Module 1

Database Systems

Dr. Lucy Nwosu

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
 Chapter Objectives (1 of 2)

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Define the difference between data and information

2. Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are
valuable assets for decision making

3. Explain the importance of database design

4. See how modern databases evolved from file systems

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
 Chapter Objectives (2 of 2)

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to (continued):

5. Understand flaws in file system data management

6. Outline the main components of the database system

7. Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
Why Databases?

Figure 1.1 The Pervasive Nature of Databases

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
 Data versus Information (1 of 2)
• Data consists of raw facts
− The facts have not yet processed to reveal meaning to the end user

• Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal the meaning of data
− To reveal meaning, information requires context

• Data is the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of knowledge

− Knowledge implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding of information

• Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to good decision making

• Data management is a discipline that focuses on the proper generation, storage, and
retrieval of data

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5
 Data versus Information (2 of 2)
& Metadata

Figure 1.2 Transforming Raw Data into Information

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6
Characteristics of Valuable Information
Characteristics Definitions
Accessible Info should be easily accessible by authorized users
Accurate Accurate info is error free. (Garbage in Garbage out)
Complete Complete info contains all the important facts.
Economical Info should also be economical to produce.
Flexible Flexible info can be used for a varieties of purposes.
Relevant Relevant info is important for decision makers
Reliable Reliable information can be trusted by users.
Secure Info should be secured from access by unauthorized users
Simple Info should be simple, not overly complex.
Timely Timely info is delivered when it is needed.

Verifiable Information should be verifiable.

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7
 Introducing the Database

• A database is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of the

following:
− End-user data – that is, raw facts of interest to the end user
− Metadata, or data about data, through which the end-user data is integrated and
managed
▪ Metadata describes the data characteristics and the set of relationships that
links the data found within the database

• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that manages

the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8
 Role and Advantages of DBMS (1 of 2)
• The DBMS presents the end user with a single, integrated view of the data in the
database

• A DBMS provides the following advantages:

− Improved data sharing
− Improved data security
− Better data integration
− Minimized data inconsistency
− Improved data access
− Improved decision making
− Increased end-user productivity

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9
Role and Advantages of DBMS (2 of 2)

Figure 1.4 The DBMS Manages the Interaction Between the End User and the Database

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10
 Types of Databases (1 of 4)
• Classification by Number of Users

• A single-user database supports one user at a time

− A desktop database is single-user database on a personal computer

• A multiuser database supports multiple users at the same time

− A workgroup database supports a small number of users or a specific department
− An enterprise database supports many users across many departments

• Classification by location
− A centralized database supports data located at a single site
− A distributed database supports data distributed across different sites
− A cloud database is created and maintained using cloud data services

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
 Types of Databases (2 of 4)
• Classification by data type
− General-purpose databases contain a wide variety of data used in multiple
disciplines
− Discipline-specific databases contain data focused on specific subject areas
− An operational database is designed to support a company’s day-to-day
operations
− An analytical database stores historical data and business metrics used
exclusively for tactical or strategic decision making and is comprised of two main
components:
▪ The data warehouse stores data in a format optimized for decision support
▪ Online analytical processing (OLAP) is a set of tools for retrieving, processing,
and modeling data from the data warehouse

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12
 Types of Databases (3 of 4)
• Business intelligence describes a comprehensive approach to capture and process
business data to generate information that support decision making

• Databases can be classified to reflect the degree to which the data is structured
− Unstructured data exists in its original (raw) state
− Structured data is the result of formatting unstructured data to facilitate storage
and use
− Semistructured data has already been processed to some extent

• Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a language used to represent data elements in

textual format
− An XML database supports the storage and management of unstructured XML
data

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13
 Types of Databases (4 of 4)

• Social media refers to web and mobile technologies that enable “anywhere, anytime,
always on” human interaction
− Data is captured about end users and consumers that requires the use of
specialized database systems

• The term NoSQL (Not only SQL) is a new generation of DBMS that is not based on the
traditional relational database model
− These databases are designed to handle an unprecedented volume of data, variety
of data types and structures, and velocity of data operations of new business
requirements

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14
 Knowledge Check Activity 1-1

• What is a DBMS?

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15
 Knowledge Check Activity 1-1: Answer

• What is a DBMS?
Answer: A DBMS is best described as a collection of programs that
manage the database structure and that control shared access to the
data in the database. Current DBMSs also store the relationships
between the database components; they also take care of defining the
required access paths to those components.

