2nd Term

SCRIPTED
LESSONS
2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION

PHYSICS
SS 2 WEEK 5
 PHYSICS SS 2
2ND TERM WEEK 5
PERIOD 1
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Latent Heat
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Define latent heat.
ii. Define latent heat of fusion.
iii. Define latent heat of vaporization.
iv. Distinguish between latent heat of fusion and vaporization.
v. Derive relationship between energy supplied to a substance
and its mass at constant temperature.
Instructional Materials Test-tubes, naphthalene, water bath, stopwatch, source of heat
etc.
Teacher Preparation for Teacher provides the instructional materials beforehand.
Lesson
Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method
– Discussion method
Lesson
Time

Procedures Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Step1: 5 Ask the student to – Listen – Critical thinking

Identification mins 1. Define specific heat capacity. Attentively – Communication
of Prior 2. State the mathematical formula – Provide varied
Ideas for specific heat capacity. responses.
Step 2: Main 20 i. Explain the term Latent Heat – Listen – Critical thinking
Lesson mins ii. Define Latent Heat of Fusion. Attentively – Communication
iii. Define Latent Heat of – Participate in
Vaporization. class discussion.
iv. Lead students to differentiate – Take down
between latent heat of fusion and board summary in
vaporization. their note books.
v. Explain how to measure latent
heat of fusion and vaporization.
Step 3: 8 Share students into small groups. Participate in – Critical thinking
Application mins Each group leader to come out and class discussion – Communication
in Class explain how to measure latent heat
Exercise of fusion.
Step 4: 5 Student ask the following questions: – Critical thinking
Evaluation mins i. Define latent heat – Communication
ii. Define latent heat of fusion.
iii. Define latent heat of
vaporization.
iv. Which of the following is the
correct S.I.Unit of specific latent
heat (a) Jkgk (b) Jkg-1k-1 (c) Jkgk-1
(d) Jkg-1 (e) Jkg-
v. Latent heat of fusion changes
substances from its (a) solid state
to liquid state (b) from liquid to solid
(c) from liquid to gas
vi. The heat required to change 1kg
of ice at 0oC to water at the same
temperature is called
(a) specific latent heat of
vaporization (b) specific heat
capacity (c) specific latent heat of
fusion (d) heat capacity
Step 5: 3 Determine the heat required to
Assignment mins change 10g of ice at 0oC to water at
100oC. if specific latent heat of ice
at 335J/g and specific heat capacity
of water is 4.2J/kg

BOARD SUMMARY
CHANGE OF STATE: LATENT HEAT
Matter can exist in three states – solid, liquid and gas. Supply of heat to a solid will not only cause
its temperature to rise but can also cause the solid to change to a liquid in a process known as
Fusion. Similarly a liquid can change to a gas or vapour through the addition of heat by the
process of Vaporization or Evaporation. The reverse processes are also possible. Removal of heat
from a gas can cause it to revert to a liquid and removal of heat from a liquid can cause it to revert
to a solid. The change of state of any substance under normal atmospheric pressure takes place
at known temperatures. For pure crystalline substances the change of state occurs at fixed and
definite temperature.

TO DETERMINE THE MELTING POINT OF NAPHTHALENE

Put some solid Naphthalene into a test tube placed in a beaker of hot water. Insert a thermometer
into the test tube. Read the temperature of the melting Naphthalene at one minute interval as the
water in the beaker is heated more and more.
There are two types of Latent Heat
1. Latent Heat of Fusion
2. Latent Heat of Vaporization
Latent Heat of Fusion
Latent Heat is the heat supplied or removed which causes a change in state without a change in
temperature.
Latent Heat is an invisible heat, hence the thermometer does not detect it. It depends on the mass
and nature of the substance.
Latent Heat of Fusion
The latent heat of fusion is the quantity of heat required to convert a substance from its solid to its
liquid state without a change in temperature.
When only unit mass of the substance is considered, the heat involved is known as specific latent
heat.
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion (L)
The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the quantity of heat required to convert unit
mass of the solid at the melting point to its liquid form without a change of temperature. The
S.I.Unit of Specific Latent Heat of Fusion (l) is Joules per kilogram (Jkg -1). The heat involved (H),
the mass (M) and the specific latent heat of fusion (l) are related by the formula.
H = ml
Example 1
How much heat is required to change 3kg of ice at 0 0C to water at the same temperature? Specific
latent heat of fusion of ice = 336000Jkg-1
Solution
The heat (H) = mass x specific latent heat of fusion
H = ml
Mass = 3kg
Specific latent heat of fusion, l = 336000Jkg-1
H = 3 x 336000 = 10.08x105 Joules

