Behavior of 1

Reinforced
Concrete Structures
BY: DR. QAZI SAMIULLAH
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
UET PESHAWAR
[email protected]

Course
Contents
according to
UET PG
Prospectus

1
 CE 5114 BEHAVIOUR 3
OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES (3)

Analysis of Reinforced and

Prestressed concrete
section based on the
mechanics of
 Elastic & Inelastic
 Performance of Steel
and Concrete
 Principles of Equilibrium
and Compatibility

CE 5114 BEHAVIOUR 4
OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES (3)
Behavior of reinforced concrete and prestressed
concrete members to failure under
 Compression,
 Tension,
 Flexure,
 Torsion and
 Shear

Relations
 Moment-curvature
 Load- deflection
 Torque-twist

2
 CE 5114 BEHAVIOUR 5
OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES (3)

Reference Books
 Design of Concrete
Structures (13th Ed.) by
Nilson, Darwin and
Dolan
 Reinforced Concrete
Structure by R. PARK
and T. PAULAY
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE Mechanics
and Design by JAMES
K. WIGHT and JAMES
G. MACGREGOR

Introduction
Revision of
Basic
Concepts

3
 Topics 7

 Concept of Demand and

Capacity
 Flexural Design of Beams
using ACI
Recommendations
 Shear Design of Beams
using ACI
Recommendations
 Example

Concept of Capacity and 8

Demand

 Demand on a structure refers to all external actions.

 Gravity, wind, earthquake, snow are external actions.
 These actions when act on the structure will induce
internal disturbance(s) in the structure in the form of
stresses (such as compression, tension, bending, shear,
and torsion).
 The internal stresses are also called load effects.

4
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 9
 Capacity
 The overall ability of a structure to carry an imposed demand.

Applied Load
Beam will resist the (Demand)

applied load up to its

capacity and will fail
when demand
exceeds capacity

Concept of Capacity and Demand 10

 Failure
 Occurs when Capacity is less than
Demand.
 To avoid failure, capacity to demand
ratio should be kept greater than one, or
at least equal to one.
 It is, however, intuitive to have some
margin of safety i.e., to have capacity to
demand ratio more than one. How
much?

10

5
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 11
 Failure

Failure (Capacity < Demand)

11

Concept of Capacity and Demand 12

 Example 1.1
 Calculate demand in the form of stresses or load effects on
the given concrete pad of size 12″ × 12″.

50 Tons
Concrete
pad

12″
12″

12

6
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 13
 Example 1.1
 Solution: Based on convenience either the loads or the load
effects as demand are compared to the load carrying
capacity of the structure in the relevant units.

Demand in the form of load: 50 Tons

Capacity of the pad in the
Load = 50 Tons
form of resistance should be
able to carry a stress of
Demand in the form of Load
765.27 psi.
effects:
In other words, the
The effect of load on the pad will
compressive strength of
be a compressive stress equal to 12″
concrete pad (capacity)
load divided by the area of the
pad.
12″ should be more than 765.27
psi (demand).
Load Effect=(50 × 2204)/ (12 × 12)
= 765.27 psi

13

Concept of Capacity and Demand 14

 Example 1.2
 Determine capacity to demand ratio for the pad of example
1.1 for the following capacities given in the form of
compressive strength of concrete (i) 500 psi (ii) 765.27 psi (iii)
1000 psi (iv) 2000 psi. Comment on the results?

50 Tons

12″
12″

14

7
 Concept of Capacity and
Demand 15

 Example 1.2
 Solution: As calculated in example 1.1, demand =
765.27 psi. Therefore capacity to demand ratios are as
under:
i. Capacity/ Demand = 500 / 765.27 = 0.653
(Failure)
ii. 765.27/ 765.27 = 1.0 (Capacity just equal to
Demand)
iii. 1000/ 765.27 = 1.3 (Capacity is 1.3 times greater
than Demand)
iv. 2000/ 765.27 = 2.6 (Capacity is 2.6 times greater
than Demand)
 In (iii) and (iv), there is some margin of safety normally
called as factor of safety.

