PHYSICS

Is a natural science that is concerned with the study matter and natural forces

BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

-Nuclear physics

-Electronics physics

-Mechanics physics

-Electricity and magnetism

-Oscillations and waves

-properties of matter

WHY STUDENTS LEARN PHYSICS IN MALAWI

-It helps students to think critically

-It enable learners to be creative

-It help student to serve current protiem

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN PHYSICS

Physics being practical subject has many opportunities the most promising area of job opportunities is in
engineering and technology

BRANCHES OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES ARE

-Laboratory technology

-civil engineering

-electronic

-Geology

-Astronomy

-Architecture

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

-is a systematic process of testing ideas or finding out an answer to questions

WAYS OF RECORDING DATA

1. By using Tables
Tables composed of two main parts ,namelly

a). Interpolation

It means reading values between consecutive recorded value

b). Extrapolation

Means deducting ( working out )value outside the range in a table

2 By using graph

A graph is composed of two Mein axes. There are

a). Horizontal axis

These axis are for the independent variables ( variables that can change)

b). Vertical axis

These axis are for the independent variable ( variable that cannot change)

METHODS OF STUDYING PHYSICS

observation

This is the beginning stage of scientific knowledge and investment

-Scientists make is observation every day for which they wish to get answers and explanation

QUESTIONS

-Scientists ask questions from the observation they make

-A good question that can be answered through scientific investigation should be well: =Defined

=testable

=measurable

=Controllable

3 HYPOTHESIS

Is a quessed answer to the question

-It can come from experience of existing scientific knowledge

-It must be testable in order to approve

 5EXPRIMENT

This stage involves carrying out the experiment to test hypothesis

-the scientist choose one variable which will be measured ( known as the dependent variable)

-There most also be another variable which the scientist will be changing and will not be measured
( known as the independent variable)

AN EXPERIMENT USUALLY TAKES THE FOLLOWING FORMAT

Title of experience

It gives the aim of an experiment

Apparatus and materials

Apparition to be used need to be listed

The procedure to be followed

It is a step of description of what needs to be done . It should include

= well labelled diagrams

= series of statement

= questions

observation

It presents the results

Analysis of results

This may involve drawing an appropriate graph

Conclusion

It evaluates the analysis and give statement of the findings showing whether the original hypothesis has
been supported or not

Explanation

It justifies an answer

It proved or disapproved and analysis

CONTRITION OF PHYSICS TO THE DEVELOPMENT

-It help in the design and develop device and appliances e.g. Hind mill

-It help to manufacturer of motor cars, aeroplane,communication satellite

-It develop manufacturing sector e.g. labour efficient robots

MILESTONES OF ADVANCEMENT IN PHYSICS

-Computer

-internet

-Global positioning system ( GPS )

-Digital sound

-Digital video

-Artificial satellite

-Nuclear energy

-solar power

-Electron micro sonic

LABORATORY SAFETY MEASURES

-Are safety set of rules or regulation that guide the daily activities in the laboratory to minimise accident

CATEGORIES OF SAFETY RULE AND REGULATION

(1). Personal safety rules

-Read labels carefully

-follow instructions to the letter

-The long help and loose clothes

-Do not run ,play or throw things in the a laboratory

-Do not eat,taste or drink anything in a laboratory

-Clean your work place before leaving the laboratory

-Inform the teacher immediately when an accident accurs

(2). Emergency response safety rules

-Know to cation of fire extinguisher eye wash and safety shower

Learn how to we fire extinguisher wash and safety shower from the inform teacher in case of spillage
explosion of fire

(3). Common sense safety rules

-Be responsible for your safety and that of others include the laboratory as a whole

-If out any time are not sure of how to handle a particular situation feel free to get advice from your
teacher laboratory assistant

(4). Equipment safety rules

-Follow instructions on how to use an instructions

-Uses a correct equipment for an activity

-Never heat gases in closed bottle

-Report to the teacher any damaged equipment

(5). Electrical safety rules

-Report to the teacher the presence of loose electrical wires

-Switch on electricity only when instrument by the teacher or laboratory assistant

-Your hands most be dry when working with electricity

-Never try to connect anything other than the proper plug into the main socket

-Always ensure that is off before plugging in only electrical device

(6) Chemical safety rules

-Follow instructions on how to use the chemicals in any laboratory activity

-Keep your skin away from contact with chemical

-Ensure that you to not test chemical in the laboratory

-Never handle radioactive material with here hands ( use tongs and forceps )

7. other safety rules

-Only experiment authorized by the teacher should be conducting experiment in group require team
spirit

-Cleanliness is next to godliness. Ensure you can change places

-Be honest with your work and tate

FIRST AID

The purpose of first aid ( is to make the victim secure and comfortable.

