewalks
3,700 mm - for those areas listed in the 4,600 mm classification when the voltage is
limited to 600 volts to ground
4,600 mm - over residential property and driveways, and those commercial areas
not subject to truck traffic

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5,500 mm - over public streets, alleys, roads, parking areas subject to truck traffic,
driveways on other than residential property, and other land transverse by vehicles
such as cultivated, grazing, forest, and orchard

SERVICE ENTRANCE
Service is defined as the portion of the supply which extends from the street
main duct or transformer to the service switch or switchboard of the building supply.
It is the conductor and equipment for delivering energy from the electricity supply
system to the wiring system of the premises served.
Types of Service Entrance:
1. Overhead Service Entrance
The most common type of service entrance employed by the power
companies supplying electricity which is a 2, 3 or 4-wire connection, generally, the
overhead service cable between the building property line and the supply point is
supplied by electric company to a limit of 30 meters.
2. The Underground Service Entrance
The underground service entrance consists of a raceway conduit
extending from the building to the property line where it is tapped to the main. The
type of cable recommended is the underground service entrance cable commonly
referred to as USE.
SERVICE - ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS
Each service drop or lateral shall supply only one set of service-entrance
conductors.
SIZE AND RATING: Service entrance conductors shall be of sufficient size to carry
the computed loads.
Ungrounded conductors shall not be smaller than:
1. 100 A ---- For one family dwelling with six or more 2-wire branch circuits.
2. 60 A ---- For one family dwelling with an initial computed load of 10 kVA
above.
3. 40 A ---- For other loads.
SERVICE EQUIPMENT
The necessary equipment, usually consisting of a circuit breaker or switch
and fuses, and their accessories, located near the point of service entrance of
supply conductors to a building or other structure, or an otherwise defined area, and
intended to constitute the main control and means of cutoff of the supply. (The
information below will strengthen the information about service equipment)
Article 3.1 Branch Circuits
PEC required in dwelling units:
 The lowest ampere rating of the breaker to be used is 15A.
 All panel board shall be grounded and have disconnecting means.

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 Ampacity rating of the conductor shall be based on article 5.3.1 – 5.3.1.19 –

Conductor for General Wiring.
 Location of the branch circuit should be at kitchen where the most load
consume or it shall be place at nearest utility pole of service.
 Branch circuit breakers should be used 80% ampacity rating and correspond
to the table below.
Circuit Breaker 80% efficiency Size of copper wire
Rating rating to be used in mm2
100A 80A 8.0
60A 48A 5.5
40 32A 5.5
30 24A 5.5
20 16A 3.5
15 12A 3.0

Chapter 4.1 USE AND IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDED CONDUCTORS

Grounding your house

Types of grounding:
 Equipment Grounding – PEC required wire color of Green/yellow stripe.
 System Grounding – PEC required wire color of Natural Gray/white.
“Equipment grounding” means the connection of a non-current carrying
conductive materials such as conduit, cable trays, junction boxes, enclosures and
motor frames to earth ground. “System grounding” means the connection of the
neutral points of current carrying conductors such as the neutral point of a circuit, a
transformer, rotating machinery, or a system, either solidly or with a current limiting
device to earth ground.
Grounded Conductor refers to a system or circuit conductor that is intentionally
grounded while Grounding Conductor a conductor used to connect equipment or the
grounded circuit of a wiring system to a grounding electrode or electrodes.

ELECTRICAL FAULTS
 Overload - load applied greater than the design value of the circuit.
o It refers to operation of equipment in excess of normal, full load rating,
or of a conductor in excess of rated ampacity which when it persist for
a sufficient length of time, would cause damage or dangerous
overheating.

 Short Circuit - due to cable fault or external damage to the wiring system.

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o A condition in which the hot wires/conductor comes in contact with the

neutral/other wires that creates a spark or arc that often damages one
or both of the circuit components reason to blow fuse, trip circuit
breakers and worst scenario an explosion.

 Earth Faults - short circuit or low impedance between phase and the
protective or earth system.
o Earth faults or called also ground fault means bonding of a metallic
system to earth. It is normally achieved by inserting ground rods or
other electrodes deep inside earth, to minimize the risk of getting
shocked. That is if a metallic part is touched when fault is present, it
also minimize the risk of getting shocked. Generally green wire is used
for this as a nomenclature. While grounding is provided for power
system equipment & an effective return path. Generally black wire is
used for this as a nomenclature.
ELECTRICAL LOCATIONS
 Damp location
o Partially protected locations under canopies, marquees, roofed open
porches, and like locations and interior locations subjected to moderate
degree of moisture, such as some basements, some barns, and some
cold-storage warehouses.

