Math 103 Department of Mathematics

Worksheet No. (5) Dr. Mohammad Yasin

Problem 1:
In the following figure, at what numbers is 𝒇(𝒙) discontinuous? Why? What is the type of discontinuity?
(𝑖)

Solution

(1) 𝑥 = −8 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = −6

𝑥→ −8− 𝑥→ −8

Reason: 𝑓(−8) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 → −8

Type: Removable Discontinuity

(2) 𝑥 = −2 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 & lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞

𝑥→ −2− 𝑥→ −2+

Reason: lim − 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim + 𝑓(𝑥) and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞

𝑥→ −2 𝑥→ −2 𝑥→ −2+

Type: Infinite Discontinuity

(3) 𝑥 = 6 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 & lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5

𝑥→ 6− 𝑥→ 6

Reason: lim− 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→ 6 𝑥→ 6

Type: Jump Discontinuity

(𝑖𝑖)

Page 1 of 16
Solution

(1) 𝑥 = −4 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 & lim + 𝑓 (𝑥) = −2

𝑥→ −4− 𝑥→ −4

Reason: lim − 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim + 𝑓 (𝑥)

𝑥→ −4 𝑥→ −4

Type: Jump Discontinuity

(2) 𝑥 = −2 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −1 & lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5

𝑥→ 2− 𝑥→ 2

Reason: lim− 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→ 2 𝑥→ 2

Type: Jump Discontinuity

(3) 𝑥 = 4 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

𝑥→ 4− 𝑥→ 4

Reason: 𝑓 (4) is undefined

Type: Removable Discontinuity

(𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Solution
(1) 𝒙 = −𝟑 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim + 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→ −3− 𝑥→ −3

Reason: 𝑓(−3) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 → −3

Type: Removable Discontinuity

(2) 𝒙 = 𝟎 : lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞ & lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→ 0− 𝑥→ 0

Reason: lim− 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) and the limits are infinite
𝑥→ 0 𝑥→ 0

Type: Infinite Discontinuity

(3) 𝒙 = 𝟓 : Reason: lim− 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→ 5 𝑥→ 5

Type: Jump Discontinuity

Page 2 of 16
Problem 2:
In each of the following functions, either find a value of 𝒂 so that 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at 𝟎, or indicate that this
is impossible.

1+𝑥 𝑥<0 0 𝑥<0 |𝑥| + 𝑥

𝑥≠0
1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑎 𝑥=0 2 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑎 𝑥=0 3 𝑓 (𝑥) = { 2𝑥
1−𝑥 𝑥>0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥>0 𝑎 𝑥=0

Solution

1. lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim−(1 + 𝑥) = 1

𝑥→0− 𝑥→0

lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim+(1 − 𝑥) = 1

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0

Then , lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists and equals 1

𝑥→0

For the function to be continuous at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 (0) must equal lim 𝑓 (𝑥)

𝑥→0

𝑎 = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 1
𝑥→0
2. lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim−(0) = 0
𝑥→0− 𝑥→0

lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) = 0

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0

Then, lim 𝑓 (𝑥) exists and equals 0

𝑥→0

For the function to be continuous at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 (0) must equal lim 𝑓 (𝑥)

𝑥→0

𝑎 = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0

−𝑥+𝑥 0
= =0 𝑥<0
2𝑥 2𝑥
0 𝑥<0
3. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥=0 ( ) {
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥=0
1 𝑥>0
𝑥+𝑥 2𝑥
{ = =1 𝑥>0
2𝑥 2𝑥

lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim−(0) = 0

𝑥→0− 𝑥→0

lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim+(1) = 1

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0

Then, lim 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝐷𝑁𝐸

𝑥→0

Therefore, the function will never be continuous for any value of 𝑎 (𝐉𝐮𝐦𝐩 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲)

Page 3 of 16
Problem 3:
𝒅𝒚
Find for the following functions (or relations):
𝒅𝒙

sin 𝑥 2
3
1 𝑦 = √𝑥 + − 3+𝜋 2 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + √𝑥 ) cos 𝑥
4 𝑥