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16
 Why Database Design is Important (1 of 3)

• Database design refers to the activities that focus on the design of the database
structure that will be used to store and manage end-user data

• Designing appropriate data repositories of integrated information using the two-

dimensional table structures found in most databases is a process of decomposition
− The integrated data must be decomposed properly into its constituent parts

• A well-designed database facilitates data management and generates accurate and

valuable information

• A poorly designed database causes difficult-to-trace errors that may lead to poor
decision making

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17
Why Database Design is Important (2 of 3)

Figure 1.5 Employee Skills Certification in a Poor Design

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18
Why Database Design is Important (3 of 3)
Figure 1.6 Employee Skills
Certification in a Good Design

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19
 Evolution of File System Data Processing
(1 of 2)
• Manual file systems are accomplished through a system of file folders and filing
cabinets

• With computerized file systems, a data processing (DP) specialist created a

computer-based system to track data and produce required reports

• File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity Tools

− Business users widely use spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel to enter
data in a series of rows and columns to manipulate data
− A common misuse of spreadsheets is as a substitute for a database

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20
Evolution of File System Data Processing
(2 of 2)
Table 1.2 Basic File Terminology
Term Definition

Data Raw facts, such as a telephone number, a birth date, a customer name, and a year-to-date (YTD) sales value. Data has
little meaning unless it has been organized in some logical manner.

Field A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific meaning. A field is used to define and
store date.

Record A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing. For example the fields that
constitute a record for a customer might consist of the customer’s name, address, phone number, date of birth, credit
limit, and unpaid balance.

File A collection of related records. For example, a file might contain data about the students currently enrolled at Gigantic
University.

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21
Problems with File System Data Processing

• The following problems with file systems challenge the types of information that can
be created from data as well as information accuracy:
− Lengthy development times
− Difficulty of getting quick answers
− Complex system administration
− Lack of security and limited data sharing
− Extensive programming

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22
 Structural and Data Dependence (1 of 2)

• A file system exhibits structural dependence, which means that access to a file is
dependent on its own structure
− All file system programs are modified to conform to a new file structure

• Structural independence exists when you change the file structure without affecting
the application’s ability to access the data

• Data dependence exists when all data access programs are subject to change when
data storage characteristics change

• Data independence exists when data storage characteristics are changed without
affecting the program’s ability to access the data

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23
 Structural and Data Dependence (2 of 2)

• The practical significance of data dependence is the difference between the logical
data format (how humans view the data) and the physical data format (how the
computer must work with the data)

• Any program that accesses a file system’s file must tell the computer not only what
to do but also how to do it

• Data dependence makes the file system cumbersome from the point of view of a
programmer and database manager

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24
 Data Redundancy
• Data redundancy exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different
places
− Database professionals use the term islands of information for scattered data
locations
− Increases the probability of having different versions of the same data

• Possible results of uncontrolled data redundancy

− Poor data security
− Data inconsistency
− Data-entry errors
− Data integrity problems

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25
 Data Anomalies

• A data anomaly develops when not all of the required changes in the redundant data
are made successfully

• The following are three types of anomalies:

− Update anomalies
− Insertion anomalies
− Deletion anomalies

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26
 Knowledge Check Activity 1-2

• What is data redundancy, and which characteristics of the file system

can lead to it?

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27
 Knowledge Check Activity 1-2: Answer

• What is data redundancy, and which characteristics of the file system

can lead to it?
Answer: Data redundancy exists when unnecessarily duplicated data are
found in the database. For example, a customer's telephone number may
be found in the customer file, in the sales agent file, and in the invoice
file. Data redundancy is symptomatic of a (computer) file system, given
its inability to represent and manage data relationships. Data redundancy
may also be the result of poorly-designed databases that allow the same
data to be kept in different locations.

