Green’s Theorem

Let 𝐾 be a positively oriented, piecewise regular, simple, closed curve and let 𝐷 be the region enclosed by 𝐾. If 𝑃
and 𝑄 have continuous first order partial derivatives on 𝐷, then

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑃𝑦′ (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐾 𝐷

Exercise 3. Calculate following integrals by means of Green’s theorem.

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
1) 𝐾 3𝑥 2 + 1 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦, where "+"𝐾: 𝐷 = 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦=𝑒
2
From the graph we see that 𝐷 = 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ : 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑒 ∧ − ln 𝑦 ≤ x ≤ ln y . Moreover
𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 1
𝑃𝑦′ 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑦
We have
𝑒 ln 𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 1 3𝑥 2 + 1
3𝑥 2 + 1 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐾 𝐷 𝑦 1 − ln 𝑦 𝑦
𝑒 ln 𝑦 𝑒 𝑒
1 3 2 ln3 𝑦 + 2 ln 𝑦 1 3
=− 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑦 = − ln4 𝑦 + ln2 𝑦 =−
1 𝑦 − ln 𝑦 1 𝑦 2 1 2
2
𝑥=𝑦
2) 𝐾
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦, where " − "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝑦 = 𝑥−2
From the graph we see that 𝐷 = 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ : −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 ∧ 𝑦 2 ≤ x ≤ y + 2 . Moreover
2

𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2
𝑃𝑦′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥
We have
2 𝑦+2
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = − −3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
𝐾 𝐷 −1 𝑦2
2 2
𝑦 +2
= 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦+2 3
+ 𝑦+2 2
− 𝑦 6 − 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 =
−1 −1
2
1 4
1 3
1 1 64 128 32 1 1 1 1
= 𝑦+2 + 𝑦+2 − 𝑦7 − 𝑦5 = 64 + − − − − − −
4 3 7 5 −1 3 7 5 4 3 7 5
3
cos 𝑥 2 𝑦=𝑥
3) 𝐾
𝑒 − 𝑦 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where " + "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝑦 = 4−𝑥
3
From the graph we see that 𝐷 = 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ2 : 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 ∧ 𝑥
≤ y ≤ 4 − x . Moreover
𝑄𝑥′𝑥, 𝑦 = 1
𝑃𝑦′
𝑥, 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥
We have
3 4−𝑥
𝑒 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 1 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3
𝐾 𝐷 1
𝑥
3 3
4−𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
= 1 + ln 𝑥 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4−𝑥− + 4 − 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥 =
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
3
1 1 1 3 9 3
= 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − ln2 𝑥 = −2 + ln 3 − ln2 3
2 2 4 2 1 2 2
 4) 𝐾
𝑦 3 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦, where "−"𝐾: 𝐷 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ≤ 4
We have
𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑃𝑦′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑦 2
Thus

𝑦 3 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐾 𝐷 𝐷

We pass over to polar coordinates

𝑥 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜑
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜑
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜑

The region 𝐷 corresponds to the region ∆= 𝑟, 𝜑 ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝜑 < 2𝜋 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1

2𝜋 1 2𝜋
3 1 1 3 2𝜋 3𝜋
3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 6 𝑟 3 sin2 𝜑 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 = − cos(2𝜑) 𝑑𝜑 = 𝑑𝜑 =
𝐷 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 0 2
2 2
𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ≤ 0
5) 𝐾
cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 +1 𝑑𝑦, where " + "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝑥≥ 𝑦
We have
𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
𝑃𝑦′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = −2𝑥
Thus
𝑦
cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐾 𝑦4 +1 𝐷 𝐷
We pass over to polar coordinates
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜑
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜑
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜑

𝜋 𝜋
The region 𝐷 corresponds to the region ∆= 𝑟, 𝜑 ∈ ℝ2 : − 4 ≤ 𝜑 < 4 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2 cos 𝜑
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 cos 𝜑
4
2
2 4
4
2 4 3 1 1
2 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑟 cos 𝜑 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 = cos 𝜑 𝑑𝜑 = + cos(2𝜑) + cos(4𝜑) 𝑑𝜑 =
𝐷 −
𝜋
0 3 −
𝜋 3 −
𝜋 8 2 8
4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
2 4 3 1 2 3 1 4 3𝜋 + 8
= + cos(2𝜑) 𝑑𝜑 = 𝜑 + sin(2𝜑) 𝜋
=
3 −
𝜋 8 2 3 8 4 − 24
4 4

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 ≤ 0
6) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦, where " + "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝐾 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥2
We have
𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑃𝑦′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = −1
Thus

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐾 𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 ≤ 0 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
where 𝐷1 = 𝑦 ≥ 0 and 𝐷2 =
0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥2
𝑥 ≥ −1
To calculate 𝐷1
2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 we pass to polar coordinates
 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜑 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜑
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜑

𝜋
The region 𝐷1 corresponds to the region ∆= 𝑟, 𝜑 ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝜑 < 2 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1
𝜋 𝜋
1
2
2
𝜋 2 1 1 𝜋
2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑟 cos 𝜑 − 1 𝑟 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 + = 2 cos 𝜑 sin 𝜑 − sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑 + =
𝐷1 0 0 4 0 4 3 4
𝜋
1 2 1 2 𝜋 𝜋 10
=2 sin 𝜑 + cos 𝜑 + = −
8 3 0 4 4 24

0 𝑥2 0 0
𝑥2
1
2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐷2 −1 0 −1 −1 6

𝜋 10 1 𝜋 7
2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = − − = −
𝐷 4 24 6 4 12

𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 1
7) 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where " − "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝐾 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4
We have
𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥
𝑃𝑦′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
Thus

𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 3𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −3 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐾 𝐷 𝐷
We pass over to polar coordinates
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜑
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜑
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜑

The region 𝐷 corresponds to the region ∆= 𝑟, 𝜑 ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝜑 < 2𝜋 ∧ 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2

2𝜋 2
45𝜋
−3 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −3 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 = −
𝐷 0 1 2

𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 1
8) cos 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + arctan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦, where " + "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝐾 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 ≤ 3
We have
𝑄𝑥′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥
𝑃𝑦′ 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥
Thus

cos 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + arctan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝐾 𝐷 𝐷

= 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐷1 𝐷2
where 𝐷1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 ≤ 3 and 𝐷2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1
To calculate 𝐷1
𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 we pass to polar coordinates
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜑 + 1
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜑
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜑
 The region 𝐷1 corresponds to the region ∆= 𝑟, 𝜑 ∈ ℝ2 : 0 ≤ 𝜑 < 2𝜋 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2
2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2
𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 2 cos 𝜑 + 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 = 4𝜋
𝐷1 0 0 0 0

Let us notice that 𝐷2

𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0. Thus

𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 4𝜋
𝐷

Homework.

𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦, where " + "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝐾 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝜋𝑥
1 2 1 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≤ −1
2) 𝐾
𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦, where " − "𝐾: 𝐷 =
2 2 𝑦 ≤ 1−𝑥
2
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 ≥ 0
3) 𝑦𝑥 2 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦, where " + "𝐾: 𝐷 =
𝐾 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4