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3.exercise RS in Image Enhancement

The document outlines a series of exercises focused on image enhancement techniques, including radiometric, spatial, and spectral enhancements. It details methods for adjusting brightness and contrast, applying filters, and calculating vegetation indices such as NDVI using Landsat data. Additionally, it discusses the applications of these enhancements in mineral exploration and vegetation analysis.

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lokitha panangala
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30 views4 pages

3.exercise RS in Image Enhancement

The document outlines a series of exercises focused on image enhancement techniques, including radiometric, spatial, and spectral enhancements. It details methods for adjusting brightness and contrast, applying filters, and calculating vegetation indices such as NDVI using Landsat data. Additionally, it discusses the applications of these enhancements in mineral exploration and vegetation analysis.

Uploaded by

lokitha panangala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise No.

03
Image Enhancement

Apply Radiometric Enhancement


• Modification of brightness values of each pixel in an image data set
independently.

Adjust Image Contrast and Brightness

Right click in the Main Menu  Effects

Analyze the image and its DN values


 Load the tm_sub.img image file from Landsat folder with the Layer4 only.
 Select the layer properties  symbology  stretch type (none)
 Use the identity

 Select the
layer
properties  symbology  stretch type (standard deviation)
 Use the identity
 Now find out the Stretch value ………. & Pixel value ………………

In the Layer properties you can select different stretch options


 None
 Custom
 Standard Deviation
 Histogram Equalize
 Minimum-Maximum

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S.Sivanantharajah
Exercise No. 03

Select the statistics option in differ ways

From current display extents: Gathers statistics from the current display extent using
all the displayed pixel values.
From each Raster Dataset: Uses the statistics from the entire raster dataset.
From Custom setting below:

Invert the image


The brightness invert functions produce images that have the opposite contrast of the original image. Dark
detail becomes light, and light detail becomes dark. Invert is useful for emphasizing detail that would
otherwise be lost in the darkness of the low DN pixels.

 Open the ALOS.img from the ALOS folder


 Click the invert option and the image will be inverted.
 Check the DN values in the image using the identity.

Apply Spatial Enhancement

Spatial enhancement modifies pixel values based on the values of surrounding pixels.

Low Pass/High Pass filter

 In the ArcToolbox click on Spatial Analyst Tools  Neighborhood  Filter

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S.Sivanantharajah
Exercise No. 03

Low : Low Pass filter – Smoothing


High: High Pass filter – Edge enhancing

Majority Filter
The Majority Filter tool has two criteria to satisfy before a replacement can occur:
The number of neighboring cells of a similar value must be large enough (Majority or Half), and
those cells must be contiguous about the center of the filter kernel.
The second criteria concerning the spatial connectivity of the cells minimizes the corruption of
cellular spatial patterns

 In the ArcToolbox click on Spatial Analyst Tools  Generalization Majority


Filter

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S.Sivanantharajah
Exercise No. 03
Spectral Enhancement
Vegetation Index
Indices are used to create output images by mathematically combining the DN values of different bands.

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) = (IR – R)/(IR + R)

For Landsat TM NDVI = (Band 4 – Band3/(Band 4 + Band3)

For Vegetation Index = Band 4 – Band3

 In the ArcToolbox click on Spatial Analyst Tools  Map Algebra Raster


Calculator

Float (Band4.img – Band3.img)/Float (Band4.img + Band3.img)

The NDVI itself varies between -1.0 and +1.0.

 Negative values of NDVI (values approaching -1) correspond to deep water.


 Values close to zero (-0.1 to 0.1) generally correspond to barren areas of rock, sand, or
snow.

 Low, positive values represent shrub and grassland (approximately 0.2 to 0.4), while high
values indicate temperate and tropical rainforests (values approaching 1).

 The typical range is between about -0.1 (for a not very green area) to 0.6 (for a very green
area).

Windows  Image Analysis

In ArcMap the scaling was done to suit the 8bit format.


-0.1 to 1.0
Each value will multiply by 100 and add 100

Applications
 Indices are used extensively in mineral exploration and vegetation analysis to bring out small
differences between various rock types and vegetation classes. In many cases, judiciously chosen
indices can highlight and enhance differences that cannot be observed in the display of the original
color bands.
 Certain combinations of TM ratios are routinely used by geologists for interpretation of Landsat
imagery for mineral type. For example: Red 5/7, Green 5/4, Blue 3/1.

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S.Sivanantharajah

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