 Dry location
o A location not normally subject to dampness or wetness. A location
classified as dry may be temporarily subject to dampness or wetness,
as in the case of a building under construction.

 Wet location
o Installations underground or in concrete slabs or masonry in direct
contact with the earth, and location subject to saturation with water or
other liquids, such as vehicle washing areas, and locations exposed to
weather and unprotected.
ELECTRIC HAZARD
Electric Shock- is the physical stimulation that occurs when electric current passes
through the body, the effect depends on:
- the magnitude of the current
- the body parts through which the current flows
- duration
- physical condition of the person being shocked
Nervous System of Human Body – it controls all movements, both conscious and
unconscious and the signals are electro-chemical in nature, with levels of a few
millivolts.

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Electrical Impedance of Human Body - human body is composed largely of water,

and has very low resistance most of the resistance to the passage of current through
the human body is at the points of entry and exit through the skin.
The internal impedance depends on:
- the length and cross sectional area of the path
- conductivity of the tissues in the path
The skin impedance depends on:
- surface area of contact
- pressure of contact
- degree of moisture on the skin
- applied voltage (at high voltage, skin breaks down)
- duration of current flow (the flow of current cause the victim to sweat,
reducing the resistance very quickly after the shock commences)
ELECTRICAL FAULTS AND ARCING

Low Voltage Contact Burns

- Due to heating effect of electric current passing through the body tissues

- Burns destroy the protective resistance of the epidermis, thereby permitting

greater currents to flow.

High Voltage Burns

- The capacitance layer represented by the skin is punctured by the high

voltage and significantly lower the body resistance

- The current increase proportionally with the touch voltage and the heating
effect increases as the square of the current, result in burns along the current
path and damages to internal body organs>

- Severe burning effects occur when current level is 4-5 Amps

Radiation Burns

- Result from high temperature produced by electric arc, vaporized metals, hot
gases released by the arc, overheated conductors, etc.

- Typical electric arc temperature is 8000 - 10000 oC (combustible flame

temperature is about 1000 oC). It produces intense radiation fields which have
a peak in the short wavelength (ultraviolet) region

Electrical arcing

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- Take place when current flows through air or insulation between conductors
at different potentials

- Air path becomes conducting due to ionization of the gas (air)

- Molten metallic particles (about 2000 oC) will result in serious burns

- Release large quantities of energy in the ultraviolet short wavelength region

Fires of electrical origin

- Overheating of conductors and/or adjacent flammable materials

- Ignition of flammable materials as a result of electric arcing, current leaking or

scattering of hot particles due to explosion

Fire due to short circuit

- Short circuit current of 100 times the normal current value will increase the
heat dissipation by 10,000 times (power = I2R). If the current not being
cleared quickly, the temperature of the conductors will rise and set fire

- the normal short circuit current will be high enough to operate the protective
devices and under high resistance short, the current may be less than the
normal load and therefore too low to operate the protective devices. The fault
will persist and may cause arcing and ignition of the insulation system

Explosions

- When an electric arc occurs, it superheats the air instantaneously, this causes
a rapid expansion of the air with a wave front that can reach pressures of 100
to 200 lb./ft2 which is sufficient to explode switchgear, turn sheet metals into
bullets, push over concrete walls and blow molten metal at extremely high
velocities

PEC HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATIONS

PEC set own standard regarding to the location where fire or explosion
hazards may exist due to flammable gases or vapors, flammable liquids,
combustible dust and ignitable fibers or flying.

1. Class I Locations. Class I locations are those in which flammable gases or

vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive
or ignitable mixtures.
a) Class I, Division 1. A Class I, Division 1 location is a location: I) in
which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal

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operating conditions; or ii) in which ignitable concentrations of such gas vapors may
exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or because of leakage;
or iii) in which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes might
release ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, and might also cause
simultaneous failure of electric equipment.
b) Class I, Division 2. A Class I, Division 2 location is a location: I) in
which volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled, processes, or
used, but in which the liquids, vapors, or gases will normally be confines within
closed containers or closed systems from which they can escape only in case of
accidental rupture or breakdown of such containers or systems, or in case of
abnormal operation of equipment; or ii) in which ignitable concentrations of gases or
vapors are normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation, and which might
become hazardous through failure or abnormal operation of the ventilating
equipment; iii) that is adjacent to Class I, Division 1 location, and to which ignitable
concentrations of gases or vapors might occasionally be communicated unless such
communication is prevented by adequate positive ventilation from a source of clean
air, and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.
2. Class II Locations. Class II locations are those that are hazardous because
of the presence of combustible dust.
a) Class II, Division 1. A class II, Division 1 location is a location: I) in
which combustible dust is in the air normal operating conditions in quantities
sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures; or ii) where mechanical failure
or abnormal operation of machinery or equipment might cause such explosive or
ignitable mixtures to be produced, and might also provide a source of ignition
through simultaneous failure of electric equipment, operation devices, or from other
causes; or iii) in which combustible dusts of an electrically conductive nature may be
present in hazardous quantities.
b) Class II, Division 2. A Class II, Division 2 location is a location where
combustible dust is not normally in the air in quantities sufficient to produce
explosive or ignitable mixtures, and dust accumulations are normally insufficient to
interfere with the normal operation of electrical equipment or other apparatus, but
combustible dust may be in suspension in the air as a result of infrequent
malfunctioning of handling or processing equipment and where combustible dust
accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity of the electrical equipment may be sufficient to
interfere with the safe dissipation of heat from electrical equipment or may be
ignitable by abnormal operation or failure of electrical equipment.
3. Class III Locations. Class III locations are those that are hazardous
because of the presence of easily combustible fibers or flying, but in which such
fibers or flying are not likely to be in suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to
produce ignitable mixtures.
a) Class III, Division 1. A Class III, Divisions 1 location is a location in
which easily ignitable fibers or materials producing combustible flying are handled,
manufactured, or used.

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b) Class III, Division 2. A Class III, Division 2 location is a location in

which easily ignitable fibers are stored or handled.

Common Electrical Sign

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Electrical Plan and Layout

Learning Outcomes:
o Identify the scope of electrical plan design project.
o Draw an electrical wiring plan and design
o Calculate the schedule of loads and identify the electrical symbols used in
wiring plan
o Explain the importance of electrical plan.

Unlocking of terms
PEC – (Philippine Electrical Code) It is a standard of rules governing the
installation and operation of electrical equipment in the Philippines.
NEC – (National Electrical Code) it is a regionally adoptable standard for the
safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment in the United States.
NEMA - are standards that are useful in defining the types of environments in
which an electrical enclosure can be used. The NEMA rating system is defined by
the National Electrical Manufacturer Association, and frequently signifies a fixed
enclosure's ability to withstand certain environmental conditions.
Electrical Plan – (also called BLUE PRINT) it is the drawing that shows
information about power, lighting, and communication for an engineering or
architectural project. Any electrical working drawing consists of "lines, symbols,
dimensions, and notations to accurately convey engineering’s design to the workers,
who install the electrical system on the job.
Single dwelling – is a house that stand alone or single-family (home, house,
or dwelling) means that the building is usually occupied by just one household or
family.
Energy conservation - refers to reducing energy consumption through using
less of an energy service. Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use,
which refers to using less energy for a constant service

Introduction

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There are basically two ways to make your own blueprints one is using home
design software and the second is drafting them by hand but in making this electrical
plan you need to meet minimum code requirements while also considering the
needs and preferences of the occupants. One way to design the electrical layout is
to pretend that you are living in a home, or working in a commercial building, and
plan a system based on your convenience and daily activities.

Energy conservation
Energy efficiency is a very important consideration in today’s home design
and construction market. Many steps can easily contribute to energy savings for the
home owner with little additional cost. Some of these energy-efficient construction
applications can be explained by specific or general notes or are included in
construction specifications. Other methods must be described with detail drawings.
Energy-efficient considerations related to electrical design include the following:
• Keep electrical outlets and recessed appliances or panels to a minimum at exterior
walls. Any units recessed into an exterior wall can eliminate or severely compress
the insulation and reduce its insulating value.
• Fans or other systems exhausting air from the building should be provided with
back draft or automatic dampers to limit air leakage.
• Timed switches or humidistat should be installed on exhaust fans to control
unnecessary operation.
• Electrical wiring is often located in exterior walls at a level convenient for
electricians to run wires. This practice causes insulation to become compacted,
resulting in a loss of insulating value. Wires could be run along the bottom of the
studs at the bottom plate. Preparing the studs is easily accomplished during framing
by cutting a V groove in the stud bottoms while the studs are piled at the site after
delivery.
• Select energy-efficient appliances such as a self-heating dishwasher or a high-
insulation water heater.
Evaluate the vendor’s energy statement before purchase.
• Use energy-saving fluorescent lighting fixtures where practical, such as in the
kitchen, laundry/utility room, garage, or shop.
• Fully insulate above and around recessed lighting fixtures. Verify code and
manufacturer specifications for this practice.
• Carefully caulk and seal around all light and convenience outlets. Also, caulk and
seal where electrical wires penetrate the top and bottom plates.
• Use recessed lights that are IC (insulation cover) rated. This allows you to insulate
around and over the recessed light to help avoid heat loss.