15

Concept of Capacity and

Demand 16

 Safety Factor
 It is always better to have a factor of
safety in our designs.
 It can be achieved easily if we fix the ratio
of capacity to demand greater than 1.0,
say 1.5, 2.0 or so, as shown in example 1.2.

16

8
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 17
 Safety Factor
 For certain reasons, however, let say we insist on a factor of
safety such that capacity to demand ratio still remains 1.0.
Then there are three ways of doing this:

 Take an increased demand instead of actual demand (load),

e.g. 70 ton instead of 50 ton in the previous example,

 Take a reduced capacity instead of actual capacity such as

1500 psi for concrete whose actual strength is 3000 psi

 Doing both.

 How are these three situations achieved?

17

Concept of Capacity and

Demand 18

 Working Stress Method

 In the Working Stress or Allowable
Stress Design method, the material
strength is knowingly taken less
than the actual e.g. half of the
actual to provide a factor of safety
equal to 2.0.

18

9
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 19
 Strength Design Method
 In the Strength Design method, the increased loads and the
reduced strength of the material are considered, but both based
on scientific rationale. For example, it is quite possible that during
the life span of a structure, dead and live loads increase.

 The factors of 1.2 and 1.6 used by ACI 318-14 (Building code
requirements for structural concrete, American Concrete Institute
committee 318) as load amplification factors for dead load and
live load respectively are based on probability based research
studies.

 Note: We shall be following ACI 318-14 throughout this course

19

Concept of Capacity and Demand 20

 Strength Design Method

 Similarly, the strength is not reduced
arbitrarily because variation in strength
is possible due to imperfections, age
factor etc. Strength reduction factors
are used for this purpose.
 Factor of safety in Strength Design
method is thus the combined effect of
increased load and reduced strength,
both modified based on a valid
rationale.

20

10
 Concept of Capacity and
Demand 21

 About Ton
 1 metric ton = 1000 kg or 2204 pound
 1 long ton: In the U.S., a long ton = 2240
pound
 1 short ton: In the U.S., a short ton = 2000
pound
 In Pakistan, the use of metric ton is very
common; therefore, we will refer to Metric
Ton in our discussion.

21

Concept of Capacity and Demand 22

 Example 1.3
 Design the 12″ × 12″ pad to carry a load of 200 tons. The area
of the pad cannot be increased for some reasons.

 Concrete strength (fc′) = 3 ksi, therefore

 Allowable strength = fc′/2 = 1.5 ksi (for Working Stress method)

200 Tons
Concrete
pad

12″
12″

22

11
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 23
 Example 1.3
 Solution:
 Demand in the form of load (P) = 200 Tons = 200 × 2204/1000 = 440.8 kips
 Demand in the form of load effects (Stress) = (200 × 2204)/ (12 × 12)
= 3061.11 psi = 3.0611 ksi
 Capacity in the form of strength = 1.5 ksi (less than the demand of 3.0611 ksi).

 There are two possibilities to solve this problem:

 Increase area of the pad (geometry); it cannot be done as required in the
example.
 Increase the strength by using some other material; using high strength
concrete, steel or other material; economical is to use concrete and steel
combine.

23

Concept of Capacity and Demand 24

 Example 1.3
 Solution:
 Let us assume that we want to use steel bar reinforcement of
yield strength fy = 40 ksi. Then capacity to be provided
combinely by both materials should be at least equal to the
demand. And let us follow the Working Stress approach, then:
 {P = Rc + Rs (Demand=Capacity)} (Force units)
 Capacity of pad = Acfc′/2 + Asfy/2 (Force units)
 Therefore,
440.8 = (144 × 3/2) + (As × 40/2)
 As = 11.24 in2 (Think on how to provide this much area of steel?
This is how compression members are designed against axial
loading).