Example 2
What quantity of heat will be necessary to change 5kg of ice at 0 0C to water at 100C. Specific
latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36x105Jkg-1 and Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg-1k-1
Solution
Heat required to change 5kg of ice at 0oC to water at 0oC = 5 x 3.36x105J
= 16.80x105J
Heat required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 0oC to 10o
= 5 x 4200 x (10 – 0) J
= 21000 x 10J = 210000 = 2.1x105Joules
Total heat needed = (16.80 + 2.1) 105 = 18.90x105Joules
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Vaporization is the process in which a substance changes from the liquid to the gaseous state. It
occurs at a definite temperature is known as the boiling point of the liquid.
The specific latent heat of vaporization (l) of a substance is the quantity of heat required to change
unit mass of the substance from its liquid at the boiling point to vapour without a change in
temperature.
The unit for specific latent heat of vaporization is Jkg -1. In general, the quantity of heat, H, required
for vaporization of mass M is given by
H = ml
OR
Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization (Lv)
This is the quantity of heat required to convert a unit mass of liquid to vapor (gaseous state)
without any change in temperature. For water the value is 2.26x10 6Jkg-1
Q = Mlv
Example 1
How much heat is needed to change 3g of ice at 0oC to steam at 100oC?
[Lf = 336KJ/kg, Cw = 4200Jkg-1k-1, Lv = 2.26x106Jkg-1]

Solution
Heat required for the ice to melt at 00C
Q1 = MLf Mass = 3g = 0.003kg Lf = 336000Jkg-1
Q1 = 0.003 x 336000
Q1 = 1008J
Heat required to raise the temperature of the melted ice from 0 0C to 100oC
Q2 = MCӨ
Q2 = 0.003 x 4200 x (100 – 0)
Q2 = 0.003 x 4200 x 100
Q2 = 1260J
Heat required to convert liquid to steam
Q3 = mlv
Q3 = 0.003 x 2260000
Q3 = 6780J
The total energy
Q = Q 1 + Q2 + Q3
Q = 1008 + 1260 + 6780 = 9048
Q = 9048J

PERIOD 2
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Effect of pressure and impurities on melting point and boiling
point of substance.
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. State the effect of impurities on the boiling and melting point.
ii. State the effect of pressure on the boiling and melting point of
substance such as water.
Instructional Materials – Physics textbooks, pressure cooker, round bottom flask,
cork etc.
Teacher Preparation for Teacher provides the instructional materials.
Lesson
Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method
– Discussion method
– Demonstration
Time

Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Procedures
Step1: 5 Ask the student to – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Identification of mins 1. Define specific latent – Provide varied – Communication
Prior Ideas heat of fusion. response to the
2. Define specific latent question asked.
heat of vaporization.
Step 2: Main 20 i. Explain the term – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Lesson mins impurities – Participate in – Communication
ii. State the effect of class discussion
pressure on boiling point. – Take down board
iii. State the effect of summary in their
impurities on boiling note books
point.
iv. Effect of pressure and
impurities on freezing
point (melting point).
Step 3: 8 Share students into Participate in class – Critical thinking
Application in mins groups. Each group experiment. – Communication
Class Exercise select their leader to – Collaboration
demonstrate the effect of
pressure on the boiling
point of water.
Step 4: 5 1. What is the effect of
Evaluation mins pressure on the melting
point of ice?
2. What is the effect of
impurities on the boiling
point of water?
Step 5: 2 1a. Describe an
Assignment mins experiment to determine
the boiling point of a
small quantity of liquid.
(b) State one effect of
impurities on boiling point
of water.
2. State two differences
between evaporation and
boiling.

