Database Programming with

SQL
3-1
Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules

Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Objectives
• This lesson covers the following objectives:
−Evaluate logical comparisons to restrict the rows returned
based on two or more conditions
−Apply the rules of precedence to determine the order in
which expressions are evaluated and calculated

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3
Purpose
• Not too many things in life depend on just one
condition
• For instance, if you want to go to college, you probably
need good grades and the tuition money to pay for it
• If you have extra money, you could either save it or
spend it
• If you want to go to a movie, you may not want to go
this weekend and you may not want to sit in the first
10 rows of the theater

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 4
Purpose
• In SQL, it is often desirable to be able to restrict the
rows returned by a query based on two or more
conditions
• As the manager of a fast food business, you may need
to know the names of your staff who are either cooks
or order takers
• You don't need or want the entire staff list, you just
want a subset of it
• Conditional operators such as AND, NOT, and OR make
these types of requests easy to do

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 5
Logical Conditions
• Logical conditions combine the result of two
component conditions to produce a single result based
on them
• For example, to attend a rock concert, you need to buy
a ticket AND have transportation to get there
• If both conditions are met, you can go to the concert
• What if you can't get transportation, can you go?

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 6
Logical Conditions
• Another logical condition combines two component
conditions with OR
• All employees will receive a raise either by having a
perfect attendance record OR by meeting their
monthly sales quota
• If an employee meets either of these two conditions,
the employee gets a raise

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 7
Logical Operators
• A logical operator combines the results of two or more
conditions to produce a single result
• A result is returned ONLY IF the overall result of the
condition is true
• AND -- Returns TRUE if both conditions are true
• OR -- Returns TRUE if either condition is true
• NOT -- Returns TRUE if the condition is false

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 8
AND Operator
• In the query below, the results returned will be rows
that satisfy BOTH conditions specified in the WHERE
clause
SELECT last_name, department_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id > 50 AND salary > 12000;

LAST_NAME DEPARTMENT_ID SALARY

King 90 24000
Kochhar 90 17000
De Haan 90 17000

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 9
AND Operator
• Another example of using AND in the where clause
SELECT last_name, hire_date, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date > '01-Jan-1998' AND job_id LIKE 'SA%';

LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE JOB_ID

Zlotkey 29-Jan-2000 SA_MAN

Taylor 24-Mar-1998 SA_REP

Grant 24-May-1999 SA_REP

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10
OR Operator
• If the WHERE clause uses the OR condition, the results
returned from a query will be rows that satisfy either
one of the OR conditions
• In other words, all rows returned have a location_id of
2500 OR they have a manager_id equal to 124
SELECT department_name, manager_id, location_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 2500 OR manager_id=124;

DEPARTMENT_NAME MANAGER_ID LOCATION_ID

Shipping 124 1500
Sales 149 2500

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 11
NOT Operator
• The NOT operator will return rows that do NOT satisfy
the condition in the WHERE clause
SELECT department_name, location_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id NOT IN (1700,1800);

DEPARTMENT_NAME LOCATION_ID
Shipping 1500
IT 1400
Sales 2500

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 12
Rules of Precedence or What Happens First?
• Consider the following SELECT statement
• In what order are the expressions evaluated and
calculated?
SELECT last_name||' '||salary*1.05 As "Employee Raise"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(50,80) AND first_name LIKE 'C%'
OR last_name LIKE '%s%';

• Luckily, when things get this complicated, SQL has a

few basic rules that are easy to follow

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 13
Rules of Precedence or What Happens First?
• Notice that the AND operator is ORDER OPERATOR
evaluated before the OR operator 1 Aritmatika + - * /

• This means that for the example 2 Rangkaian ||

on the previous slide, if either of 3 Perbandingan <, <=,

>, >=, <>
the conditions in the AND 4 IS (NOT) NULL, LIKE,
statement are not met, then the (NOT) IN
OR operator is used to select the 5 (NOT) BETWEEN

rows 6 NOT
7 AND
• This is an important concept to
8 OR
remember

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 14
Rules of Precedence or What Happens First?
• First, the AND condition is evaluated, so all employees
working in dept 80 or 50, AND who have a first name
starting with "C" are returned
• The OR clause is then evaluated Employee Raise DEPARTMENT FIRST_
and returns employees whose Higgins 12600
_ID
110
NAME
Shelley
last name contains "s" Mourgos 6090 50 Kevin
Rajs 3675 50 Trenna
SELECT last_name||' '||salary*1.05
As "Employee Raise", department_id, Davies 3255 50 Curtis
first_name Matos 2730 50 Randall
FROM employees Vargas 2625 50 Peter
WHERE department_id IN(50,80)
Ernst 6300 60 Bruce
AND first_name LIKE 'C%'
OR last_name LIKE '%s%'; Hartstein 13650 20 Michael

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 15
Rules of Precedence or What Happens First?
• In this example, the order of the OR and AND have
been reversed from the previous slide
SELECT last_name||' '||salary*1.05 As "Employee Raise",
department_id,
first_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(50,80)
OR first_name LIKE 'C%' The order of operations is:
AND last_name LIKE '%s%'; first_name starts with a "C" AND
last_name contains an "s". Both
these conditions must be met to be
returned.
Any instance of employees in
department 50 and 80 will be
returned.

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 16
Rules of Precedence or What Happens First?
• Adding parenthesis changes the way the Where clause
is evaluated, and the rows returned
SELECT last_name||' '||salary*1.05 As "Employee Raise",
department_id,
first_name
FROM employees
WHERE (department_id IN(50,80) OR first_name LIKE 'C%')
AND last_name LIKE '%s%';
The order of operations is:
The values in the parentheses are
selected.
All instances of the values in the
parentheses that also contain the
letter "s" in their last_name will be
returned.

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Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 17
Terminology
• Key terms used in this lesson included:
−AND
−OR
−NOT
−Precedence Rules

DP 3-1
Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 18
Summary
• In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
−Evaluate logical comparisons to restrict the rows returned
based on two or more conditions
−Apply the rules of precedence to determine the order in
which expressions are evaluated and calculated

DP 3-1
Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 19