24

12
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 25
 Example 1.4
 Check the capacity of the plain concrete beam given in figure
below against flexural stresses within the linear elastic range.
Concrete compressive strength (fc′) = 3 ksi

2.0 kip/ft
20″

20′-0″ 12″

Beam section

25

Concept of Capacity and Demand 26

 Example 1.4
 Solution:

 M = wl2/8 = {2.0 × (20)2/8} × 12 = 1200 in-kips

 Self-weight of beam (w/ft) = (12 × 20 × 0.145/144) = 0.24167 k/ft

 Msw (moment due to self-weight of beam) = (0.24167×202×12/8) = 145 in-kips

 M (total) = 1200 + 145 = 1345 in-kips

 In the linear elastic range, flexural stress in concrete beam can be calculated
as:

 ƒ = My/I (linear elastic range)

 Therefore, M = ƒI/y

26

13
 Concept of Capacity and Demand 27
 Example 1.4
 Solution:
 y = (20/2) = 10″ ; I = 12 × 203/12 = 8000 in4

 ƒ =?

 The lower fibers of the given beam will be subjected to tensile stresses.
The tensile strength of concrete (Modulus of rupture) is given by ACI
code as 7.5 f′ , (ACI 24.5.2.1).

 Therefore, ƒtension = 7.5 f′ = 7.5 × 3000 = 411 psi

 Hence M = Capacity of concrete in bending = 411 × 8000/ (10 × 1000) =

328.8 in-kips

 Therefore, Demand = 1345 in-kips and Capacity = 328.8 in-kips

27

Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI 28

Recommendations
 Load combinations: ACI 318-14, Section 5.3.

Table 5.3.1 - Load combinations

Load combination Equation Primary load
U = 1.4D (5.3.1a) D

U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (5.3.1b) L

U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W) (5.3.1c) Lr or S or R

U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (5.3.1d) W

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S (5.3.1e) E

U = 0.9D + 1.0W (5.3.1f) W

U = 0.9D + 1.0E (5.3.1g) E

28

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 Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI 29
Recommendations
 Strength Reduction Factors: ACI 318-14, Section 21.2.

29

Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI 30

Recommendations
 Design:
 ΦMn ≥ Mu (ΦMn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

For ΦMn = Mu

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

30

15
 Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI 31
Recommendations
 Design:

 ρmin = 3 fc′ /fy ≥ 200/fy (ACI 9.6.1.2)

 ρmax = 0.85β1(fc′/fy){εu/(εu + εt)}

 Where,

εu = 0.003

εt = Net tensile strain (ACI 21.2.2). When εt = 0.005, Φ = 0.9 for

flexural design.

β1= 0.85 (for fc′ ≤ 4000 psi (ACI 22.2.2.4.3)

31

Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI 32

Recommendations
 Design:
ρmax and ρmin for various values of fc′ and fy

Table 01: Maximum & Minimum Reinforcement Ratios

fc′ (psi) 3000 4000 5000

fy (psi) 40000 60000 40000 60000 40000 60000

ρmin 0.005 0.0033 0.005 0.0033 0.0053 0.0035

ρmax 0.0203 0.0135 0.027 0.018 0.0319 0.0213

32

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 Shear Design of Beams using ACI 33
Recommendations

 When ΦVc/2 ≥ Vu, no web reinforcement is

required.

 When ΦVc ≥ Vu, theoretically no web

reinforcement is required. However as long as
ΦVc/2 is not greater than Vu, ACI 10.6.2.2
recommends minimum web reinforcement.

33

Shear Design of Beams using ACI 34

Recommendations

 Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement

requirement as permitted by ACI 9.7.6.2.2 and
10.6.2.2 shall be minimum of:
 smax = Avfy/(50bw),

 d/2

 24 inches

 Avfy/ {0.75 f′ bw}

34

17
 Shear Design of Beams using ACI 35
Recommendations

 When ΦVc < Vu, web reinforcement is required as:

Vu = ΦVc + ΦVs

ΦVs = Vu – ΦVc

ΦAvfyd/s = Vu – ΦVc

s = ΦAvfyd/(Vu – ΦVc)

35

Shear Design of Beams using ACI 36

Recommendations

 Check for Depth of Beam:

ΦVs ≤ Φ8 f′ bwd (ACI 22.5.1.2)

If not satisfied, increase depth of beam.

 Check for Spacing:

ΦVs ≤ Φ4 f′ bwd (ACI 10.7.6.5.2)

If not satisfied, reduce maximum spacing requirement by one

half.