BOARD SUMMARY

EFFECTS OF PRESSURE AND IMPURITIES ON FREEZING POINT

1. Impurities lower the melting point of a pure solid. Hence a freezing mixture of ice and salt has a
lower temperature than 0oC, the freezing point of pure water (or melting point of ice).
2. An ice block is seen to melt if sufficient pressure is applied to it. This is because an increase in
pressure lowers the melting point of ice or the freezing point of water. Usually an increase in
pressure lowers the freezing point of any liquid which expands on solidifying. But for substances
which contract on solidifying (e.g. paraffin-wax) an increase in pressure results in higher freezing
point.
When ice is subject to high pressure it melts, but when this pressure is removed, the ice refreezes.
This phenomenon is known as regelation.
The ice directly below the wire melts because the increased pressure lowers the melting point of
ice. Hence the wire falls through the water formed. Above the wire, decrease in pressure raises
the freezing point of the melted ice and the water freezes again. On re-freezing, it liberates Latent
Heat which is conducted by the wire to melt more ice beneath it. The process is repeated till the
wire passes right through the ice block without cutting it into two. When we press two pieces of ice
blocks one against the other, they stick together.
The increased pressure lowers the melting point of ice. The melted Ice flows away as water to
places of lower pressure. There, it re-freezes, binding the two pieces of ice together.
Effect of Pressure on Boiling Point
An increase in pressure at the surface of a liquid raises the boiling point of the liquid and
conversely, a decrease in pressure lowers the boiling point of the liquid.
Students Activity
1. Heat some water in a round bottle flask until the water boils. Allow the water to boil for about
five minutes.
2. Cork the flask tightly and invert it over a sink as shown below. Allow the flask to cool until the
water completely stops boiling.
3. Pour some water over the flask, and notice that the boiling recommences once more even
though the temperature is below boiling point.
4. Stop the flow of water over the flask and notice that the boiling again ceases.
The cold running water over the flask causes some of the vapour inside the flask to condense.
This reduces the pressure of the warm water inside the flask. This reduction of pressure lowers
the boiling point of the liquid, thus making the liquid to boil at lower temperature.

Diagram of pressure on boiling poi

Effect of Impurities on Boiling Point

The presence of impurities in a liquid raises the boiling point of the liquid, lowers it freezing point.
For example adding salt to water will lead to increasing its boiling point.
PERIOD 3
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Evaporation, Boiling and Sublimation.
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Define Evaporation, Boiling and Sublimation.
ii. Differentiate between evaporation and boiling.
iii. Explain why cooling is experience when methylated spirit
touches the skin.
iv. State factors that affects the rate of evaporation.
Instructional Marker / Whiteboard, textbooks, learners note, Chart showing an
Resources/Materials Air-condition.
Teacher Preparation for The teacher makes available the instructional materials
Lesson beforehand.
Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method
– Class discussion
– Small group work.
Time

Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Procedures
Step1: 3 i. Revises previous lesson – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Identification of mins by asking the students – Participate in – Communication
Prior Ideas questions. class discussion
ii. Ask the students to – Give varied
explain the term responses to the
Evaporation. question asked.
iii. Ask if they have seen
water boiling and they
should describe what they
notice.
Step 2: Main 10 i. Explain the Term – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Lesson mins Evaporation – Participate in – Communication
ii. State factors affecting class discussion
the rate of Evaporation – Take down board
iii. Define boiling summary in their
iv. Differentiate between note books
Evaporation and Boiling.
Step 3: 10 1. Students share into – Participate in the – Critical thinking
Application in mins sizeable groups and a class exercise. – Communication
Class Exercise select a representative to – Student – Collaboration
explain the factors affecting demonstrate how
the rate of evaporation. boiling takes place
2. Demonstrate how boiling by boiling water
takes place. and observe when
bubbles start to
form.
Step 4: 4 1. Define Evaporation – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Evaluation mins 2. Differentiate between – Gives varied – Communication
Evaporation and boiling. responses
3. Define Sublimation.
4. Name one substance
that sublime.
5. Explain why Methylated
spirit when poured on the
skin, it has cooling effect.
Step 5: 3 1. Define dew point
Assignment mins 2. Why do doctors use
cotton wool damped with
Methylated Spirit to clean
the surface of our skin
before injection?

BOARD SUMMARY

EVAPORATION, BOILING AND SUBLIMATION

Evaporation is a process where a liquid turns spontaneously into vapor below its boiling point.
When water or any other liquid is exposed in an open dish, it slowly evaporates, that is, it goes
spontaneously into the gaseous state. it takes place at all temperatures.
Factors Affecting the rate of Evaporation are:
1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with increasing temperature.
2. Pressure: The greater the pressure, the slower the evaporation and vice versa.
3. Wind and dryness of the air: The drier the air (i.e. the less water vapor it contain) the faster the
evaporation. Wet clothes dry faster in dry air. We observe this very regularly during the dry
Harmattan season. The dryness of the air around the clothes causes rapid evaporation of the
moisture from the wet material. The wind blows away the water vapor around the material causing
more evaporation to take place by bring drier air into contact with the wet material.
4. Nature of the Liquid: Liquids with low boiling points evaporate more rapidly that those with
higher boiling points. Hence ether (b.p 35oC) evaporates more rapidly than Mercury (b.p 357oC)
5. Area of Liquid Surface Exposed: The greater the surface area of liquid exposed, the greater the
evaporation.
Cooling by Evaporation
Whenever Methylated Spirit or petrol is spilled over any part of our body, we usually feel a cooling
effect as the liquid evaporates. The body becomes cooler because the latent heat needed to
convert the liquid to the vapor state is extracted from the liquid or any object in contact with it. This
extraction of the latent heat from the liquid leads to a fall in its temperature. The faster the
evaporation the greater is the fall in temperature.
The human body utilizes the effect of evaporation for cooling. Perspiration cools the body as sweat
evaporates from the surface of the skin. As the latent heat of vaporization is extracted from the
body, it is cooled in the process.
Boiling
Boiling is the rapid phase transition from liquid state to gas state or vapor which usually occur
when a liquid is heated to its boiling point.
As we heat water in a container, its temperature rises and the liquid evaporates as the heating is
continued, the temperature is found to rise until the water begins to boil. During boiling bubbles of
air formed inside the liquid rise to the surface. The temperature of the liquid remains steady during
boiling. The constant temperature is called the boiling point of the liquid.
Boiling Point: The boiling point of a liquid is that temperature at which its saturated vapour
pressure (S.V.P) is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Differences Between Evaporation and Boiling
 Evaporation Boiling
1 This is the change from liquid to vapour at This is the change from liquid to vapour at
temperatures below normal boiling point. the boiling point.
2 Takes place slowly at the liquid surface. Occurs throughout the entire volume of the
liquid.
3 Takes place at all temperatures. Takes place at a particular temperature for a
given pressure.
4 Temperature need not be steady during Temperature remains steady during boiling.
evaporation.
5 Wind assist evaporation Wind has no effect on boiling

Sublimation: Is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state without
passing through the liquid state. Under certain conditions, some substances (e.g. Iodine crystals,
dry ice) can go from solid to vapour.