-This prevent person condition from becoming worse until professional assistance is available

-The physical laboratory should have a fire extinguisher and a first aid kit container the following items

-A pair of brunt -ended scissors

-adhesive plaster

-sterilised cotton,wool and gauze

-safety pins

-forceps

-gloves

HAZARDS SYMBOLS

-Oxidising substance

-general danger

-dangerous for the environment

-risk of fire

-risk of explosion

-toxic substance

-Corrosive substance

APPLYING SAFETY MEASURES IN THE LABORATORY

-It care of an accident the following safety measures should be applied or emergency

Emergency or accident

1 fire out break

RESPONSES OF FIRE OUT BREAK

-Move to fire assembly point using fire exit point

-Inform the teacher or the instruction

-If you can use the fire extinguisher to put the fire off

-If you can switch off the main switch of the laboratory wiring system

2 Electric shock

RESPONSES OF ELECTRONIC SHOCK

-Switch off the power at the socket first

-Pull out the victim from the appliance

-Give the victim first aid

-If the victim is not breaths,tap three time on his or her left side of the chest

3 suffocation

RESPONSES OF SUFFOCATION

-Take the victim out of the laboratory to open air for fresh air

-Open air the widows

-Seek assistance from the medical personnel

4 chemical spillage on the skin,floor,table etc.

RESPONSES OF CHEMICAL SPILLAGE IN THE SKIN ,FLOOR TABLE

-Pour alot of pure water to the affected part to dilute the chemical

-If you tasted the chemical drink clean water

-Seek medication immediately

5 breaking of equipment

RESPONSES OF BREAKING OF EQUIPMENT

-The teacher should guide the student to use equipment correctly

-Inform the teacher immediately

6 breaking of general safety

RESPONSES OF BREAKING OF GENERAL SAFETY

-Guide and counsel the student

-Use school disciplinary committee to correct student

MEASUREMENTS

QUANTITY

-Is excursion and filling trips a vital rote in the teaching and learning science

fundamental quantities

-This are quantities which we choose not to define internes of other quantities

EXAMPLE OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

length

-mass

-time

-temperature

-electric current

SI UNITS AND SYMBOLS OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

-SI units is known as international system of units

FQ. SI Units SYMB

Length meter. m

Mass. kilogram. kg

Time. second S

Temperature. Kevin /degree K/°c

Electric current Ampere. A

0 °c =273 k

-273 °c = 0 k

-changing / converting degree

Celsius (°c ) to Kelvin ( k) add 273 to degree Celsius.

Changing / converting Kelvin ( k) to degree Celsius ( °c ) subtract 273 from Kelvin ( k)

Example

1 convert the following degree Celsius to Kelvin

A. 100 °c

B. 25 °c

WORKING

A. Add 273 to °c

= 100 ➕ 273 kelvin

= 373 Kelvin

= 373 answer

WORKING

Add 273 to °c

25 ➕ 273 Kelvin

298 Kelvin

298k answer

2. Change the following Kelvin to degree Celsius

A 373

B 287

working

Subtract 273 from Kelvin 373➖ 273 degree Celsius

100 degree Celsius

100 °c answer

WORKING

B) Subtract 273 from Kelvin 287➖ 273 degree Celsius

14 degree Celsius
 14 °c . Answer

DERIVED QUANTITIES

-Are quantities expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities.

-It means they are coming from fundamental quantities

1 Area and volume are derived quantities of length

AREA

-Refer to the amount of space that a surface or region covers

VOLUME

-Is the amount of space occupied by a substance

2. The sI unit of density in symbols is kg/ m³ or g/ cm³

-Density is aratic of mass per unit

Volume

-Density = mass ( kg )

volume ( m )

3 VELOCITY

-is the ratio of displacement per time taken

VELOCITY = DISPLACEMENT ( M )

TIME TAKEN. ( S )

-The sI unit of velocity in symbols is m/s

4 ACCELERATION

-Is the ratio of change in velocity per time taken

ACCELERATION = change in velocity ( m/s )

time taken. (s)

The SI unit of acceleration in symbols is m/s²

5. FORCE
Is measured in kg m/s² and has been given a named unit called Newton ( N )

6 ENERGY

Is measured in kg m²/s² and has been given a named unit called joule ( J )

7 Work

Is measured in kg m² / s² and has been given a named called Joule ( J )

8 Power

Is measured in kg m²/s² and has been given a named unit called watt ( w )

9 Pressure

Is measured in kg /ms² and has been given a named unit called Pascal ( Pa )