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28
 Database Systems (1 of 2)

• The database system consists of logically related data stored in a single logical data
repository
− However, the data might be physically distributed among multiple storage
facilities

• The database’s DBMS eliminates most of the file system’s data inconsistency, data
anomaly, data dependence, and structural dependence problems

• The current generation of DBMS software stores data structures, relationships

between those structures, and access paths to those structures
− The current generation also defines, stores, and manages all access paths and
components

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29
 Database Systems (2 of 2)

Figure 1.9
Contrasting
Database and
File Systems

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30
 Traditional approach to data management
Data Management Separate data files are created and stored for each
application program

Database approach to data management

Based on the Database management system
(DBMS) which involves:
▪ Collection of programs that manages database
structure and controls access to data

▪ Enables to share data among multiple

applications or users
▪ Makes data management more efficient and effective
▪ Provide an interface between the database and its
users and other application programs

27
Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31
The Database System Environment (1 of 2)
• The term database system refers to an organization of components that define and
regulate the collection, storage, management, and use of data within a database
environment

• The database system is composed of the following five components:

− Hardware
− Software
− People
− Procedures
− Data

• Database solutions must be cost-effective as well as tactically and strategically

effective

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32
The Database System Environment (2 of 2)

Figure 1.10 The Database

System Environment

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33
 DBMS Functions (1 of 3)

• A DBMS performs the following important functions:

− Data dictionary management – The DBMS stores definitions of data elements and
their relationships in a data dictionary
− Data storage management – The DBMS creates and manages the structures
required for data storage
▪ Performance tuning ensures efficient performance
− Data transformation and presentation – The DBMS transforms entered data to
conform to required data structures
▪ Data is formatted to conform to the user’s logical expectations
− Security management – The DBMS creates a system that enforces user security
and data privacy
Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34
 DBMS Functions (2 of 3)

• A DBMS performs the following important functions (continued):

− Multiuser access control – The DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure
that multiple users can access the database concurrently without compromising
its integrity
− Backup and recovery management – The DBMS provides backup and data
recovery to ensure data safety and integrity
▪ Recovery management deals with the recovery of the database after a failure
− Data integrity management – The DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules,
thus minimizing redundancy and maximizing data consistency

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35
 DBMS Functions (3 of 3)

• A DBMS performs the following important functions (continued):

− Database access languages and application programming interfaces – The DBMS
provides data access through a query language
▪ A query language lets the user specify what must be done without having to
specify how
▪ Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de facto query language and data
access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors
− Database communication interfaces – A DBMS accepts end-user requests via
multiple communication interfaces

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36
 Managing the Database System: A Shift in
Focus
• Disadvantages of database systems include the following:
− Increased costs
− Management complexity
− Maintaining currency
− Vendor dependence
− Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37
 Preparing for Your Database Professional
Career
Table 1.3 Database Career Opportunities

Job Title Description Sample Skills Required

Database Developer Create and maintain database-based applications Programming, database fundamentals, SQL

Database Designer Design and maintain databases Systems design, database design, SQL

Database Administrator Manage and maintain DBMS and databases Database fundamentals, SQL, vendor courses

Database Analyst Develop databases for decision support reporting SQL, query optimization, data warehouses

Database Architect Design and implementation of database environments (conceptual, DBMS fundamentals, data modeling, SQL, hardware knowledge, etc.
logical, and physical)
Database Consultant Help companies leverage database technologies to improve business Database fundamentals, data modeling, database design, SQL, DBMS,
processes and achieve specific goals hardware, vendor-specific technologies, etc.
Database Security Implement security policies for data DBMS fundamentals, database administration, SQL, data security
Officer administration technologies, etc.

Cloud Computing Data Design and implement the infrastructure for next-generation cloud Internet technologies, cloud storage technologies, data security,
Architect database systems performance tuning, large databases, etc.

Data Scientist Analyze large amounts of varied data to generate insights, Data analysis, statistics, advanced mathematics, SQL, programming, data
relationships, and predictable behaviors mining, machine learning, data visualization

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38
 Knowledge Check Activity 1-3

• What are the main components of a database system?

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39
 Knowledge Check Activity 1-3: Answer

• What are the main components of a database system?

Answer: The basis of this discussion is Section 1-7a, THE DATABASE
SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT. Figure 1.10 provides a good bird’s eye view of the
components. Note that the system’s components are hardware, software,
people, procedures, and data.

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40
 Summary (1 of 2)

Now that the lesson has ended, you should be able to:

1. Define the difference between data and information

2. Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are
valuable assets for decision making

3. Explain the importance of database design

4. See how modern databases evolved from file systems

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41
 Summary (2 of 2)

Now that the lesson has ended, you should be able to (continued):

5. Understand flaws in file system data management

6. Outline the main components of the database system

7. Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

Coronel, Carlos and Morris, Steven, Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, 14 Edition. © 2023 Cengage.
All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42