36

18
 Shear Design of Beams using ACI 37
Recommendations

37

Shear Design of Beams using ACI 38

Recommendations

Placement of Shear Reinforcement

Sd = Design Spacing (ΦVc < Vu )

Smax = Maximum Spacing (ΦVc > Vu)

“Vu” is the shear force at distance “d” from the face of the
support.
“ΦVc” and “ΦVc/2” are plotted on shear force diagram.

38

19
 Example 1.6 39

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Design the beam shown below as per ACI 318-14.

WD.L = 1.0 kip/ft

WL.L = 1.5 kip/ft

20′-0″

Take f ′c = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi

39

Example 1.6 40

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 01: Sizes.
 For 20′ length, a 20″ deep beam would be appropriate
(assumption).
 Width of beam cross section (bw) = 14″ (assumption)

WD.L = 1.0 kip/ft

WL.L = 1.5 kip/ft 20″

14″
20′-0″
Beam section

40

20
 Example 1.6 41

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 02: Loads.

 Self weight of beam = γcbwh = 0.15 × (14 × 20/144) = 0.292

kips/ft

 Wu = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L (ACI 5.3)

= 1.2 × (1.0 + 0.292) + 1.6 × 1.5 = 3.9504 kips/ft

41

Example 1.6 42

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI: 3.9504 kip/ft

 Solution: 33.74 kips

39.50
SFD
 Step No. 03: Analysis.
2370.24

 Flexural Analysis:
BMD

Mu = Wu l2/8 = 3.9504 × (20)2 × 12/8 = 2370.24 in-kips

 Analysis for Shear in beam:

Vu = 39.5 × {10 – (17.5/12)}/10 = 33.74 k

42

21
 Example 1.6 43

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for flexure:

 ΦMn ≥ Mu (ΦMn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

 For ΦMn = Mu

 ΦAsfy(d – a/2) = Mu

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

 Calculate “As” by trial and success method.

43

Example 1.6 44

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for flexure:

 First Trial:

 Assume a = 4″

 As = 2370.24 / [0.9 × 40 × {17.5 – (4/2)}] = 4.25 in2

 a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′bw)

 = 4.25 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 14) = 4.76 inches

44

22
 Example 1.6 45

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for flexure:

 Second Trial:
• As = 2370.24 / [0.9 × 40 × {17.5 – (4.76/2)}] = 4.35 in2
• a = 4.35 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 14) = 4.88 inches

 Third Trial:
• As = 2370.24 / [0.9 × 40 × {17.5 – (4.88/2)}] = 4.37 in2
• a = 4.37 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 14) = 4.90 inches
 “Close enough to the previous value of “a” so that As = 4.37 in2 O.K

45

Example 1.6 46

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for flexure:

 Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed by ACI:

 ρmin = 3 f′ /fy ≥ 200/fy (ACI 9.6.1.2)

 3 × 3000 /40000 = 0.004

 200/40000 = 0.005

 Therefore, ρmin = 0.005

 Asmin = ρminbwd = 0.005 × 14 × 17.5 = 1.225 in2

46

23
 Example 1.6 47
 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for flexure:

 ρmax = 0.85β1(fc′/fy){εu/(εu + εt)}

 εt = Net tensile strain (ACI 21.2.2). When εt = 0.005, Φ = 0.9 for flexural design.

 β1= 0.85 (for fc′ ≤ 4000 psi (ACI 22.2.2.4.3)

 ρmax = 0.85 × 0.85 × (3/40) × (0.003/(0.003+0.005) = 0.0204 = 2 % of area of

concrete.

 Asmax = 0.0204 × 14 × 17.5 = 4.998 in2

 Asmin (1.225) < As (4.37) < Asmax (4.998) O.K

47

Example 1.6 48

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for flexure:

 Bar Placement: 10 #6 bars will provide 4.40 in2 of steel area

which is slightly greater than required.

 Other options can be explored. For example,

 8 #7 bars (4.80 in2),

 6 #8 bars (4.74 in2),

 or combination of two different size bars.

48

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 Example 1.6 49

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for flexure:

 Curtailment of flexural reinforcement:

 Positive steel can be curtailed 50 % at a distance (l/8) from

face of the support.

 For Curtailment and bent up bar details refer to the following

figures provided at the end of this lecture:

 Graph A2 and A3 in “Appendix A” of Nilson 13th Ed.