1 + csc 𝑥
3 𝑦 = (𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 )(sin 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 ) 4 𝑦=
𝑥 + sec 𝑥

1 + 𝑥2
5 𝑦= 6 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
1 + 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥

3
7 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑒 − 5𝑒 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑒 3 8 𝑦 = 4 log 3 𝑥 + (0.5)𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥

9 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 4𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥 10 𝑦 = ln(ln 𝑥 ) + log(sin 𝑥 )

2 tanh 𝑥)
11 𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥 + (1 + sec 𝑥 )10 12 𝑦 = √tan (4𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 )

𝑥3 )
13 𝑦 = sin3 (ln 𝑥 ) + csch(𝑥 2 + 5) 14 𝑦 = tan4 (cot 𝑥) + 𝑒 (𝑒

15 𝑦 = sinh3 (𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ) + tan−1 (ln 𝑥 ) 16 𝑦 = sec 4 (sinh−1 𝑥 ) + sec −1 (𝑒 𝑥 )

Page 4 of 16
 −1 𝑥)
17 𝑦 = (3)csch(sin 18 𝑦 = sin−1 (cosh−1 𝑥 )

𝑦
19 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 1 20 tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1 + 𝑥2

2 −1 𝑥
21 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥) 𝑥 22 𝑦 = (cosh−1 𝑥 )sech 𝑥 𝑒 cos

−1 𝑥
23 𝑦 = ln[(cot −1 𝑥)𝑥 𝑒 sech ] 24 𝑦 = (𝑥)cot 𝑥 + csc −1 (𝑥 3 + 1)

25 𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) 26 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 = (tanh−1 𝑥 )sinh 𝑥

𝑥)
27 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 28 𝑦 = 𝑥 ( 𝑥

3 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 √sec 𝑥
29 𝑦 = √6𝑥 ln 𝑥 csc 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥 30 𝑦 =
tanh2 𝑥 sin5 𝑥
Solution
1 1
𝟏 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 −3 + 𝜋
4

𝑑𝑦 1 −2 1
= 𝑥 3 + cos 𝑥 + 6𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑥 3 4

𝑑𝑦 1
𝟐 = (𝑥 2 + √𝑥)(− sin 𝑥 ) + (cos 𝑥 ) (2𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝟑 = (𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 )(cos 𝑥 − csc 2 𝑥 ) + (4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥)(sin 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + sec 𝑥 )(− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 ) − (1 + csc 𝑥 )(1 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 )

𝟒 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + sec 𝑥 )2

𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 )(2𝑥) − (1 + 𝑥 2 )[𝑥 3 sec 2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 ]

𝟓 =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 )2

Page 5 of 16
 𝑑𝑦
𝟔 = (𝑥 2 sec 𝑥 )(sec 2 𝑥) + (tan 𝑥 )(𝑥 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

2
𝟕 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑒 − 5𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑒 3

𝑑𝑦 2 −1
= 2𝑒(𝑥 𝑒−1 ) − 5𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦 4
𝟖 = + (0.5)𝑥 ln(0.5) − 2𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln3

𝑑𝑦 1
𝟗 = 𝑥 4 (4𝑥 ln 4) + 4𝑥 (4𝑥 3 ) + 𝑥 ( ) + ln 𝑥 . 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
𝟏𝟎 = . + . cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ln 10

𝑑𝑦 2
𝟏𝟏 = 𝑒 (𝑥 tanh 𝑥) . [𝑥 2 sech2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 tanh 𝑥 ] + 10 (1 + sec 𝑥 )9 . (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
𝟏𝟐 = . sec 2 (4𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 ). (4𝑥 ln 4 + sinh 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 2 √tan(4𝑥 + cosh 𝑥)

𝟏𝟑 𝑦 = [sin(ln 𝑥 )]3 + csch(𝑥 2 + 5)