Scheduling of loads
Scheduling of loads is very important in all house plans/ building lay out, it is
review by the electrical engineers and architect that’s why in an electrical drawing
the legend, schedule of loads, general notes and recommendation are usually draw
along with single riser diagram (schematic drawing of service entrance going to main
breaker) high wattage appliances or machineries must emphasize in scheduling of
loads for example Motors have a nameplate rating that is listed on the side of the

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motor. It lists the type, serial number, voltage, whether it is AC or DC, the RPM's,
and the amperage rating. If you know the voltage and amperage rating, you can
determine the wattage or total capacity needed for the safe operation of the motor.
By using Ohm's Law, we can determine what the wattage of the motor is and
determine what sized breaker or fuse is needed to protect it. In order to do this
calculation, you simply take the amperage (AMPS) times the voltage (VOLTS) to
give you the power (WATTAGE). You may apply the calculation of it in other
appliances and by reading the nameplate information, doing a little math, and sizing
the circuit protection properly; you can safely operate certain appliances.
P=ExI
Watts = Volts multiply to Current
The circuit breakers should be only loaded at 80% of efficiency total circuit load
The majority of the circuits in your home are 15-, 20-, or 30-amp circuits. But how
much should you actually load each of these circuits to maintain a safe circuit load?
The first thing to know is that circuits should only be loaded at 80% of the total circuit
load. To help you understand the concept, if you have a 15-amp circuit, the safe
operating amperage would be no greater than 12 amps. The total wattage would be
1,800 watts, meaning the safe wattage usage would be 1,440 watts.
If you have a 20-amp circuit, the safe operating amperage would be no greater than
16 amps. The total wattage would be 2,400 watts, meaning the safe wattage usage
would be 1,920 watts.
On a 30-amp circuit, the safe operating amperage would be no greater than 24
amps. The total wattage would be 3,600 watts, meaning the safe wattage usage
would be 2,880 watts.
To determine the wattage, you take the voltage times the amperage. Check
the tags on all of your appliances for the required amperage rating. Add the entire
lighting load by adding the total wattage of the light bulbs in your home. Look at the
light bulbs and read the wattage that is printed on them.
Your home will likely also have 240-volt appliances like water heaters, air
conditioners, electric dryers and electric ranges. These too will have an amperage
rating label and the wattage can be calculated. The voltage, 240 volts, times the
amperage, say 30 amps, will equal the wattage requirements.

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Basic procedure in how to draw floor plans by hand

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(Proper measurement will not discuss here so draw this with estimated measure)

Draw exterior wall

Draw interior wall

Draw Doors and Windows

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Label Rooms
In the center of each room, clearly label the room name. Include closets and open
spaces such as entrances.

Locate Appliances, Plumbing and Fixtures

Using your scale, symbols template and straight edge, draw the correct symbols for
all appliances built in furniture such as kitchen and bathroom cabinets and counters
plumbing items such as sinks, toilets and tubs Fireplaces Equipment such as
furnaces, air conditioning units and water tanks.

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Draw Electrical Symbols

All electrical symbols should now be added to your plans. Place the appropriate
symbols along walls for the following electrical items:
o Plug outlets
o Wall switches for lights or switchable plugs
o Wall light
o Doorbell

For ceiling mount items, draw the following fixtures on the floor just below the spot
where the item would be installed.
o Ceiling lights such as pot lights or track lighting.
o Smoke alarms

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Label Floor Surfaces

Detail the plans by indicating for each room how the floors will be finished and any
required sub-flooring. For instance your plans may read:
Dimension Your Plans
The next step on your floor plan drawings is to draw accurate dimension lines. You
will need to draw dimension lines for:
o Each room
o Closets
o Cabinet depths
o Distances from wall to back of toilet (known as the rough in dimension)
o Sizes of tubs
o Distances from walls to edge of any appliances or fixtures.

Note that not all required dimension lines are shown in the plan below this is for
ease of viewing. One more dimension line should run along each exterior wall to
locate all window and door openings.

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Add Furniture

Furniture should not be included in your construction drawings but for your own
design purposes it is a good idea to use scaled furniture cutouts during the design
process to ensure you have designed adequate space for all rooms and circulation
paths.

Create Window and Door Schedule

The final step to make your own blueprint is to create a window and door schedule.
On your floor plan:

1. Label each door and window with a number or letter.

2. In a blank area to the right of the floor plan, create a three column list.
3. Put all the labels for your door and windows in the first column.
4. List window and door types in the second column (casement, awning, fixed,
single hung, etc.)
5. List the exact window size in the third column.

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