11/11/2021

Air University Fall 2021 (Rev. 2.0)

Analog & Digital Communications

EE 475
Lecture # 10
Types of Signals & Channel Impairments

Muhammad Tilal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Air University (AU) Islamabad

The theme of this presentation is an inspiration from the one used in S2 Department of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Previous Lecture
• Tutorial Session

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Session Overview
Topic Signal Types & Channel Impairments
Deterministic Signals, Random Signals, Probability,
Probability Mass Function (PMF), Cumulative Distribution
Function (CDF), Probability Distribution Function (PDF),
Gaussian Random Variable, Q Function, Phi Function.
Concepts
Channel Modeling, Digital Channel Models, Analog Channel
Models, Noise Channels, Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) Channel, Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).
Sections 1.2 of [1], Sections 2.7, 3.0, 3.2 & 3.3 of [2],
Recommended
Section 3.3 of [3]
Reading
Pages 1-3 of [4], Section 3.3, 3.3.2 & 3.3.3 of [5]
Deterministic, Random, PMF, CDF, PDF, Gaussian, AWGN,
Keywords
Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

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Classification of Signals
• Signals can e classified on the • Examples of deterministic signals
basis of different properties. are
Most common of these are – Sinusoids
– Analog & Digital Signals – Square/Rectangular/Triangular
– Periodic & Non-Periodic Signals signals etc
– Energy and Power Signals
– Deterministic and Random • Random signals are the signals in
Signals which there is some degree of
uncertainty before they actually
• Deterministic signals are ones occur.
with no uncertainty in their value • How to express a random signal
with respect to time. They have mathematically?
explicit mathematical expression.

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Random Signals
• Random signals are represented • Random signals can be discrete as
in terms of “Probabilistic Models”. well as Continuous.

• Real life examples of random • Some discrete random variables

signals? are
– Bernoulli Random Variable.
• Deterministic signals are ones – Binomial Random Variable.
with no uncertainty in their value – Poisson Random Variable.
with respect to time. They have – Geometric Random Variable.
explicit mathematical expression.

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Tools & Parameters of Random
Variable
• Probability Mass Function (PMF)
• Cumulative Density Function (CDF)
• Probability Density Function (PDF)

• Work out the use and scope of each

of these parameters.

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Gaussian Random Variable

Scott Miller & Donald Childers, Probability & Random Processes: With Applications to Signal Processing and Communications,
2nd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, England, ISBN-13: 978-0123869814, ISBN-10: 0123869811.

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Gaussian Random Variable

Scott Miller & Donald Childers, Probability & Random Processes: With Applications to Signal Processing and Communications,
2nd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, England, ISBN-13: 978-0123869814, ISBN-10: 0123869811.

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Q Function Table

Scott Miller & Donald Childers, Probability & Random Processes: With Applications to Signal Processing and Communications,
2nd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, England, ISBN-13: 978-0123869814, ISBN-10: 0123869811.

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Channel Models
• Channel model is the • The physical and statistical
interpretation of the approaches are combined to
physical/statistical processes that include all the channel effects.
a signal experiences when
transmitted into certain • The channel models can be
transmission channel. analog as well as digital.

• The core objective behind

channel modeling is to
incorporate all the signal
modifications done by the
transmission channel.

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Channel Models
Analog Digital
• Noise Channel Model. • Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC)
• Interference Channel Model. • Binary Bursty Bit Error Channel.
• Distortion Channel Model. • Binary Erasure Channel (BEC).
• Frequency Response Model. • Packet Erasure Channel (PEC).
• Arbitrary Varying Channel (AVC).
• Group Delay Model.
• Radio Frequency Propagation
Model.

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Noise Channel Model

• Noise is the random fluctuations • Most important of these noise
of the electrical signal which types is ‘Thermal Noise’ and it is
causes the original signal to be present in all the communication
corrupted. systems regardless of their type
and parameters.

• Noise can be categorize into • Thermal noise is generated by the

– Thermal Noise. random thermal motion of charge
– Shot Noise. carriers.
– Flicker Noise.
– Intermediation Noise. • Thermal noise is modeled as
– Cross Talk. Additive White Gaussian Noise.
– Impulse Noise.
– Interference.

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Additive White Gaussian Noise

• Thermal noise is • ‘Gaussian’ implies that the
– Additive. random amplitude values of
thermal noise in time domain
– White.
follow the Gaussian probability
– Gaussian. distribution function.

• ‘Additive’ refers to the fact that • Gaussian probability distribution

the noise signal values are added is also known as ‘Normal
to the transmitted signal. Distribution’.

• ‘White’ is a property that implies • AWGN Channel is good for

the uniformity of the noise satellite and deep space
power. communications but it is not a
good channel for RF
communications. Why?

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Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN)

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Additive White Gaussian Noise

• Find Answers to
– What is Standard Normal
Distribution?
– What is ‘Q’ function and ‘Phi’
function.

AWGN Channel Model

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Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)

• Inter-symbol interference is an • In ISI, the transmitted pulse
impairment present in both elongates/spread due to several
wired and wireless transmission reasons including multipath
systems components and inherent non-
linear frequency response of the
channel.

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Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)

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Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)
Received Signal vs Transmitted Signal

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Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)

https://www.ni.com/en-lb/innovations/white-papers/06/pulse-shape-filtering-in-communications-systems.html

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Remedy of ISI- Pulse Shaping

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Next Lecture
• Demodulation and Detection

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References
[1] Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.

[2] Scott Miller & Donald Childers, Probability & Random Processes: With Applications to
Signal Processing and Communications, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, England,
ISBN-13: 978-0123869814, ISBN-10: 0123869811.

[3] S.Miller & D. Childers, Probability and Random Processes: With Applications to Signal
Processing and Communications, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Inc, ISBN: 13-978-0121726515.

[4] Charan Langton, Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) and Root Raised Cosine Filtering (RRC),
2002.
URL to full Text:
http://complextoreal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/isi.pdf

[5] Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, 2005, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-
13: 978-0521837163.

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