𝑑𝑦 1
= 3[sin(ln 𝑥)]2 . cos(ln 𝑥 ) . − csch(𝑥 2 + 5). coth(𝑥 2 + 5) . 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑥3 )
𝟏𝟒 𝑦 = [tan(cot 𝑥 )]4 + 𝑒 (𝑒

𝑑𝑦 𝑥3 3
= 4[tan(cot 𝑥 )]3 . sec 2 (cot 𝑥 ) . (− csc 2 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 (𝑒 ) . 𝑒 𝑥 . 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝟏𝟓 𝑦 = [sinh(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 )]3 + tan−1 (ln 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 3[sinh(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 )]2 . cosh(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ). (𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + .
𝑑𝑥 1 + (ln𝑥 )2 𝑥

Page 6 of 16
𝟏𝟔 𝑦 = [sec(sinh−1 𝑥 )]4 + sec −1 (𝑒 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 4[sec(sinh−1 𝑥 )]3 . sec(sinh−1 𝑥 ) . tan(sinh−1 𝑥 ) . + . 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑒 √(𝑒 ) − 1

𝑑𝑦 −1 1
𝟏𝟕 = (3)csch(sin 𝑥) . ln 3 . [− csch(sin−1 𝑥 )] . [coth(sin−1 𝑥 )] .
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝟏𝟖 = .
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (cosh−1 𝑥)2 √𝑥 2 − 1

𝟏𝟗 Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we have:

[ 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 . 𝑦 ′ ) + sin 𝑦 . 1 ] + [ 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 . 𝑦 ′ ] = 0

∴ 𝑦 ′ ( 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 ) = − (sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 − (sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 )

𝑦
𝟐𝟎 tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1 + 𝑥2

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we get:

2(
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥𝑦
′
sec 𝑥 − 𝑦) . (1 − 𝑦 ) =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2

2( ′ 2(
𝑦′ 2𝑥𝑦
sec 𝑥 − 𝑦) − [ 𝑦 sec 𝑥 − 𝑦)] = −
1 + 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

′ 2(
𝑦′ 2(
2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 sec 𝑥 − 𝑦) + = sec 𝑥 − 𝑦 ) +
1 + 𝑥2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

1 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 ′ [sec 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) + ] = sec 2(
𝑥 − 𝑦 ) +
1 + 𝑥2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

2 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 [sec (𝑥 − 𝑦) + (1+𝑥2 )2 ]
= 1
𝑑𝑥 [sec 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) + ]
1+𝑥 2

Page 7 of 16
 2 𝑥2 ] 2 ln(cos 𝑥)
𝟐𝟏 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥 ) 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln[(cos 𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥) . [𝑥 2 . . (−sin 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥 )]
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥

Another approach:

Take the natural logarithms of both sides and use the laws of logarithms for simplification.
2
ln 𝑦 = ln(cos 𝑥 ) 𝑥 ⇒ ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln(cos 𝑥 )

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we obtain:

𝑦′ 1
= 𝑥2. . (−sin 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥 )
𝑦 cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 2 1
∴ = 𝑦 [𝑥 2 . . (−sin 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥 )] = (cos 𝑥 ) 𝑥 [𝑥 2 . . (−sin 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥 )]
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

−1 𝑥
𝟐𝟐 𝑦 = (cosh−1 𝑥)sech 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 cos

Take ln of both sides

−1 𝑥 −1 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln[(cosh−1 𝑥 )sech 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 cos ] ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln[(cosh−1 𝑥 )sech 𝑥 ] + ln[𝑒 cos ]

∴ ln 𝑦 = sech 𝑥 ln(cosh−1 𝑥 ) + cos −1 𝑥

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, getting:

𝑦′ 1 1 1
= sech 𝑥 . −1
⋅ − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 ⋅ ln(cosh−1 𝑥 ) −
𝑦 cosh 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
∴ = 𝑦 [sech 𝑥 . −1
⋅ − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 ⋅ ln(cosh−1 𝑥 ) − ]
𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 √1 − 𝑥 2

