Linear power supply

1st Group
Department: - Electronics & Tele -
Communication Engineering
Year: - 2nd Year, 3rd Semester

⁙ Group Member: -
1. Suvojit Ghosh (Roll No. – 01)
2. Soumyadip Mondal (Roll No.- 02)
3. Soumyadip Banerjee (Roll No.- 03)
4. Hiran Karmakar (Roll No. – 04)
5. Subhankar Pal (Roll No.- 05)
6. Soumik Senapati (Roll No.- 06)
 Content

Serial No. Topic Page No.

1. Introduction 01-03

2. Circuit Diagram 04

3. Components 05
Required
4. Component 06-08
Descriptions
5. Working principle 09-10

6. Conclusion 11
 1
INTRODUCTION
 The Source in a linear power supply is the starting point, typically
providing a 230V AC input from a standard electrical outlet. This high-
voltage alternating current serves as the primary energy source for the
entire circuit. The AC supply is essential for powering the subsequent
components that will transform, rectify, filter, and regulate the voltage.
It ensures that the input energy is sufficient for conversion into the
desired lower, stable DC output. The quality and stability of this AC
source directly affect the overall performance of the power supply,
making it a crucial component for reliable operation.
 The Switch before the transformer to the source is used to control the
flow of electricity from the AC power source (e.g., 230V mains) into the
transformer. By toggling the switch, the user can turn the entire power
supply system on or off, effectively controlling the input to the
transformer. When the switch is in the "on" position, it allows the AC
voltage to pass through to the transformer, where it is stepped down to
the desired lower voltage. When the switch is "off," the transformer is
disconnected from the power source, preventing power from reaching
the rest of the circuit. This switch helps ensure safety by isolating the
transformer from the power supply when not in use.
 A 12-0-12V, 0.5A step-down Transformer is a type of transformer that
reduces the input AC voltage (e.g., 230V) to dual 12V AC outputs with
a center tap (0V). This center-tapped configuration provides two 12V
outputs that can be used in full-wave rectification. The transformer is
rated at 0.5A, meaning it can supply up to 0.5 amperes of current
without overheating. The 12-0-12V outputs allow for the creation of
both positive and negative voltage rails if needed, or it can be used to
generate a single 12V AC output. This step-down voltage serves as
the input for the bridge rectifier stage.
 A Bridge Rectifier is a key component in a linear power supply that
converts AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current). It is typically
composed of four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration. When AC
voltage is applied, the diodes conduct in pairs during each half-cycle of
 2
the AC input, allowing current to flow in only one direction. This
results in the conversion of the AC waveform into a pulsating DC
output. The bridge rectifier ensures efficient full-wave rectification,
doubling the frequency of the output pulses compared to a half-wave
rectifier, which helps improve the overall smoothness of the DC signal.
 A Filter using a capacitor is essential in a linear power supply for
smoothing the pulsating DC output from the bridge rectifier. The
capacitor is connected across the rectified DC voltage and acts as an
energy storage element. During the peaks of the rectified waveform,
the capacitor charges up, storing energy. When the waveform drops to
a lower level or zero, the capacitor discharges, releasing its stored
energy to maintain a more constant voltage level. This action
significantly reduces the voltage ripple and results in a smoother DC
output. This filtered DC is then fed into the voltage regulator for further
stabilization.
 The LM317 Voltage Regulator is a versatile, adjustable voltage
regulator IC used in a linear power supply to maintain a stable output
voltage. It operates by comparing the output voltage with a reference
voltage and adjusting the internal resistance to keep the output
constant, even when the input voltage or load conditions vary. The
LM317 can regulate output voltages between 1.25V and 37V when
connected with appropriate external resistors. It ensures that
fluctuations in input or load are minimized, providing reliable and
consistent DC output. Additionally, the LM317 features built-in
protection against overcurrent and thermal overload, enhancing the
circuit's safety and durability.
 A 1000µF capacitor for further Smoothing is used after the voltage
regulation stage to ensure an even more stable DC output. This
capacitor acts by storing electrical energy during the peaks of the
regulated DC output and releasing it during brief dips or load changes,
which reduces any residual voltage fluctuations. By smoothing out
these minor variations, the capacitor enhances the quality of the DC
output, ensuring it is nearly ripple-free. This results in a cleaner and
more consistent voltage supply to the connected load, which is
 particularly important for sensitive electronic devices that require 3
steady voltage for optimal performance.
 The Voltage and Current Display unit in a linear power supply is
used for real-time monitoring of the output. It typically consists of digital
or analog meters that display the current voltage and current being
delivered to the load. These meters are connected across the output
terminals to measure the voltage directly and in series with the load to
measure current. The display unit helps users track the output levels
and make any necessary adjustments to ensure the connected devices
receive the appropriate power. This feedback ensures safe operation,
allows for precision control, and helps prevent overloading or under-
voltage issues.
 The output banana plugs on a power supply are used for connecting
the regulated DC output to the external load or device. These plugs are
standardized connectors with a cylindrical shape that allow for easy
and secure attachment of test leads, wires, or other equipment. The
positive and negative terminals of the power supply are typically
connected to the red (positive) and black (negative) banana plugs,
respectively. This setup ensures safe and convenient connections for
powering or testing electronic circuits. Banana plugs are commonly
used in laboratory power supplies for both voltage and current
measurement, offering flexibility and reliability in the output
connections.
.
 4
Circuit Diagram
 5
Components Required
Components Specifications Quantity Cost