10 Charge ( electric current )

Charge is measured in ( As )and has been given a named unit called Ampere ( A )

MEASURING INSTRUMENT OR MEASURING DEVICE

A measuring device has a scale marked in the standard unit multiple units of the quantity to be measured

EXAMPLE OF MEASURING DEVICE

1 The metre ruler and tape measure

-It is used for measuring the length

2 Beam balance

-Is used for measuring mass

3 Stop watch or stop clock

It is used for measuring time

4 measuring cylinder,pipette and burette

-They are used for measuring volume

5 Thermometer

- It is used for measuring temperature

Measuring of area
Area of regularly shaped object may be obtained by applying the appropriate

EXAMPLE

Formula of square

A=5✖ 5 or L✖ L

Formula of rectangle

A = L✖ W

Formula of triangle

A= ½ ( b✖ h )

AREA OF IRREGULARLY SHAPED OBJECT

-The area of an irregularly shaped object can be established by dividing it into small square and adding
them up

-In complete squares of half or more are considered as complete square

-Area legs that half of area of one square are ignored

Measuring of volume

- The SI unit of volume is cubic meter ( m³ )

-Volume is also a derived quantity

DISPLACEMENT METHODS

-Is used to find the volume of irregular figure

-Pour some water into container ( cylinder and find the volume of the liquid as at ( A )

-Immerse the irregular figure in the water as at ( B ) and find the volume of the water plus the irregular
figure

MEASURING CYLINDER

-Measuring cylinder have a scale marked other in Cm³ or ML ( 1 cm³ =1 ML )

-They measuring cylinder,Burette and pipette are already calibrated ( marked) in the unit of volume

HOW TO MEASURING CYLINDER

-Pour some coloured water into a measuring cylinder

-Observe the shape of the surface you will notice that the liquid surface is curved.

.- The curved liquid surface is called Meniscus

BURETTE

-It consists of the a long graduated glass tube fitted with a tap which opens and close easily

-It is illustrated below

-It used to run off know volume of a liquid

PIPETTE

-It also used to run off known volume of liquid

TYPES OF PIPETTE

-Graduated pipette - It can deliver various amount of known volume of liquid

-one mark pipette -It can deliver only one known volume of liquid

MEASURING OF MASS

-The SI unit of mass is known as kilogram

Unit. symbols comparison with kg

1 Tonne t. 1000 kg

1 kilogram kg. 1 kg

1 gram. g. 0.001kg

1 milligram mg. 0.0001kg

DEVICE /INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING MASS

-Beam balance

-Traditional pan balance

-Modern tap balance

MEASURING OF TIME

TIME

-Is the duration for a particular event to take place

-The SI unit of time is the second ( A )

-Time is measured by watch

TYPES OF WATCH'S

-A digital watch

-A stop watch

- A stop clock

MEASURING TEMPERATURE

-Temperature is the coldness or hotness of the body

-Temperature is measured in Degree Celsius ( °c ) named after a Swedish scientist called Mr Celsius

-The SI unit of temperature is kelvin named after the physicist lord Kelvin

THERMOMETER

-Is measured pf temperature

TYPES OF THERMOMETER

- A liquid-in-glass thermometer

-Mercury -in-glass thermometer

-clinical thermometer

-Alcohol -in-glass-thermometer

A liquid -in-glass thermometer

User either mercury or colored alcohol as the thermometer substance

Mercury -in-glass thermometer

-It consists of walled bulb containing mercury

-It consists of capillary tube ( bore ) of uniform cross-sectional area

-There is a space above mercury which is usually to avoid excess of pressure being development when
mercury expands

How to use thermometer

- When using the thermometer the bulb is kept in contact with the body whose temperature is to be
measured

-The thermometer reading is the temperature of the body

Alcohol -In-glass thermometer

-It uses coloured alcohol instead of mercury

-Volume of alcohol changes uniformly and easy when heated

Clinical thermometer

-It is an instrument designed for measuring the human body temperature

-It consist of a thin walled bulb containing mercury

-The capillary bore ( tube ) is very narrow and of uniform diameter

-Clinical thermometer has a narrow constriction in the tube

CONSTRICTION

- Is there to prevent the back flow of mercury in the capillary tube

CELSIUS AND KELVIN SCALE

-The lowest possible temperature that can be measured is known as Absolute zero

ABSOLUTE ZERO

-Is the temperature at which molecular motion stops.

-Any matter whose temperature is below this Absolute zero temperature has no heat energy .Therefore
is molecules have no energy for movement.

-Any matter whose temperature is above this absolute zero temperature has some heat energy .
Therefore molecules are able to make.