−1 𝑥
𝟐𝟑 𝑦 = ln[(cot −1 𝑥 )𝑥 𝑒 sech ]
−1 𝑥
𝑦 = ln[(cot −1 𝑥 )𝑥 ] + ln[𝑒 sech ] ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⋅ ln(cot −1 𝑥 ) + sech−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 −1 −1 )
1
=𝑥. . ( ) + ln ( cot 𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 cot −1 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2

Page 8 of 16
 cot 𝑥 )]
𝟐𝟒 𝑦 = 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + csc −1 (𝑥 3 + 1) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 [ln(𝑥 + csc −1 (𝑥 3 + 1)

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒 cot 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + csc −1 (𝑥 3 + 1)

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 𝑒 cot 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ⋅ (cot 𝑥 . − csc 2 𝑥 ln 𝑥) − . (3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 3 2
(𝑥 + 1)√(𝑥 + 1) − 1

ln 𝑥 ) 2
𝟐𝟓 𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) = cosh [𝑒 ln(𝑥 ] = cosh [𝑒 (ln 𝑥 ⋅ ln𝑥) ] = cosh [𝑒 (ln 𝑥) ]

𝑑𝑦 2 2 1
= sinh [𝑒 (ln 𝑥) ] ⋅ 𝑒 (ln 𝑥) ⋅ 2 ln 𝑥 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝟐𝟔 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 = (tanh−1 𝑥 )sinh 𝑥

Take ln of both sides

ln[ 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 ] = ln[(tanh−1 𝑥 )sinh 𝑥 ] ⇒ ln 𝑦 + ln[𝑒 𝑥𝑦 ] = ln[(tanh−1 𝑥 )sinh 𝑥 ]

∴ ln 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 ln(tanh−1 𝑥 )

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we have:

𝑦′ 1 1
+ ( 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ) = sinh 𝑥 . −1
⋅ 2
+ cosh 𝑥 ln(tanh−1 𝑥 )
𝑦 tanh 𝑥 1 − 𝑥

1 sinh 𝑥
𝑦′ ( + 𝑥) + 𝑦 = + cosh 𝑥 ln(tanh−1 𝑥 )
𝑦 (tanh 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥 2 )
−1

1 + 𝑥𝑦 sinh 𝑥
𝑦′ ( )= + cosh 𝑥 ln(tanh−1 𝑥 ) − 𝑦
𝑦 (tanh 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥 2 )
−1

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 sinh 𝑥
∴ = [ + cosh 𝑥 ln(tanh−1 𝑥 ) − 𝑦]
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥𝑦 (tanh 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥 2 )
−1

𝟐𝟕 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥

Take ln of both sides

𝑦 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑦

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we obtain:

Page 9 of 16
 1 𝑦′
𝑦( ) + 𝑦 ′ ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 ( ) + ln 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦

𝑦′ 1 𝑥 𝑦
∴ 𝑦 ′ ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 ( ) = ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 ( ) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ [ln 𝑥 − ] = ln 𝑦 −
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑦 − (𝑦/𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥 − (𝑥/𝑦)

𝑥)
𝟐𝟖 𝑦 = 𝑥( 𝑥

Take ln of both sides

ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥

Again, take ln of both sides

ln(ln 𝑦) = ln[𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ] ⇒ ln(ln 𝑦) = ln(𝑥 𝑥 ) + ln(ln 𝑥 ) ⇒ ln(ln 𝑦) = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + ln(ln 𝑥 )

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we get:

1 𝑦′ 1 1 1
⋅ = [𝑥 . + ln 𝑥] + ⋅
ln 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = 𝑦 ln 𝑦 [1 + ln 𝑥 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥

3 1
𝟐𝟗 𝑦 = √6𝑥 ln 𝑥 csc 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥 = (6𝑥 ln 𝑥 csc 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥 )3

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 −2 1
= (6 ⋅ ln 𝑥 ⋅ csc 𝑥 ⋅ csch−1 𝑥 ) 3 [(6𝑥 ⋅ ln 6 ⋅ ln 𝑥 ⋅ csc 𝑥 ⋅ csch−1 𝑥 ) + (6𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ csc 𝑥 ⋅ csch−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥

−1
+ (6𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 ⋅ (− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 ) ⋅ csch−1 𝑥 ) + (6𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 ⋅ csc 𝑥 ⋅ )]
𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2

Another approach:

Take ln of both sides

3 1
ln 𝑦 = ln ( √6𝑥 ln 𝑥 csc 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥 ) ⇒ ln 𝑦 = ln(6𝑥 ln 𝑥 csc 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥 )
3

3 ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 6 + ln(ln 𝑥) + ln(csc 𝑥) + ln(csch−1 𝑥 )

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, having:

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 𝑦′ 1 1 1 1 −1
3 = ln 6 + . + . (− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 ) + −1
.
𝑦 ln 𝑥 𝑥 csc 𝑥 csch 𝑥 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2

𝑦 1 1
∴𝑦′= [ ln 6 + − cot 𝑥 − ]
3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 csch−1 𝑥

𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 √sec 𝑥
𝟑𝟎 𝑦 =
tanh2 𝑥 sin5 𝑥

Take ln of both sides

𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 √sec 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln ( )
tanh2 𝑥 sin5 𝑥

ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 4 ) + ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) + ln(√sec 𝑥) − ln(tanh2 𝑥 ) − ln(sin5 𝑥 )

1
ln 𝑦 = 4 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ln(sec 𝑥 ) − 2 ln(tanh 𝑥 ) − 5 ln(sin 𝑥 )
2

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we obtain:

𝑦′ 4 1 2 5
= +1+ . (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) − . sech2 𝑥 − . cos 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 2 sec 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 sin 𝑥

4 tan 𝑥 2 sech2 𝑥
∴ 𝑦′ = 𝑦[ +1+ − − 5 cot 𝑥]
𝑥 2 tanh 𝑥

Problem 4:

1 Write the equation of tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑥 at (1,1).

Solution
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
∵ = 2𝑥 + ⟹ Slope of tangent = 𝑚 = | = 2(1) + = 𝟑
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1 1

The equation of the tangent line:

𝑦 − 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) ⟹ 𝑦 − 1 = 3(𝑥 − 1) ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐

2 Find the tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 at (−2, −1).

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Solution
Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we have:

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ + 2 + 4𝑦 ′ = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 ′ (2𝑦 + 4) = −2𝑥 − 2 ⟹ = −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑦+2

𝑑𝑦 (−2) + 1
Slope of tangent = 𝑚 = | = −[ ]=𝟏
𝑑𝑥 (−2,−1) (−1) + 2

The equation of the tangent line:

𝑦 − (−1) = (𝑥 − (−2)) ⟹ 𝒚=𝒙+𝟏

3 At what point a tangent with slope 3 touches the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 ?

Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3 ⟹ ∴ 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3 = 3
𝑑𝑥

2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑥 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥=0

∴ 𝑦 = −1 The point is (𝟎, −𝟏)

−1 𝑥
4 For the curve ∶ (𝑥 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 tan
i) Find the point of intersection of this curve with the 𝑦-axis.

ii) Find the value of 𝒚′ at this point.

iii) Find the equation of the tangent of this curve at the same point.

Solution
−1 0
i) (0 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 tan ⇒ 2𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦=0 ⇒ The point is (𝟎, 𝟎)

ii) Take ln of the equation sides

−1 𝑥
𝑦 ln(𝑥 + 2) = ln(𝑒 tan ) ⇒ 𝑦 ln(𝑥 + 2) = tan−1 𝑥

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we get:

𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑦
𝑦 ′ ln(𝑥 + 2) + = ⇒ = [ − ]
𝑥 + 2 1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 ln(𝑥 + 2) 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 + 2

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 𝑑𝑦 𝟏
∴ | =
𝑑𝑥 (0,0) 𝐥𝐧 𝟐

iii) The equation of the tangent is:

1 𝟏
𝑦−0= (𝑥 − 0) ⇒ 𝒚= 𝒙
ln 2 𝐥𝐧 𝟐

5 If 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [cos(2𝑥) − sin (2𝑥)] and 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎𝑦 ′ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0, then find 𝑎 and 𝑏.