Transformer 12-0-12 V,0.5A 1 ₹70

Resistor ¼ Watt 4 ₹40
+ 47KΩ,220E, +
POT Knob 5KΩ(POT), 2
500E(POT)
Capacitor 2200µF/25V, 4 ₹15
Polar & Non- 1000µF/25V,
Polar 100nF
Diode IN4007 2 ₹5
Rectifier DB107 1 ₹10
Bridge Rectifier
Voltage & DC Voltage 1 ₹120
Current Display (0V-30V) &
Ampere
(10Amps)
On-Off Switch 230V-2A 1 ₹8
Voltage LM317 1 ₹15
Regulator (V0,Adj,Vin)
Banana Socket Red & Black 1 Pair ₹32
Copper Wire 0.5 sq. mm 1 Gauge ₹10
Vero Board Small Size 1 ₹10
Box Plastic 1 ₹50

Total Cost: - ₹385

 6
Component Descriptions
Capacitor :-
The capacitor is an electric component that has the
ability to store energy in the form of electrical charges
that creates a potential difference, which is a static
voltage, much like a small rechargeable battery. The
most basic design of a capacitor consists of two parallel conductors
(Metallic plate), separated with a dielectric material. When a voltage
source is attached across the capacitor, the capacitor plate gets charged
up. The metallic plate attached to the positive terminal will be positively
charged, and the plate attached to the negative terminal will be
negatively charged. Here we use 2200µF/25V, 1000µF/25V, 100nF.

Transformer: -
A "12-0-12" transformer typically refers to a transformer
with a primary voltage of 12V and a secondary voltage
of 12V with a center-tapped secondary winding. This
type of transformer is often used in situations where
bipolar (dual) DC voltage is needed, such as in audio
amplifiers, power supplies, or other electronic circuits that require both
positive and negative rails. The center tap (0) acts as the ground or
reference voltage, while the +12V and -12V are used for the positive and
negative supply voltages, respectively.

LM 317 IC: -
The LM317 device is an adjustable three- terminal
positive- voltage regulator capable of supplying more
than 1.5 A over an output voltage range of 1.25 v to 37 v.
It requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. The
device features a typical load regulation of 0.1%.
It includes current protection remains functional even if the adjust 7
terminal is disconnected limiting, thermal overload protection, and
safe operation area protection Overload. Its Max Current is 1.5 A.

Resistor: -
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component
that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In
electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power s heat may be used as part of
motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly
with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity. Here, we use 47KΩ,5K POT,500E POT,220E.

Rectifier: -
Bridge rectifiers are a type of full-wave rectifier that use
four or more diodes to convert Alternating Current (AC)
to Pulsating Direct Current (DC). Here, we use DB107
rectifier. DB107 are 1.0A Single-Phase Glass Passivated Bridge
Rectifiers.

Key Specification: -
 Diodes: Made up of four diodes arranged in
a bridge configuration

 Forward voltage: 1.1V

 Reverse voltage: 1kV

 8
 Package: Plastic package with UL flammability classification 94V-0

 Surge overload rating: 50A peak

 Maximum recurrent peak reverse voltage: 1000 V

 Maximum RMS input voltage: 700 V

 Maximum DC blocking voltage: 1000 V

 Maximum average rectified output current: 1.0 A

Project Snapshots: -
 9

1. The step-down
transformer(12-0-12v/0.5A)
takes 230V AC supply
across it’s Primary
windings and we take 12V
AC output from it’s
Secondary windings.

2. A Bridge Rectifier is used to get the pulsating DC output

from it.
3. A filter capacitor of 2200uF/25v is used in parallel to
remove ac ripples. One 100nF is also used to remove
high frequency ripple (if any). One 47KΩ resistor is used
to discharge the capacitor when we turn off the supply
(to avoid shock).
4. LM317 positive Voltage Regulator is used with 220E
across it’s adjust and output terminals, 5KΩ POT with
500E POT in series is used in parallel to adjust and
output terminals for voltage regulation.
5. For further smoothing purpose, 1000uF/25V and 100nF
capacitors are used in parallel to the ‘+ ve’ and ‘- ve’
terminals. One 47KΩ resistor is also used here in
parallel to discharge the capacitor quickly while the
device is turned-off.
6. Output is taken through one pair of female Banana 10
Socket and a Volt-Ampere display unit is attached with
the output terminal to see the output.
7. One ON-OFF Switch is provided for powering the
Transformer.
8. Two P-N junction diode IN4007 are connected in series
to make the output start from 0V.
9. The whole system is implemented on an electrical plastic
junction box (6” * 8”).

RESULT
 Output voltage: From 0V to 10.5 V.
 Max current (short circuit): 360 mA.
 11

Conclusion
We therefore conclude that this project is indeed suitable for
electronics engineering Students especially to students taking up
Linear Power Supply in their Electronic Devices & Circuits Lab.
The aim of the project is to design and implement simple Linear
Power Supply. Having realized the device and found working
properly based on its design and relatively cheap components
involved in its realization, the aim of the project can be said to be
achieved.
Overall, we would say that this project was a success! We really
enjoyed learning the fundamentals of circuit design and how to build
devices from scratch. The final implementation of these skills into the
final project really illustrated to our self how much we learned over
the semester.
Additionally, we would like to acknowledge various Online Websites
Forums, Books, Reports that have been helpful a lot and thanks to
our respected SSV Maharaj & GNP Sir for guiding and helping for
this project.
 Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled ["Linear Power

Supply "] has been completed and submitted to Ramakrishna
Mission Shilpamandira, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the group project of Electronic Devices &
Circuits Lab in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Department, Second Semester for the session 2024-25.

(Sign. of teacher)