-Experiments on gases show that absolute zero is approximately -273°c

-The kelvin temperature scale starts from absolute zero

-Absolute zero temperature is -273°c on Celsius scale and 0 k on Kelvin scale

°c =273k and 0 k - 273°c

CONVERTING DEGREE CELSIUS ( °C ) TO KELVIN ( K ) OR KELVIN TO DEGREE CELSIUS

-Temperature in K = Temperature in °c
 ➕ 273

-Temperature in °c = Temperature in K

- 273

EXAMPLE

Express the room temperature 273°c in kelvin

WORKING

To convert the room temperature 27°c to Kelvin add 273

( 27 ➕ 273 ) k

= 300 answer

Convert 327k to Celsius temperature

WORKING

To convert kelvin to Celsius subtract 273

= 327-273 °c

=54 °c answer.

PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

MATTER

-Is anything and everything that we come a cross in this world

OR

-is everything a round us that has mass and occupies space

CLASSES OF MATTER

-Solids

-liquid

-gases

COMPOSITION OF MATTER

-Matter is made up of tiny ( small ) particles called Atoms as proposed in 1808 by on

English Chemists called John Daiton. An Italian scientist called Avogadro in 1811,
suggested the word the word molecule to represent a collection or group of atoms
A SCANNING TUNNELS MICROSCOPE

-Is capable of showing the details of arrangement of the particles

THREE STATES OF MATTER

The main difference between these three state of matter

( solid,liquid and Gases)

The fourth states known plasma

Plasmas is formed when of temperature are so high that the outer electrons of the
atoms are removed from their orbits

MOTION OF PARTICLES IN MATTER

1 solid state

There is no movement of particle from the body of the solid to the surrounding

-They vibrate in fixed positions

-They are closely packed in an orderly manner ( regular particles )

-They are not at rest that continuously vibrate to and from a but their fixed position

-Because the molecules are closely packed there is a force of attraction ( very
strong intermolecular force holding them together

-Solid is difficult to compress because of very strong intermolecular force

-A large force is needed to change the size or shape of a solid

2 Liquid state

Molecules in liquid slip and slide to each other and forces them to move

-The are loosely packed unlike those in the solid

-The force of attraction between molecules is lower or weaker

-Distance between the molecules is slightly greater than is solid

-Molecules in liquid have irregular pattern

-They like the shape of the container

3 Gaseous state

-Molecules moving at random in different directions or in ce ziga -zaga path

-The particles of smoke hass less density than air and they air being hired by invisible
particles of air them are forced zig-zag manner

-The particles of gas are in a constant random motion after a Scottish scientist Robert Brown

-Particles have Irregular pattern. They take the shape container

DIFFUSION

-It is the process in which molecular of find spread from region of their higher concentration
to region of their low container and pour water carefully from the site till the level is well
about the open top of the bottle

TO DEMONSTRATE DIFFUSION GASES PROCEDURE

-Take two jar, one filled with carbon dioxide out the other with

-Remove the jar grass plate. Add few drop of the lime water into the jar

-The lime water turned milk . This shows that molecules of carbon dioxide have diffused
from jar

VISCOSITY

-Is the ability of liquid to flow

-Gases flow fastest sinces the intermolecular force between it's particles are very weak

-Solid to not flow at all because their particles are strongly herd together

-Oil and mating metre flow slowly because they have relatively strong intermolecular force

COMPRESSIBILITY

-is compressibility since the direction btwn the air molecules is large an the force of btw air
molecules is small

-Water is in compressible

-Solid are in compressible

CHANGES OF STATE OF MATTER HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heat is a form of energy which passes from a body of high temperature to body of low
temperature

-The SI unit of heat is joule ( J )

It also a measure of the kinetic energy molecular in body

-The SI unit of temperature is ( kelvin K )

EFFECTS OF HEAT ON MATTER

-Melting of the substance

-Freezing of the substance

-Evaporation of the substance

-Sublimation of the substance

-Deposition of the substance

MELTING AND FREEZING

Thermal energy absorbed during the melting process is called latent heat

-The term ” latent ” means Hiddon

-During change of state ( solid to liquid to Gas )

-The temperature remains constant although heat is continuously added

-The heat added as the substance change from one state to another is used to increase the
distance between molecules of atoms

MELTING

-Is the process where by a substance change from solid to liquid

-Temperature at which substance melts is known as melting point

-The melting point of pure water is also 0 °c outer standard atmosphere pressure

BOILING

-Is a process in which a liquid is change to vapour ( gas ) at a constant temperature

--The temperature of which substance boils is known as Boiling point

-Thermal energy absorbed during the boiling process is called the latent heat of vaporisation