Solution

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we have:

𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 [cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 ] + 𝑒 −𝑥 [−2 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 ]

∴ 𝑦 ′ = −3 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥

Again differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, getting:

𝑦 ′′ = [ 3 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 6 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 ] + [𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 ]

∴ 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 7 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥

Substitute with 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ into the following equation

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎𝑦 ′ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
we get:

[𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 7 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 ] + 𝑎 [−3 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 ] + 𝑏 [𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 ] = 0

Divide by 𝒆−𝒙 , getting∶

[cos 2𝑥 + 7 sin 2𝑥 ] + 𝑎 [−3 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 ] + 𝑏 [cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 ] = 0

∴ [1 − 3𝑎 + 𝑏] cos 2𝑥 + [7 − 𝑎 − 𝑏] sin 2𝑥 = 0

So, the coefficients of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 must be zeros:

1 − 3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 and 7−𝑎−𝑏 =0

Solving these equations, we get: 𝒂=𝟐 & 𝒃=𝟓

6 Find 𝑑 2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2 for 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 1.

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Solution

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥:

[ 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 . 𝑦 ′ ) + sin 𝑦 ] + [ 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ sin 𝑥 ] = 0

𝑦 ′ (𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 ) = − sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥

− sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝑦′ =
𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥

Again, differentiate w.r.t 𝑥:

(𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 )[−𝑦 ′ cos 𝑦 + (𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑦 ′ cos 𝑥 )] − (− sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 )(cos 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 )
𝑦 ′′ =
(𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 )2

7 Prove that

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1 𝑑 −1
i) (cosh−1 𝑥 ) = ii) (coth−1 𝑥 ) = 2 iii) (csch−1 𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2
Solution

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
i)Let 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = cosh 𝑦 ⇒ = sinh 𝑦 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 sinh 𝑦

∴ sinh 𝑦 = √cosh2 𝑦 − 1 = √𝑥 2 − 1 Remember that:

cosh2 𝑦 − sinh2 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −1
ii)Let 𝑦 = coth−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = coth 𝑦 ⇒ = − csch2 𝑦 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 csch2 𝑦

∴ csch2 𝑦 = coth2 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 2 − 1
Remember that:
coth2 𝑦 − 1 = csch2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 −1
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1

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 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −1
iii)Let 𝑦 = csch−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = csch 𝑦 ⇒ = − csch 𝑦 coth 𝑦 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 csch 𝑦 coth 𝑦

∴ coth 𝑦 = √1 + csch2 𝑦 = √1 + 𝑥 2
Remember that:
𝑑𝑦 −1 coth2 𝑦 − 1 = csch2 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2

Problem 5: From the figure shown, complete the following:

i) The function 𝝋 is not continuous but the limit exists

at 𝑥 = 𝟏.

ii) The type of discontinuity at 𝑥 = 4 is

jump discontinuity.

iii) The function 𝝋 is continuous but not differentiable

at 𝑥 ≅ −𝟒. 𝟓.

iv) 𝜑′ (𝑥) = 0 at 𝑥 = −𝟑. 𝟓, 𝑥 = 𝟎 and 𝑥 = 𝟐 .

v) The type of discontinuity at 𝑥 = 3 is

infinite discontinuity.

vi) The function 𝝎 has jump discontinuity at

𝑥 = −𝟏.

vii) The function 𝝎 is continuous but not

differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝟐.

viii) 𝜔′ (0) = 𝟎 and 𝜔′ (4) = −𝟏

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ix) The type of discontinuity at 𝑥 = 5 is
infinite discontinuity.

x) The function 𝒖 is continuous but not

differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒙 = 𝟑 and 𝒙 = 𝟒.

xi) 𝑢′ (2.5) = 𝟏 and 𝑢′ (1) = 𝟎.

Page 16 of 16