 Figure 5.15 of chapter 5 in Nilson 13th Ed.

49

Example 1.6 50

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for Shear:

 Vu = 33.74 kips

 ΦVc = (Capacity of concrete in shear) = Φ2 f′ bwd

= 0.75×2× 3000 ×14×17.5/1000 = 20.13 k (Φ=0.75, ACI 21.2.1)

 As ΦVc < Vu, Shear reinforcement is required.

50

25
 Example 1.6 51

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for Shear:

 Assuming #3, 2 legged (0.22 in2), vertical stirrups.

 Spacing required (Sd) = ΦAvfyd/ (Vu – ΦVc)

= 0.75×0.22×40×17.5/ (33.74–20.13) ≈ 8.5″

51

Example 1.6 52

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for Shear:

 Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement as

permitted by ACI 9.7.6.2.2 and 9.6.3 is minimum of:

 smax = Avfy/(50bw) =0.22 × 40000/(50 × 14) = 12.57″

 smax = d/2 = 17.5/2 = 8.75″

 smax = 24″

 Avfy/ 0.75√(fc′)bw = 0.22×40000/ {(0.75×√(3000)×14} =15.30″

 Therefore smax = 8.75″

52

26
 Example 1.6 53

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for Shear:

 Other checks:

 Check for depth of beam:

ΦVs ≤ Φ8 f′ bwd (ACI 11.4.7.9)

Φ8 f′ bwd = 0.75 × 8 × 3000 × 14 × 17.5/1000 = 80.52 k

ΦVs = Vu – ΦVc = 33.74 – 20.13 =13.61 k < 80.52 k, O.K.

 Therefore depth is O.K. If not, increase depth of beam.

53

Example 1.6 54

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design.

 Design for Shear:

 Other checks:

 Check if “ΦVs ≤ Φ4 f′ bwd” (ACI 10.7.6.5.2):

 If “ΦVs ≤ Φ4 f′ bwd”, the maximum spacing (smax) is O.K.

Otherwise reduce spacing by one half.

 13.61 kips < 40.26 kips O.K.

54

27
 Example 1.6 55
 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:
 Step 05: Drafting (Shear Reinforcement)

3.9504 kip/ft

33.74 kips
39.50
kips 20.13 kips
10.06 kips

x1
x2

x1 = (10.06)(10)/(39.50) ≈ 2.5 ft
x2 = (20.13)(10)/(39.50) ≈ 5.0 ft

Note:
As Sd ≈ Smax we will provide sd up to 7.5 ft from
the face of support. Beyond this point,
theoretically no reinforcement is required,
however, we will provide #3 2-legged stirrups
@ 12 in c/c.

55

Example 1.6
56
A B C
s/2 = 4.25" 2 #4 bars

#3, 2 legged
#3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 8.5" c/c #3, 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 8.5" c/c
vertical stirrups @ 12" c/c

A B C (5 + 5) #6 Bars 5 #6 Bars

 Flexural and Shear L/8 = 2.5'

7.5'
1" Spacer bars @ 3' c/c

5.0'
L/8 = 2.5'
7.5'

Design of Beam as
L = 20.0'

per ACI:
 Step 05: Drafting
(Flexural
Reinforcement)

2 #4 Bars 2 #4 Bars 2 #4 Bars

#3, 2 legged #3, 2 legged

#3, 2 legged stirrups @ 8.5" c/c stirrups @ 12" c/c
20" stirrups @ 8.5" c/c 20" 20"
(5 + 5) #6 Bars (5 + 5) #6 Bars
5 #6 Bars

14" 14" 14"

SECTION A-A SECTION B-B SECTION C-C

56

28
 3D Model 57

 SketchUp Model

57

References 58

 ACI 318-14

 Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.) by Nilson, Darwin

and Dolan

58

29
 Appendix 59

Exact curtailments lengths for simply supported positive moments (to be measured from face of
the support)

59

Appendix 60

L1 L1 L2 L2
4 3 3 3

L1 L2 L2
8 8 8

L1 L2

Figure: Cutoff for bars in approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed loads

60

30
 61

The End

61

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