-The boiling point of water is 100 °c under standard atmosphere pressure

FACTORS AFFECTED MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT

(A) PRESSURE

1 atmosphere pressure

The melting point increase with the increase in pressure

The wire complete cuts through the black of and weight fall to the ground

(. B ) IMPURITIES

-are decreases the melting point of a substance

-Nature of molecules
 BOILING

A ) atmosphere pressure

-Lowering the pressure lower the boiling point of water

-increasing the pressure increase the boiling point

B) IMPURITIES

-It impurities like salt or sand is added to water it is seen than impure water boils at higher
temperatures

PRESSURE COOKER

-Is an appearance which uses the fact that boiling point of water is directly proportional to
the pressure

-It is made of an aluminium container with and having rubber sealing ring called GASKET

-This ring makes it air tight

-A space of nat less than ⅓ of the volume left empty at the top where the steam pressure
builds up to about twine atmosphere pressure

- A loaded pin valve is used to release same steam in order to maintain the required
pressure and to avoid an explosion

-Due to high pressure the water boils at about 120°c which makes the food cook faster

EVAPORATION

-Is process which takes place at the temperature,when a liquid converted to vapour

-Evaporation occurs from other surface of liquid

-Evaporation can be also known as the gradual loss of molecules from the substance

-The temperature of the liquid fall during evaporation this evaporation causes cooling

FACTORS THAT AFFECTED THE RATE OF EVAPORATION

1 Temperature

An increase in temperature,increase the rate of evaporation of since the molecules gain

more unetre energy

2 Pressure

Decrease in pressure,increase rate of evaporation of liquid

-This is why in a vacacin,the evaporation is extremely rapid

2 Surface rapid
Increase the surface area or a liquid increase the rate of evaporation

4 Drought ( air current. )

- An increase of air current moving over the surface of a liquid,increase the rate of
evaporation

-This is why wet clothes dry paster on a wintry dry

5 Nature of liquid

-Liquid having low boiling point have rate of evaporation

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENT BETWEEN EVAPORATION AND BOILING

-Lubricating part of machines

-Polishing surface

-Making the surface smooth

-Using hair bearing and rollers

-Using cushion of air

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FRICTION IN SOLID

1 surface area

-The layer the area surface,the greater friction force and the smaller the surface the less the
friction force

2 Load

-The greater the load,the greater frictional force and the less load the less the frictional force

3 Nature of surface,the greater

--The rough the surface, the greater the frictional force and the smooth the surface the less
friction

4 Mass and weight

-is the quantity of water in a substance ( it os is measured in g or kg )

-Weight is the force of gravity on a mass of the body. The earth pulls a mass of 1kg within a
force of 10n ( i.e. 1kg = 10N
Force effect of aforce depends where the force is applied. A force can make a body at rest to move or an moving
body to come to rest . It can also change the direct of motion of a body . Therefore, force can change the shape
thes state of a body. A force can distort or change the shape of an object. For example, stretching a rubber bund or
a spring when compressed by a force and squeezing a balloan . Clay and plasticine are example of substance
whose shapes easily when a force acts on them . Force when suitably applied can make abody to turn about point
or cause a rotation

EFFECTS OF FORCE

-Force can can change in the state of bodies I.e force un start , stop, increase or reduces motion and change the
direction of a body motion

-Force can cause turning effects. Example are aseew and a beam balance

-Force can change the shape of a body I.e force can distorts , strech , compress motion

-Force can cause rotation in the body eg steering wheel

-Force can cause heat effects

MEASURED OF FORCE

-Force meter or spring balance

ADVANTAGE OF FRICTION

-Friction between the soles of our shoes and tyres of cars provide a grip on the ground

-The brakes in car use pads made from material that offer alot friction

-The conveyer belts in factories do not slip because of friction

-Nuts, boits , vice , screw, jack etc. Make use of friction to work effectively

-Writing on paper , chalkboard etc. utilises friction

DISADVANTAGE OF FRICTION

- Friction can be a nuisance

-As the parts rub against each other in machines , they wear out quickly and reed constant replacement

WORK

-Means any activity that a person does.

This include

-Reading

-writing

-solving problems

-Drying

-Walking

-Lifting things up

-Pushing things about

SI UNITS OF WORK

-JOULES ( J )

SOURCE OF ENERGY

-Renewable source energy

-Non- renewable sources energy

RENEWABLE SOURCE ENERGY

-Are source which can be replaced fairy fast

EXAMPLE OF RENEWABLE

-Solar

-Geothermal

-Biamass and biogas

-Tidal

-Wind energy