PERIOD 4
Subject Physics
Theme Heat Energy
Topic Relative Humidity and Dew Point
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Define Relative Humidity
ii. Define Dew Point
iii. Explain why moisture is deposited on the outside of a glass
bottle containing very cold water.
Instructional Physics, textbooks, learners note, Cold bottle of water,
Resources/Materials Methylated Spirit, Cotton Wool.
Teacher Preparation for Teacher made available the instructional materials beforehand.
Lesson
Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method
– Class discussion
– Small group work.
Time

Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Procedures
Step1: 5 Ask the student – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Identification mins 1. If they have seen water – Participate in group – Communication
of Prior dripping from the surface of activities
Ideas a cold glass bottle drink. – Gives varied
2. What they observe if responses
dump cotton wool with
Methylated Spirit.
How they feel if it touches
the skin
Step 2: Main 20 i. Explain the term Relative – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Lesson mins Humidity. – Participate in class – Communication
ii. State the effects of discussion
humidity on personal – Take down board
comfort. summary in their
iii. Define Dew Point note books
iv. Lead Students to
Calculate the relative
humidity of air.
Step 3: 8 Share students into small Participate in the – Critical thinking
Application mins groups class demonstration. – Communication
in Class Place cold drink on the table – Collaboration
Exercise and ask them to observe it.
Step 4: 5 Ask the student the following
Evaluation mins question:
1. Define Relative Humidity
2. Define Dew Point
3. Define Dew
4. Explain why clothes get
dry faster during Harmattan
season
Step 5: 2 1. Explain why moisture is
Assignment mins deposited on the outside of a
glass bottle containing very
cold water.
2. Differentiate between mist
and fog

BOARD SUMMARY
Relative Humidity and Dew Point
There is always some water vapour pressure in the atmosphere. This is due to evaporation from
oceans, rivers, lakes etc. The water vapour content of the atmosphere is known as its Humidity. If
there is a high percentage of water in the air, we say that the air is very humid. Relative humidity is
a term to describe how humid or moist the air is.
Relative Humidity: Is the ratio of the mass of water vapour pressure in a certain volume of air to
the mass of water vapour required to saturate the same volume of air at the same temperature.
Relative Humidity is usually expressed in percentage. A relative humidity of 100% means that the
air is completely saturated with water vapour.
Effects of Humidity
Very high humidities or very low ones makes us feel uncomfortable. In a hot and humid weather,
as we usually experience during the rainy season, the body sweats but cannot dispose of the
moisture. The skin therefore feels damp and unpleasant. Some people may experience some
difficulty in breathing.
A good air conditioning system helps to maintain the correct humidity and temperature, in the
building. In a hot and humid room, the air conditioning system both cools and removes moisture
from the room. During the Harmattan or dry season, the humidity is low and the air is dry. Our
throat can become uncomfortable dry. A good air conditioning system warms and adds moisture to
the air in a room through specific humidifiers.
Air conditioning aims to maintain the room at about 25 oC and the relative humidity at about 50%
for the best bodily comfort.
Dew Point
Water vapour is always present in the atmosphere. If a sample of air is cooled, a temperature will
be reached when the air becomes saturated with the water vapour present. This temperature is
known as the Dew Point, and any further cooling will cause the excess water to condense into tiny
visible droplets called Dew.
Dew Point: Is the temperature at which the water vapour present in the air is just sufficient to
saturate it. Dew point is dependent upon prevalent atmosphere conditions like temperature, wind
and the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.
When a bottle of ice-cold water is brought out from a refrigerator into a warm room, it quickly cools
the air immediately around it to below the dew point. Hence moisture or dew forms on the outside
of such a bottle due to the condensations of water vapour on the cold surface.
𝑆.𝑉.𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑆.𝑉.𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥 100%
Example
On a certain day, the average air temperature was 30oC and the dew point was 8oC. if the S.V.P of
water vapour was 15.6mmHg at 30oC and 9.5mmHg at 8oC, find the percentage relative humidity
of the air.
Solution
𝑆.𝑉.𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑆.𝑉.𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥 100%
9.5
𝑥 100% = 60.9%
15.6